LOB MODULE 2 Individual Behaviour

8/11/2019 LOB MODULE 2 Individual Behaviour

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Module 2

-

Foundations of Individual

Behavior


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After studying this chapter,you should be able to:

1. Define the key biographical

characteristics.

2. Identify different types of abilities.

3. Concept of learning and behavior

modification.LE

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Foundations of Individual Behavior

Companies who are looking for employees lookfor individual characteristics that will improve thechances of success

Individual differences exist due to Biographical characteristics

Abilities

Personality

Perception

Attitudes

Emotions Moods

Each interacts with the other and with the task toimpact the way the employee does the job.


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What are the biographical characteristics

that affect the behavior of an individual?

Biographical Characteristics

Personal characteristicssuch as age, gender ,educationabilities, marital status, no of dependant, length of

service with an organization that are objective and

easily obtained from personnel records.


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How Biographical Characteristics

affect Organization?

Age :Relation between Age factor and other variables likeproductivity, absenteeism and Job Satisfaction.

Gender :Equal access to resources and opportunities for men

and women increase productivity. Gender has a strong effecton emerging leadership.

Marital Status :married employees have fewer absences reporthigh job satisfaction. Work-family conflict also affects OB.

Tenure :Tenure or duration of service in the organization refersemployees with more experience is likely to be more productivity.

There is relationship between commitment, satisfaction and tenure.


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ABILITY

Physical ability

Intellectual or mental ability -MultipleIntelligence

Social Intelligence Emotional Intelligence

Cultural Intelligence

Companies measure these and use the results tohelp with the hiring decisions


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MARS Model of Individual Behavior

Individual

behavior and

results

Situational

factors

Values

Personality

Perceptions

Emotions

Attitudes

Stress Role

perceptions

Motivation

Ability


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Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence

Define AbilityAn individuals capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.

Intellectual Ability

The capacity to do mental activities.

Define Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts:cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.


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Types of Ability

1.Intellectual Abilities -IQ ,EQ.

2.Physical AbilitiesStamina, dexterity,(ease in using hands)strength.


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Intelligence can be sub-divided into four sub-

parts

Cognitive

Social

Emotional

cultural


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Cognitive intelligence -

It means includes the attitudes which has been since

long used by traditional intelligence testSocial intelligence

includes a persons ability to relate effectively toothers.

Emotional intelligenceIt is the ability to identify, understand, and manageemotions

Cultural intelligence

It is the awareness of cross cultural differences and theability to function successfully in cross culturalsituations


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Assessing Competencies at EMCWhen EMC was about to

dramatically expand its work

force, an executive team at the

enterprise storage products firm

developed an Employee SuccessProfile. This list of generic

competencies represented the

traits of successful employees,

such as goal-orientation and

integrity. Courtesy of EMC Corp.


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Number aptitude

Verbal comprehension

Perceptual speed (the ability to quickly and accurately

compare letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns)

Inductive reasoning(is a type of reasoning that involves

moving from a set of specific facts to a general

Ex:This ice is cold. (Or: All ice I have ever seen

has been cold.So all ice is cold)

Dimensions of



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Deductive reasoning(an argument is deductive when

its conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises)All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, (Therefore ,) Socrates

is mortal .

Spatial Visualization- the ability to mentally manipulate

2-dimensional (length and width) and 3-dimensional

figures.(length, width, and depth)

Memory

Dimensions of



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Other Factors

7. Body coordination

8. Balance

9. stamina

Nine Physical Abilities

Strength Factors

1. Dynamic strength

2. Trunk strength

3. Static strength

4. Explosive strength Flexibility Factors

5. Extent flexibility

6. Dynamic flexibility


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Multiple Intelligence

The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by HowardGardner in 1983 . According to multiple intelligence theory,

there are nine basic types of intelligence.

Visual-spatial

Verbal-linguisticLogical-mathematical

Bodily-kinesthetic

Musical-rhythmic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Existential


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MULTI SMART


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Social Intelligence

How well we get along with each other.

Dimensions central to the concept of SocialIntelligence Understands peoples thoughts, feelings and intentions

well

Is good at dealing with people Has extensive knowledge of rules and norms in human

relations

Is good at taking the perspective of other people

Adapts well in social situations

Is warm and caring

Is open to new experiences, ideas and values (Kosmitzkiand John, 1993)


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Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to manage moods and emotions in self and

others.


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Cultural Intelligence

The ability to function in a cultural

environment that is different than your own.

The ability to recognize cultures different than

your own and adjust your behavior


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Learning

Companies look for employees who has thecapabilities to do the job company needs

them to do .

But nobody comes with everything that is

needed.

What is missing has to be learned


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LearningDefinition and components

Components of Learning

Involves changeonly change in behavior

Learning itself is not observable.

Is relatively permanent (timid person became brave

At a crisis situation not a permanent change.

Is acquired through experience(a lifelong process)

LearningAny relatively permanent change in behavior that occursas a result of experience.


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Theories of Learning

Theories of learning explains how learning occurs and how

patterns of behavior is shaped.

1.Classical Conditioning

2.Operant Conditioning

3.Cognitive Learning4.Social Learning


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Learning by associationA Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov, studied salivation in dogs as part

of his research programme. Normally, dogs will salivate at the time whenfood is presented, but Pavlov was interested why the dogs had started to

salivate when the saw the people that usually fed them (they also

responded to the sound of the dishes being used for their meals).

Pavlov set up an experiment to find out if the dogs could be trained tosalivate at other stimuli such as the sound of a bell or a light. At feeding

times, Pavlov would ring a bell and the amount of saliva produced by the

dog was measured. After several 'trials' Pavlov rang the bell without

presenting the food and found that the dogs salivated in the same way as if

food was being presented.


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ProcessStage 1Before conditioning -meatsalivation ( UCS-UCR)

stage 2 -bell-no salivation (no response)

stage 3 -ring bell along with meat -salivation(repeated)

( UCS-UCR)

REPEAT THE PROCESS

stage 4 -bell-salivation (CS-CR)

Dog is conditioned .In this example Pavlov showed how a reflex(salivation,a natural

bodily response) could become conditioned to an external

stimulus(the bell)thereby creating a conditioned reflex.


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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is a type of conditioning

in which an individual responds to stimulus

not in a normal way but a conditional way. Ex:

Advertisements shape attitudes. Fair andlovely cream advertise that if you use fair and

lovely, you will be fair in 7 days. Listening to

these advertisements on a continuous basis,consumers feel like trying the product.


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Exercise

Prepare a skit about the following scenarios

using classical conditioning:

Apply classical conditioning

1. To treat conditions such as alcoholism,chain smoking.

2. drug addiction

3. Procrastination4. Advertisement for a fairness cream,deo.


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Operant-Harward Psychologist

B.F.Skinner

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desiredvoluntary behavior leads to a reward orprevents a punishment.


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Operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary

behavior" or operant behavior.

Behavior is a function of its consequences.People learn to behave to get something or to avoid something.

Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast

to reflex behaviour.The tendency to repeat such behavior depends

on the reinforcement or lack of it ,Reinforcement strengthens the

behavior and increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.

3 strategiesReinforcement,punishment,extinction.


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The cognitive paradigm essentially argues that the black box ofthe mind should be opened and understood.

People are not programmed animals that merely respond to

environmental stimuli; people are rational beings that require

active participation in order to learn, and whose actions are a

consequence of thinking.

Changes in behavior are observed, but only as an indication of

what is occurring in the learners head.

Cognitive uses the metaphor of the mind as computer: informationcomes in, is being processed, and leads to certain outcomes.


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Learning from

observation


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Social learning approach to personality development

What is the influence of others behavior during

development?

Albert Bandura, Stanford

University


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Theories of Learning (contd)

Social-Learning Theory or Observationallearning (also known as vicarious learning

or modeling)

People can learn through observation and directexperience. people learn through observing othersbehavior, attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. Social

Learning is a type of learning that occurs as a function of

observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior

executed by others.


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social learning theory

Key Concepts

Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

Some rewards are more effective than others.

The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed andpermanence.

Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive step thatmoves an individual closer to the desired response.


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Principles of social learning theoryProcess -4

Attention

Retention

Motor Reproduction

ReinforcementTypes of ReinforcementFOUR

Positive reinforcement

Negative ReinforcementPunishment

Extinction


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Albert Banduracalled the process of social learning modelingand gave four

conditions required for a person to successfully model the behavior of

someone else:

Attention People learn from a model only when they payattention. We get influenced with models that are attractive,

repeatedly available, important to us and similar to us in our

estimation.

Retention remembering what you paid attention to when themodel is not available. Includes mental images, cognitive

organization.

Motor Reproduction reproducing the image. The observer must

have the motor skills to reproduce the action.

Reinforcement Process When positive incentive are provided to

the new modeled behaviour,individuals will be motivated to exhibit

the behavior more and more
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandura


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Types of Reinforcement -FOUR Positive reinforcement

Providing a rewardto strengthen a desired behavior (Bike whenyou come first in exam)

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired

behavior occurs.(You got just pass marks so that you do not fail) Punishment

Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable

behavior. (If you copy in exam, you will be debarred from writing

exams.)

Extinction

Avoiding an undesired behavior -Ignoring the mischief maker in

the class.


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Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement- after every

behavior good for starting behaviors

drastic fall of after some time

Fixed Fixed interval- after set amount of time

Fixed ratio- based on a set # of behaviors

Variable

Variable interval- average time, but no pattern

Variable ratio- average number of behaviors, nopattern


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Bobo Doll experiment of

social learning

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll

experiment is widely cited in

psychology as a demonstration of

observational learning and

demonstrated that children are more

likely to engage in violent play with a

life size rebounding doll after

watching an adult do the same.

However, it may be noted that

children will only reproduce a model's

behavior if it has been reinforced.

This may be the problem with

television because it was found, by

Otto Larson and his coworkers (1968),

that 56% of the time children's

television characters achieve their

goals through violent acts.


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Behavior Modification

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

Sometimes behavior needs to be altered to maximize

positive and minimize adverse consequences.


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Consequences

What happens

After behavior

Employee

receivesattendance

bonus

Example

A-B-Cs of OB Modification

Behavior

What person

says or does

Employee

attendsscheduled

work

Antecedents

What happens

before behavior

Attendancebonus system

is announced

B h i MOD O i i l


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Behaviour MOD Organizational

Applications

Well Pay versus Sick Pay Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not

absence.

Employee Discipline

The use of punishment can be counter-productive.

Developing Training Programs

OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.

Self-management

Reduces the need for external management control.

Behavior Modification Techniques in the Business Environment


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Behavior Modification Techniques in the Business Environment

Operant Conditioning-an employer implementing a reward reinforcement

program delivered in various intervals could modify the behavior of his employeesin line with the company's agenda.

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A variable-ratio schedule is based on the architecture of reward reinforcement

Implementing Ceremonies

implement ceremonies and activities involving an employee's physical-emotional

involvement.

Setting Goals to Guide Behavior

As soon as an employee simply attempts to accomplish a goal designed by a

manager; then the employee's behavior has been instantly modified specific to the

business's agenda.

Continuously

observe our behavior

get Clarity on role expectations

Positive feedback motivates future behavior

LOB MODULE 2 Individual Behaviour

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