Individual Human Behaviour

8/12/2019 Individual Human Behaviour

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Individual Behavior:A Perspective

Professor Anurag Shanker

MBA University of London


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What is Behaviour?

Most people use the word behavior to mean conduct

Psychology regards behavior as any observable activity by

human being

Most individual Human Behaviors result from a combination of

factors.


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Stimulus

ResponseConsequence

How can behaviour be observed ?


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What is stimulus?

A Stimulus can be defined as the energy available in the physical

environment which impinge on an individual.

How do we recognise or ignore this energy ?


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Perception

Perception results from adding meaning sensation

Perception can be defined as the process of selecting,organizing, and attaching meaning or interpretation to events

objects or people in the environment

Perception is said to have taken place only after the information

(sensation) has been interpreted

Perception plays an important role in the Individual Human

Behavior


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Perception : Influencing Factors

Major Factors

Learning

Motives and Emotions

Maturation and Heredity


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Learning

We learn through perception

Past experiences or previous learning affect present perception

For e.g. : Gun

Hunter perceives it to be an object that evokes excitement .

A person whose son is killed in a firing incident in the past

perceives it to be an object that evokes fear and pain


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Motives and Emotions

Emotions and Motives have major influence on perception

For e.g.: Hungry people, tend to perceive food and related things

everywhere.

Prejudiced mind perceives selectively other people in ways that

support it

For e.g.:

A boy who is in love with a girl perceives her every action as

an indication of love towards him.


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Maturation and Heredity

Maturity of sensory organs

Born blind cannot make sense of the visual environment, even

after getting vision with the help of a surgery.

After surviving for years in a lightless world, they have to unlearn

all their auditory and tactile

Need to accommodate the new visual frame of reference Heredity

Human beings are born with talents, these need to be developed

through practice


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Cognition- Thinking

Cognition represents the most complex form of a Human

Behavior

It is the highest form of mental activity

It is the basis for all human achievements

Concepts, problem solving, language intelligence and creativity all

are depend upon the ability to think

It is purposeful, mental manipulation of words and images It helps the human to solve problems without any physical motion


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Attitudes: Human behaviour

Attitudes are associations between attitude objects and

evaluations of those objects.

Attitude is nothing but the quality and direction of our thought

process through which we respond to the world.

According to most psychologists attitudes are learned.How attitudes are formed?


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Attitudes: Human behaviour

Attitudes are acquired through experience

Social learning: Acquiring attitudes from others

Classical conditioning

Instrumental conditioning

Modeling: Learning by example

Comparison and attitude formation

Genetic Factors


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Attitude Formation: Social

Learning

When we interact with others or merely observe their behavior

attitudes are learned.

This is known as classical conditioning

Classical conditioning can occur below the levels of conscious

awareness even when persons are not aware of the stimuli

e.g. We can quote a real life situation here.

A young child, for instance sees her mother frown and show

emotional discomfort each time she encounters members of a

minority group- a particular racial group.


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Attitude Formation: Social

Learning

A learning state to Right views .

This process is called instrumental conditioning.

By rewarding children with smiles, approval or hugs elders can

play a key role in this process.

e.g.: Parents applause every time their child dances for a populardance number, dancing becomes a habit for the child.

Positive reinforcement is the basis of this process

People repeat their attitudes when they receive reward and

recognition for their Right views


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Modeling: Learning by example

Modeling is a basic form of a learning in which we acquire new

forms of attitude by observing others

Often children observe their parents and repeat what ever they do.

Parents need to be careful and conscious in the way they exhibit their

attitudes in the presence of children.

Normally parents deny children from doing lot of things which are fine

for themselvese.g.: Telling lies, Smoking and Watching adult movies

It is very clear that children learn to do what their parents do , but

not what they say!!!!!!!!!!!


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Attitude formation: Comparison or

Referencing

This refers to our tendency to compare ourselves with others.

We use this, in order to determine whether our view of socialreality is correct or not.

We often change our attitudes, so as to hold our views closer to

that of others

This process helps us to form new attitudes


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Attitude formation: Genetic factors

We accept the fact that genetic factors influence the physicalaspects i.e.; Height, color of skin and eyes etc...

Similarly these genetic factors influence our way of thinking

Thought occurs in brain and it is also a physical part, as anyother part of the body which has influence of genes.

However, to some extent, genetic factors do influence attitude


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Attitudes : Influence on Human

Behaviour

Does attitude influence Human Behavior?

If yes when and how?

According to Allport, attitudes are a set of tendencies and

predispositions which have major impact on Individual Human

behavior.


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Attitudes : Influence on Human

Behaviour

Several studies have shown that there are major factors which

serve as moderatorsthey influence to which extent attitudes

affect behavior.


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Moderators : Aspects of Situation

They are purely

Situational

In fact, people cannot express their attitude, since that would becontrary to the norms in a given situation


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Attitudes: Influence on Human

behaviour

How do attitudes influence behavior?

Attitude influences perception


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Personality- Human Behaviour

Clearly speaking, there is something inside people that makes

them think, feel and act in a situation

That Something Inside is what we mean by personality

Personality can be defined as the unique and consistent pattern

of behaviour , thoughts and feelings in a wide variety ofsituations over a long period of time

Consistency is the KEY


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Personality -Determinants

Biological factors

Genetics

Hormones

Physical environment

Climate

Psychological factors

Self-concept

intelligence


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Personality

Determinants

Familial Determinants

Child rearing practice

Influence on self-concept

Social class

Social stratification

Cultural factors

Values and Norms Religion

Education


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Personality - Types

Generally people describe persons or personalities as shy,

irritable, gullible, aggressive, dominant, sociable, easygoing,

jovial, cunning etc.

To put it in simple terms personality is the unique, relatively

consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving

Our personality , otherwise is the behavior noticed by others


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Personality-Types

Carl Gustav Jung, the famous psychologist in his theory stated

that individuals are either

Extroverted - Outgoingor

Introverted - Shy

as a dominant function

He felt that the dominant function is so important, it over shadows

the all other functions in terms of defining a personality type.


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Personality-Types

8 Personality types are:

Extraverted or Introverted

Sensing or intuitive (Gut feeling, Direct Apprehension of Truth)

Thinking or Feeling

Judging or Perceiving

The combination of our four "preferences" defines our

personality type


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Personality-Types

Few points to remember No individual will fall into one category

It becomes clear that we cannot box individuals into prescribedformulas for behaviour

Each of us has a natural preference which falls into one category(Native Personality)

Personality Type indicates how we are likely to deal with differentsituations that life presents, and in which environments we are

most comfortable. Learning about our Personality Type helps us to understand

why certain areas in life come easily to us, and others are

more of a struggle


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Human Behaviour- Change

Change is the only thing that is constant

Human Behaviour is complex and it changes

by experience


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Thank you

Individual Human Behaviour

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