Foundation of individual behaviorby

Atif AhmedZain Iqbal

Muhammad Rashid Mariam Nadir

Ability

“An Individual’s capacity to perform various tasks in a job”

Types of abilities

Intellectual abilities abilities needed to perform

mental activities for thinking reasoning and problem solving.

“Dimensions of intellectual ability”

Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed

Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization

“Dimensions of intellectual ability”

Memory

Physical abilities

The capacity to do tasks that demand stamina , dexterity, strength and similar characteristics

Basic physical abilitiesStrength factors Dynamic strength

Trunk strength

Static strength Explosive strength

Flexibility factors : Extent flexibility Dynamic

flexibility

Other factors Body coordination Balance

Stamina

Biographical characteristicsAge • Most of us belief that job performance

declines with age • The older you get the less likely you quit

your job• Age is inversely related to absenteeism

Gender• Women perform as well as on job as men

do • Women have higher rate of absenteeism

then men • Women are likely to perform double

duties• There is no differences in male and

female regarding problem solving, competitive drive, motivation, stability or learning ability

Race • People in organization may favor

employees of their own race • On the basis of race people some times

got lower ratings in interview, paid less and promoted less frequently

Social group• Percentage of seats are reserved for

individuals to specified categories• Preference is given according to person’s

caste and tribes • religion and domicile are also taken in

consideration.

Other biographical characteristics

Tenure• It is expressed as work experience

and predict employy productivity• It explains turnover • The longer a person is in a job the

less likely he or she will quit

Religion• Religion is a touchy subject• Often people of different religious

faiths conflicts• In some countries law prohibits

employers from discriminating against employers based on their religion

• Dealing with transgender employees

requires some special consideration• Many employers practice don’t ask

don’t tell military policy

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Learning“Learning is any relatively permanent change in

behavior occurs as a result of experience”

Direct experience• Something affect you directly • You gone through with any pleasant or unfavorable

situation

Indirect experience• When you are not the direct victim • Someone else gone through with any unfavorable

or pleasant situation and you learn from them

Theories of learning

1. Classical conditioning2. Operant conditioning3. Social learning

Operant conditioning

“A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads

to reward or prevents a punishment”

Classical conditioning “A type of conditioning in which an

individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such

response”

Social learning

“Learning from observation and direct experience”

Four processes of social learning are;• Attentional processes• Retention process• Motor reproduction processes• Reinforcement processes

Attentional process• We attract to those models that are

attractive and repeatedly available and important to us

Retention process • Influence depends on how well we

remember model’s action

Motor reproduction processes• The watching must be converted into

doing• Individual can perform the modeled

activity

Reinforcement processes• Exhibition of modeled behavior on

incentives or reward

Methods of shaping behavior

Positive reinforcement • Response with something pleasant

Negative reinforcement • response with something unpleasant

Punishment• Unpleasant condition an attempt to

eliminate an undesirable behavior

Extinction• When the behavior is not reinforced it

tends to be gradually extinguished