i

ii

List of Tables

Table 2.1:Breakup of sample villages based on ethnic domination ..................................................... 19

Table 3.1: Physical Performance .......................................................................................................... 22

Table 3.2: Block specific sanitation penetrationup to March 2014 ..................................................... 22

Table3.4: Block specific Good Performing GP and Poor performing GP based on target versus

achievement ......................................................................................................................................... 26

Table3.5: List of GP-s with over achievement ...................................................................................... 27

Table 4.1:Block specific samples covered ............................................................................................. 28

Table 5.1.: TSC- NBA Toilet Models ....................................................................................................... 35

Table 6.1: Correlation between Income & Sanitation usage: ............................................................... 46

Table 6.2.: Correlation between Education and Toilet Usage Always ................................................. 47

Table 7.1: Block specific distribution of Community Sanitary Complexes ............................................ 59

Table 7.2: Block specific suggested actions to control open defecation .............................................. 60

Table 8.1 Toilet availability in Schools and Anganwadis ....................................................................... 61

Table 11.1: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution ......................................................... 80

List of Figures

Figure 3.1: Block specific Percentage household Coverage .................................................................. 23

Figure 3.2: Blockwise baseline target versus achievement( cumulative till Sept 2014) ....................... 24

Figure 3.3: Percentage Achievement .................................................................................................... 25

Figure 5.1: Breakup of toilet ownersbased on year of construction .................................................... 30

Figure 5.2: Motivation for Toilet building ............................................................................................. 31

Figure 5.3: Role of Various Stakeholders .............................................................................................. 31

Figure 5.4: Final Decision Makers to Build the First Toilet ................................................................... 32

Figure 5.5: Type of Present Toilet ......................................................................................................... 32

Figure 5.6: Difference of Current Toilet from the Old Toilet ................................................................ 33

Figure 5.7: Preferred Features of the Toilet ......................................................................................... 34

Figure 5.8: Advantages and disadvantages of Owning a Toilet ............................................................ 35

Figure 5.9: Economics of toilet installation ........................................................................................... 36

Figure 5.10: Received Assistance from Type of Organization ............................................................... 37

Figure 5.11: Reason for Not Functioning .............................................................................................. 37

Figure 5.12: Distance of Toilet .............................................................................................................. 38

Figure 5.13: Source of Water to Use in Toilet and distance ................................................................. 38

Figure 6.1: Toilet usage among different sections ................................................................................ 42

Figure 6.2: User friendliness among children and aged ....................................................................... 43

Figure 6.3: Block specific excusively toilets users among toilet owning households ........................... 44

Figure 6.4: Block specific excusively toilets users among all households ............................................. 44

Figure 6.5: Ethnicity specific toilet usages ............................................................................................ 45

Figure 6.6: Block specific break up respondents based on income category ..................................... 46

Figure 6.7: Education-wise distribution for Each Block ....................................................................... 47

Figure 6.8: Frequency of Use ............................................................................................................... 48

Figure 6.9: Satisfaction with Toilet Usage ............................................................................................. 49

iii

Figure 6.10: Water Usages to Flush the Household Toilet ................................................................... 50

Figure 6.11: Challenges Faced in Toilet Usage ...................................................................................... 50

Figure 6.12: Materials used to wash hands after self- defecation ........................................................ 51

Figure 6.13: Change in hand wash practice .......................................................................................... 51

Figure 6.14: Hand Washing Practice and disease prevention ............................................................... 52

Figure 6.15: Occurrence of Water Borne Diseases ............................................................................... 52

Figure 7.1: Open Defection Scenario ..................................................................................................... 53

Figure 7.2: Location of Open Defecation .............................................................................................. 54

Figure 7.3: Places where Babies’ Faeces Usually Disposed ................................................................... 54

Figure 7.4: Location of Defecation in case of Not Usable Toilet ........................................................... 55

Figure 7.5: Percentage response on whether open defecation should be stopped completely .......... 56

Figure 7.6: Percentage response on Approaches to stop open defection ........................................... 57

Figure 7.7: Percentage response on Key Players in Community Initiative ........................................... 58

Figure 7.8: Percentage response on strategy to stop open defecation ................................................ 58

Figure 9.1: Sources of Awareness ......................................................................................................... 66

Figure 9.2: Awareness of the Government Program in Support of Total Sanitation ............................ 66

Figure 10.1: Awareness on Sanitary marts ........................................................................................... 73

Figure 10.2 Awareness on functions of Sanitray Mart and Support received from Sanitary Mart ..... 74

Figure 10.3: Awareness on SHGs as Sanitary Mars ............................................................................... 74

Figure 10.4 Awareness on SHGs in Sanitation Activities....................................................................... 75

Figure 10.5 Block specific response on functions of SHGs .................................................................... 75

Figure 11.1 Beneficiary Contribution .................................................................................................... 80

Figure 11.2: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution ........................................................ 81

Figure 11.3 Days put in to toilet construction ...................................................................................... 81

Figure 11.4 Wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction ..................................................... 82

Figure 11.5: Amount of wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction .................................. 82

1

Executive Summary

The global effort to eliminate open defecation achieved

high level visibility in 2013 with the formal launch of the UN

Deputy Secretary-General’s Call to Action on Sanitation, a

UN General Assembly resolution calling all Member States

to take action to end open defecation.

Government of India in line with global call have accorded

high priority to eliminate open defecation nationally and

announced “Swachha Bharat” that invites all stakeholders

to join hands and make India open defecation free (ODF) by

2019. Government of West Bengal developed ODF policy

and have decided to accelerate the implementation of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) in convergence

with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and achieve ODF)

West Bengal by 2017. In this context the Minister, Panchayat and Rural Development (P&RD),

Government of West Bengal led a collective pledge with all the District Magistrates on 19th

November, 2013, “the World Toilet Day” to accord high priority to sanitation and hygiene promotion

in the development agenda and encourage all stakeholders to launch a campaign against open

defecation. The priority agenda of the State has been further reinforced through the Swachh Bharat

Abhiyan (G), the National Campaign aimed at developing a clean and Open Defecation Free India.

While West Bengal state has made significant progress in providing access to improved toilets during

the last decade however as per census 2011, nearly 51% population in rural areas continue to

defecate in open. The recent NSSO report (2013) informs that only 40% of families exclusively use

the toilet out of 60% families having the facility at home in West Bengal. This clearly establishes the

need for public awareness towards stopping open defecation, need for promoting improved

sanitation and hygiene practice among rural population and providing quality sanitary toilets at

home and community level.

Nadia district, among all the districts of West Bengal, is a forerunner and has been able to nearly

achieve the targets set for installation of sanitary toilets at the household and institutional level. The

physical performance of sanitation indicates 70% coverage in Nadia as a whole. However among the

blocks Nabadwip has the highest penetration followed by Karimpur II. The MGNREGA – NBA

convergence programme coined as “ Sabar Souchagar “ programme in Nadia district was initiated on

a pilot scale in July 2013 and at a district scale in a Mission Mode from October 2013.

Government of West Bengal decided to look in to the community perceptions on open defecation

and assess the behaviour change through a rapid assessment in Nadia district that demonstrated a

convergent model of NBA and MGNREGA for acceleration of service delivery and stakeholder’s

mobilization on sanitation and hygiene promotion in the district.

Along with the Governments intentions to gather learning from the ongoing programme regarding

its effectiveness especially on changing the individual and community perception towards use of

toilet and related bottlenecks, the stakeholders in other districts are eager to learn and replicate the

successful models. Therefore it has been important to document the learning and analyse the

factors that enabled achieving the targets set for toilet construction and understand the utilization

The General Assembly resolution “Sanitation for All” (A/RES/67/291, 24 July 2013) calls on Member States to take action to reduce the practice, which is “extremely harmful to public health”. A second 2013 resolution, “The Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation” (A/RES/68/157, 18 December 2013), outlines the scale of the problem. Open defecation has been mentioned only one other time in GA resolutions.

2

and maintenance of toilets in the context of behaviour change and practice cutting across all

sections of the population and also to understand the community will in stopping open defecation.

UNICEF in consultation with Government of West Bengal commissioned a study with its development partner Hijli Inspiration, with the following sub objectives:

To review the status of toilet coverage in the district and identify the enabling factors

To understand the perceptions, practices, motivations and constraints of households with

respect to toilet use vis a vis open defecation in selected villages

To understand the community will and social norm in the context of stopping open

defecation

To understand the convergence approaches for NBA- MGNREGA- NRLM (National Rural Livelihood mission) and the involvement of Self Help Group (SHG) Clusters

To suggest strategies for replicability in other districts of the State

Methodology and approach

The study has used techniques and procedures, which have been tested in various projects,

collecting data directly from the people in the communities. Two main methods have been

administered for data collection and analysis – the quantitative and qualitative methods.

Sample Design and Characteristics

The sample size was decided though a systematic process of coverage and representation. All 17

Blocks have been covered while within each block 3 GP-s and subsequently 2/3 villages have been

selected to arrive at a number of 51 GPs and 120 villages respectively. Finally within a village 20

households have been selected making the sample size 2400. While GP selection followed random

sampling approach, village selection was based on stratified sampling based on population

cardinality and ethnic compositionfollowed by purposive sampling based on existence or initiation of

toilets. 20 households have been identified in each village based on village specific household listing

and proportionate division of sample between old (constructed under TSC or NBA programme) and

new toilet (Convergent model under NBA and MGNREGA or Sabar Souchagar) owners. Selection of

households has been done randomly from amongst the old and new toilet owners.

The survey was conducted to allow adequate representation to both male and female respondents

with a break up of 54% female and 46% male. More than two-fifth of the respondents was the Chief

Wage Earners themselves and another 42 % were the spouses of the CWE. Around 8% of the sample

constituted female headed households. The SCand minority category each comprised around one

third of the sample. 21% belonged to the Generalcategory. A little over one-third of the Chief Wage

Earners (CWE) wasilliterate whilea similar proportion had studied upto the primary level. Close to

one-fifth was literate but lacked formal education. Majority of household heads worked as daily

labourer (58%) followed by engagement as cultivator (25%). Only a little over one-tenth were

entrepreneurs or self employed in non-agriculture activities. Very few were engaged in the service

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sector.27% of the respondent households had an annual income of below Rs. 24000 in the last one

year of which 18 %reported an annual income between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000 and 9% mentioned of

less than Rs.18,000 annual income. 44% of households possess BPL card. Around 86% possess

MGNREGA job card. Around 16% of households have taken SHG / microfinance loan.

Key Findings

Coverage and Drivers

The NBA implementation in the district particularly after the convergence with MGNREGA has

significantly increased the pace of implementation and service delivery of toilets through network of

sanitary marts. The data informs that over 100,000 toilets were built in nearly six months period

while around 500,000 toilets were built over a period of 15 years since the inception of the TSC

programme in 1999. This indicates an acceleration rate of around 6% which is commendable.

However this was not uniform across the blocks. Only around 5 of the 17blocks have surpassed the

50% achievement mark while 2 blocks just touched 50%.Krishnanagar II has been extremely efficient

in achieving targets and has surpassed the target by 103.05%. Beyond Krishnanagar II, the top 3 well-

performing blocks are – Karimpur – II (69.7% achievement), Chakdaha (59.0%) and Krishnaganj

(57.7%).

The bottom 3 blocks performing poorly in terms of achievement vis a vis target are – Nakashipara

(17.9% achievement), Santipur (24.9%) and Krishnanagar-I (24.9%). Thus, these blocks need greater

attention to address disparity.

As mentioned, on an average 70% of households in Nadia district own a toilet. Among the

respondent households with toilets installed, 43 % mentioned to have constructed the same before

July 2013, but more than half of the households have constructed after October 2013 indicating the

success of the ‘Sabar Souchagar’ program. However purposive sampling with focus on Sabar

Souchagar programme in selection of villages has been responsible for such a break up. Subsidy

acted as the most prominent motivator forthe households to build the toilet with more than 50% of

the households mentioning of this factor. This was followed by influence and motivation by peer and

institutional influence with 27% such responses. Out of peer and institutional influence, Panchayat

members have played the most important role behind motivation to construction followed byfriends

&relatives. The final decision to install a toilet emerges from motivation where more than one-third

of households have mentioned that it was a combined decision of the family members to build the

first toilet. Moreover, some women have been the major driver behind the decision to own a

toilet.58 % mentioned of having twin pit toilet, 36 %have single pit toilet and 6% have septic tank.

The construction of around10% Single –pit and septic tank Toilets indicate a divergence from the

specified guidelines for such toilet constructions under NBA.

A little more than one-third of households mentioned that the cost of installing the toilet is Rs10,000

where the share of cost borne by households is 900. In general, respondents feel that the new toilets

are better than the earlier one in terms of improved model, more facilities although there is scope

for improving it further. On the flip side, beneficiaries feel that the 3” wall of the superstructure is

not durable and they feel that at least a 5” wall structure will make it sustainable. Some have

mentioned that the toilet is also not very user friendly for children while a section has opined that

inadequate ventilation makes the toilet stuffy.

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Behaviour change towards toilet use

Survey analysis reveals that people in general have started adopting and using toilet and a trend of

collective behaviour change towards ODF environment is visible. A huge 92% of respondents are

unanimous that open defecation should be completely stopped. A significantly large 99% of female

and 97 % male use toilets. There has also been a significant change in the toilet usage behaviour

among women since women prefer toilets for privacy and safety. Women at the household level act

as change agents in bringing an overall behavioural transformation. However, the practice of toilet

usage is still low among children particularlyin the age category of below 5 years. Blocks like

Nakashipara, Karimpur II and Tehatta I lag behind in terms of toilet usage. In some ST dominated

segments toilet usage is relatively low at 85%, possibly due to traditional habits and age-old

practices, indicating the need of necessary steps to enhance awareness. Analysis of ‘exclusive” use

of toilets indicate that out of the toilet owners, 94% use it always which maps to 66% of total

households as coverage is 70% in the district. Study on the impacting factor of toilet usage indicates

that level of education impacts toilet usage to some extent whereas no conclusive influence of

income was noticeable. Satisfaction with toilets is significantly high and respondents in general are

not negatively disposed towards toilet installation and usage. Most of the respondents were aware

of some benefits of toilet use however only about a quarter of them were aware of the health and

environmental aspects of toilet utilization. On a positive note ahigh correlation between hand

washing and installation of toilets was inferred as majority of households admits that there has been

a change in hand-washing behaviour post toilet installation.

Perception on open defecation and Social Norm

In general people are unanimous in agreeing to the principle that open defecation should be

stopped completely. This is also reflected in beneficiary responses where 92% were of the same

opinion – a definite indication of move towards asustainable behavioral change and adoption of

hygienic enviornment. However in some blocks like Haringhata, Kaliganj, Santipur, Tehatta-I,

Nakashipara and Ranaghat-I a substantial section of (10-20%) of people feel that open defecation

cannot be stopped completely and such a practice can happen at times particularly during rush

hours at home, non functional toilet or when they do not have an access to toilets during work

outside home. Community toilets are very sparse in the district – only around 5 blocks; Karimpur-I,

Krishnanagar-II, Chapra, Nabadwip, Hanskhali and Haringhata have on an average 3 Community

Sanitary Complexes.

The public opined (64% people) that community initiative is the main approach to combat open

defecation and the Panchayat is considered the key player in driving the collective initiative.

However, the community was positively inclined towards the role of other players like – SHG (13%),

young generation (11%) and AWW/Asha (7%). Community mobilization was felt to be the main take-

off strategy. Other supportive approaches, as suggested by the community members are intense

motivational drive, joint initiative by Gram Panchayat and Sanitary Mart, involvement of health

workers and students. In community meetings some respondents have also come up harsh

approaches like introducing fine or punishment.

5

Institutional coverage

On the whole - achievement of toilet construction in schools is commendable in the district and

almost all blocks have achieved toilet construction target. Some have over achieved which could be

justified by installation of more than one toilet block in a school. However – in terms of toilets

inAnganwadicentres – overall achievement against target is at 63%. Nawadwip block, Krishnanagar -

2 and Tehatta-2 blocks have achieved above 90% in toilet construction in ICDS centres. Ranaghat-2,

Chakdah, Haringhata and Krishnanagar-1 have showed low performance with <50% achievement.

Lack of toilets in Anganwadi centres (AWC) restricts toilet usage among children in that particular

age category. AWCs in rented accommodation face problem of a different nature. While many of the

AWCs have toilets within the premises, owners/landlords often do not allow children to use toilet;

forcing them to resort to open defecation. In Nadia district Anganwari Workers (AWWs)are playing

an important role in generating awareness on the ill effects of open defecation and jointly

campaigning with ANM, ASHA and School teachers to reach out to women, children and villagers

.They are also educating children on toilet usage and proper hand-washing process / hygiene

practices.

Programme Management and Community Mobilisation

The success of the initiative in making Nadia district a forerunner in the State has been largely

possible due to the leadership provided by the District Magistrate and the Sabhadhipati in unison

and in recognising Sanitation as a priority sector. The District Administration of Nadia handled the

programme on a Mission Mode with strict but practical targets and on the 2nd of October 2013 a

district wide oath taking ceremony was observed under the banner of “Sabar Souchagar” by

different administrative hierarchies. Implementation is supported by an efficient monitoring system

under the direct supervision of the District Magistrate to review the quantitative indicators.

However the mechanism for keeping a check on qualitative aspects was not adequate which has had

a reflection in divergence from guidelines in terms of non-compliance with specification related to

pit depth, spacing between pits and fixing of vent pipes.

Rigorous community awareness and mobilisation was done through IEC strategies at all tiers of

administration: District, Blocks, and GPs involving field functionaries. Most Blocks have taken up

similar IEC approaches that includes door to door campaign, patha sabha (Rally), drama, wall writing

and posters, community & mother’s meeting, health awareness camp and cleanliness awareness

camp for children (wash hand before & after use) at school. However the key approach had been

Interpersonal Communication and the major actors in awareness generation have been the

Panchayat representatives, relatives, friends, villagers, toilet owners, service providers (NGO,

Sanitary Marts), ICDS, health functionaries, schools teachers. Unfortunately awareness is somewhat

limited in ST and Minority dominated areas and among caregivers regarding handling of child

excreta and in realising the alarming environmental health consequences of open defecation.

6

Role and performance of Sanitary Marts

Sanitary Marts act as promoters, as production centres and as actors in sustaining the sanitation

drive. The performance of Sanitary Marts both in quantitative and qualitative terms indicate that

performance of some sanitary marts in terms of achievement against targets is commendable for

which construction activities had attained a momentum. However on the qualitative front several

instances of deviation from the design specifications have been observed and it is visible in some

blocks questioning the credibility of such marts and the monitoring procedure.

Nevertheless all Marts have reported problems – e.g.: problem of beneficiary identification due to

multiple surveys and disjoint eligibility lists, delayed payments from GPs against the

MGNREGAallocation, delayed payments from beneficiaries against unskilled labour-all affecting the

pace of installation often resulting in incomplete installation.

Respondent feedback shows that awareness about sanitary marts “by name” is rather low – (31%)

although they are aware of the activity that is going on in their locality. A significant section of

respondents (46%) perceive the primary function of sanitary marts as installation of toilets followed

by awareness generation and motivation. On the other hand, awareness on SHG-s being involved in

sanitation activityis rather low (only 29%) and that too a significant section (43%) recognize the role

of SHGs primarily in awareness generation rather than in construction and installation.

However involvement of more players in the supply activity has strengthened the supply chain.

Particularly involvement of SHG-s has reinforced the link between the supplier and beneficiary

through peer influence and construction support.

Financing and Incentives - MGNREGS convergence

Nadia district has been ahead of others in adopting and implementing the convergence model

coined as Sabar Souchagar. The convergence has been designed to have multiple advantages like

increased funding for toilet construction in the sector strengthening the supply push factor, greater

subsidy for poor families inducing demand push , improved monitoring of the outcomes from

different tiers of administration – e.g. District, Zilla Parishad and Block levels ensuring achievements

against targets. Integrating other players into the system such as SHGs being encouraged to

contribute as service providers like Sanitary Marts. There are a few areas of concern related to

convergence which can be termed as teething problems. Those without job-cards get debarred as an

eligibility clause for MGNREGS support is job card ownership creating an overall confusion. Further

sanitationsstill not a priority for most of the GPs as MGNREGA funds on priority are allotted to

customary infrastructure and asset creating activities leaving inadequate fund for toilet construction.

This subsequently has led to delayed or part payments to Sanitary Marts resulting in dampened pace

and often stalled construction.

7

Key Learning

Nadia district has made a significant effort towards developingan ODF situation, by improving toilet

coverage and also the utilisation of home toilets. There is a growing perception among adults on

open defecation with special focus on women. Nearly 92% respondents have mentioned that open

defecation should be stopped, 100% (barring 2 respondents) are aware on some benefits of toilet

usage and the utilisation of home toilets is found between 85-90% that includes both old and new

models which is very encouraging and informs the revealed preference for toilet use and behaviour

change at family and community level. Stakeholders’ collective initiatives observed in some places

for influencing social norm around open defecation and making Nadia district ODF is encouraging.

The analysis further tried to identify three aspects in the context of the programme

Strategises that worked in favour – the strengths

Limitating factors that hindered progress – the challenges

Suggestive recommendations - way forward

Strategies that worked infavour

A six-point strategy was adopted in Nadia which give sanitation a big push.

Leadership and Political Will : The District Magistrate and Sabhadhipati in unison

spearheaded the programme and mobilised sub-district level administrative and panchayat

functionaries – a convergence of administrative and political will

Adequate Priority to Sanitation Sector : Sanitation considered as a priority sector in the

District and programme conceived in a mission mode with a pledge to deliver – inculcation

of the right spirit

Demand Pull Approach : Programme approach to creating demand and scaling up by

focussed awareness on “ Rs 9100 subsidy for a Rs 10000 Toilet model “ and community

mobilisation - inducing a demand pull

Interpersonal Communication for direct exchange : Promoting interpersonal

communication though grassroots operatives under different government programmes for

sustaining awareness and motivation to install and use – a sustainable approach

Strategies expanding partnership for supply chain strengthening: Roping in more players

(SHGs) as Sanitary Marts and streamlining procedures for implementation of convergence

model for strengthening the supply chain - creating a supply push.

Close and regular monitoring : Regular monitoring of achievement vis a vis targets at Block

and District Level and personally by District Magistrate – an effective management for

geared intervention

8

The strategic approach pointers have been represented through the spider diagram as

follows to assess the strategic accomplishments on a 10 point scale:

As observed Leadership, Sector Priority and Close Monitoring scored very high while the other

factors have scope for improvement.

Limiting factors that hindered progress ….the challenges

Every intervention associated some challenges which also need strategic interventions in the short

and medium term frame. Some such key challenges are:

Demand is primarily subsidy driven, inadequate understanding &motivation for improving quality

of life: Demand was majorly driven by subsidy while people are yet to connect toilet and

environmentalhealth impacts as a prime motivator.

Convergence with teething problems: The convergence model although very well strategized has

some practical problems. Gram Panchayats (GPs) donot accord high priority to sanitation component

within the MGNREGA programme resulting in delayed payment and hampering work progress.

Lack of awareness on scientific /technical aspects of the new model: Thedesign specifications and

the scientific rationale of the leach pit toilets are not clear to people in general, leading to risk of

deviation from guidelines on insistence by users impacting quality assurance.

Lack of community toilets: Inadequacy of community toilets at public places has restricted toilet use

habit among the section spending significant time outside home. This is particularly relevant for

working members and households who still do not have access to home toilets and in public places.

Capacity of sanitary marts: The capacityand performance of sanitary marts remains acontentious

issue. Lack of technical capacity of some of the newly appointed sanitary marts to deliver quality and

influenced by deviant request from users .Several of them do not have technical personnel to

manage the programme and educate user communities on the design aspects. This is more relevant

where SHGs are engaged as service providers.

0

2

4

6

8

10

Leadeship andPolitical Will

Sector Priority

Demand Pull

Supply ChainStrengthening

Interpersonalcommunication

Close andRegular

Monitoring

Series1

9

Inadequate systems for qualitative monitoring: While district have innovatively developed systems

for monitoring the sanitation programme progress however it largely focuses on quantity, there is

room for developing systems for qualitative outcomes of implementation of toilet construction

Suggestiverecommendations….Way forward

A combination of strengths and challenges define the way forward. The key focus areas and

intervention approaches have been indicated as follows:

1. Sustaining the political and administrative will

2. Post saturation monitoring and reporting system at GP at block and district level to be

institutionalised to avoid risk of slip back and sustain the ODF status

3. Developing effective systems for qualitative monitoring of toilet construction

4. Refresher training of Sanitary Mart representatives on technical design of the toilet and

the superstructure for ensuring greater durability. This would also result in greater

dissemination among beneficiaries.

5. Reviewing options for incorporating child friendly features in toilets and safe disposal of

child excreta, use of poitties can be explored

6. Greater focus of environmental health issues related to open defecation targeting

women, the youth and school going children

7. Greater emphasis on Scheduled Tribes (ST) , Minority sections to influence their

behaviour towards toilet use

8. Setting up & strengthening village level institutions for implementation for community

monitoring and social audit for usage

9. Promoting community toilets in strategic locations

Conclusion

Nadia district has demonstrated a promising and emerging model for accelerating sanitation

coverage and promoting improvedpractices has elements and potential for replication. The six point

approach with emphasis administrative and political will, identification of sanitation as a priority

sector and streamlined innovative monitoring system for reviewing targets against achievements

have been the major drivers.

10

Section 1.Introduction

Background

The global effort to eliminate open defecation achieved high level visibility in 2013 with the formal

launch of the UN Deputy Secretary-General’s Call to Action on Sanitation, a UN General Assembly

resolution calling all Member States to take action to end open defecation, the identification of

improved sanitation as a key prerequisite for poverty

reduction by the President of the World Bank, and many

other statements and initiatives.

Government of India in line with global call has accorded

high priority to eliminate open defecation nationally and

announced “Swachha Bharat” that invites all stakeholders to

join hands and make India open defecation free (ODF) by

2019. Government of West Bengal developed ODF policy and

have decided to accelerate the implementation of Nirmal

Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) in convergence with MGNREGA and achieve ODF West Bengal by 2017. In this

context the Minister, Panchayat and Rural Development (P&RD), Government of West Bengal led a

collective pledge with all the District Magistrates on 19th November, 2013, “the World Toilet Day” to

accord high priority to sanitation and hygiene promotion in the development agenda and encourage

all stakeholders to launch a campaign against open defecation. The priority agenda of the State has

been further reinforced through the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (G), the National Campaign aimed at

developing a clean and Open Defecation Free India.

Several attempts to change defecation behaviour and promote sanitation programmes in India from

1986 to 2004 had limited success. Behavioural change continues to be negligible despite high levels

of knowledge, for several health behaviours, particularly sanitation related behaviours. Since 2004,

the focus of the rural sanitation programme in India shifted to changing behaviour rather than on

merely creating sanitation facilities under the banner of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Nirmal

Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) initiated on 2012 is an important programme initiated by Government of India

to make India clean and open defecation free.

Virtually TSC has been renamed as the NBA with the objective of accelerating the sanitation coverage in

rural areas so as to comprehensively cover the rural community through renewed strategies and

saturation approach. NBAenvisages covering the entire community for saturated outcomes with a view to

create Nirmal Gram Panchayats (NGP). The vision has shifted from ‘access to toilets to all’ to “attaining

Nirmal status”.

While West Bengal state has made significant progress in providing access to improved toilets during

the last decade however as per census 2011, nearly 51% population in rural areas continue to

defecate in open. The recent NSSO report (2013) informs that only 40% of families exclusively uses

the toilet out of 60% families having the facility at home in West Bengal. This clearly establishes the

need for public awareness towards stopping open defecation, need for promoting improved

The General Assembly resolution “Sanitation for All” (A/RES/67/291, 24 July 2013) calls on Member States to take action to reduce the practice, which is “extremely harmful to public health”. A second 2013resolution, “The Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation” (A/RES/68/157, 18 December 2013), outlines the scale of the problem. Open defecation has been mentioned only one other time in GAresolutions.

11

sanitation and hygiene practice among rural population and providing quality sanitary toilets at

home and community level.

Open defecation free status necessarily follows from Safe sanitation practice which involves

fourissues

Access to toilets through creation of infrastructure

Utilization of the toilet followed by safe hand-washing

Maintenance of the toilet for the infrastructural sustainability

Collective community actions & behaviour change for elimination open defecation

Nadia district, among all the districts of the state, is a forerunner and has been able to nearly achieve the targets set for installation of sanitary toilets at the household and institutional level.

However while the achievement against targets satisfy the first issue of creating infrastructure, there

is a need to understand the utilization and maintenance status in terms of behaviour and practice

cutting across all sections of the population and also to understand the community will in preventing

open defecation. Government of West Bengal decided to look in to the community perceptions on

open defecation and assess the behaviour change through a rapid assessment in Nadia district that

demonstrated a convergent model of NBA and MGNREGA for acceleration of service delivery and

stakeholder’s mobilization on sanitation and hygiene promotion in the district.

Objectives

With this in the backdrop the study has been undertaken with the following objectives:

To review the status of toilet coverage in the district and to identify the enabling factors

To understand the perceptions, practices, motivations and constraints of households with

respect to toilet use vis a vis open defecation in selected villages–

To understand the community will and social norm in the context of stopping open

defecation

To understand the approaches and outcomes of convergence of NBA- MGNREGA- NRLM

programmes and the effectiveness of involving SHG Clusters

To suggest strategies for replicability in other districts of the State

12

Section 2. Approach and Methodology

The study has used techniques and procedures, which have been tested in various projects,

collecting data directly from the people in the communities. Two main methods have been

administered for data collection and analysis – the quantitative and qualitative methods. The

qualitative and quantitative methods are two ways to deepen knowledge on the populations and

social systems.

Activities

The study traversed a series of activities, setting off through a Reconnaissance and a District Level

Initiation workshop.

The activities have been elaborated as follows:

Reconnaissance

A preliminary visit was undertaken by a team from

INSPIRATION on 31 May 2014 to meet stakeholders

that include person in charge of sanitary mart, NBA

team members, health service providers etc, to

collect preliminary information and to discuss the

topic of sanitation with villagers

A discussion-held with eight housewives of

Krishnagunj villagerevealedtheir awareness level,

usage practice etc related to sanitation. The reconnaissance team also observed their toilets, water

accessibility etc.

Reconnaissance

Programme Initiation at the

District Level

Secondary Research

Sample selection

Survey instrument

design

Household level Survey

Community FGD

In depth discussion with

eco systems

Analysis

13

District level Kick-off Workshop

Initiation workshop was held on the 12th of June 2014 for a stakeholder engagement to arrive at a

consensus on the scope of work and to decide on the modus operandi for undertaking the survey.

The workshop was presided over by the District Magistrate, Mr P B Salim who made a

comprehensive presentation on the Sanitation Situation in Nadia focusing on the Sabar Souchagar

programme.Mr S.N. Dave,WASH Specialist, UNICEF West Bengal, India presented the purpose of the

study in order to understand the factors that have led to the commendable success of Nadia District

in achieving sanitation targets. This was followed by a presentation by Dr Chandreyee Das, Secretary

INSPIRATION on the scope of work and the methodology for survey and research. The workshop was

attended by Sabhadhipati Zilla Parishad , other District level Functionaries along with Dr Deblina

Dwivedi from UNICEF, Ms Swagata Bhattacharyay, Debasish Ghosh and UttamDeyfrom

INSPIRATION. The workshop was followed by field visit for a cursory understanding of the field

including functioning of Sanitary Mart.

Snapshots of the workshop

14

Secondary research:

A detailed analysis have been undertaken from the following sites and in depth analysis has been

done for gauging toilet installation

1. Nadia district portal

2. Nadia Census data

3. Nadia MCD Report

4. Local Government Directory Gram Panchayat

5. NBA Website

6. MDWS Website

7. Reports and documents from the State NBA Cell including performance MIS

Sample Design

The sample size was decided through a

systematic process forensuring coverage and

representation. All 17 Blocks have been covered

while within each block 3 GP-s and subsequently

2/3 villages have been selected to arrive at a

number of 51 GPs and 120 villages respectively.

Finally within a village 20 households have been

selected making the sample size 2400.

:

Coverage of all four subdivision

17 blocks to cover

3 GP per Block =51 GPs

2/3 Villages from each GP=

120 villages

20 HH per village = 2400

sample

15

As indicated the sample selection traversed the path from GP to village to household selection each

following a different method of selection to make it as representative as far as possible. The

selection strategies have been indicated below:

GP selection

Random sampling has been done following the Local Gram Panchayat Directory. Three GPs have

been selected from each block.

Village Selection

Ethnic composition was the main driver of sampling and selection of villages from each GP. Ethnic

composition includes SC, ST/minority community and general categories. 2011 census has been used

for sampling. Villages less than 100 HH have not been considered for the purpose of the survey. 2-3

villages from each GP have been selected based on ethnic diversity. Thus two aspects have been

considered for village selection namely

1. Population cardinality of villages

2. Ethnic composition

Household Selection

20 households have been identified in each village based on village specific household listing and

proportionate division of sample between old and new toilet owners. Old type toilets were those

models which used TSC/ NBA resources and were installed before October 2013 while the new

toilets referred to those installed after 2013 through NBA- MGNREGA convergence.

The sample selection process has been indicated below:

Household selection

Propoortionate distribution of pre-decided 20 samples between old toilet and new

type toilet owners 2400 ( 20 in each village)

Village selection

Stratified sampling, stratification based on population size and ethnicity (General, SC,

ST, Minority) followed by purposive sampling based on existence or initiation of

toilets

120 ( 2/3 per GP)

GP Selection

Random selection from the LG directory providing list of GPs following the "every

4th" GP selection principle 51 ( 3 per block )

16

Survey Instrument Design

Questionnaire based survey on the representative sample of 2400 has-been adopted as the

quantitative approach.

Qualitative methods involved:

o In –depth interviews with various stake holders

o Focus Group Discussions

o Observation

The target group for quantitative survey was the households while qualitative assessment have been

done with the community groups , women groups and other stakeholders like Government and PRI

functionaries , NGO/ CBOs etc .

Indicators that will be assessed through household interviews are the following:

Questionnaire Pointers

Infrastructural attributes of toilet at household level

Knowledge

Whether family members are aware of toilet usage benefits – the risks involved in case

of open defecation

Whether family members are aware of the benefits of hand washing after excreta and

toilet usage

Whether women / mothers of small children are aware of toilet usage benefits – the risk

involved in disposing child feces in open environment.

Practice & Attitude:

Usage practice of toilet of all members cutting across age and sex

Disposal of child excreta

Overall attitude towards toilet usage

Constraints in toilet use

Institutional Initiatives :

Panchayat/ NGOs/ sanitary Marts/ SHGs

An Observation checklist has been administered to capture the toilet status based on the following

checklist.

Observation Checklist

Do the toilets lack security (insufficient lighting, inaccessibility to toilet / lack of

functional lock?

Condition of the toilet – intact or broken

What is the type of pan – rural ( needing less water) or urban type ( flush friendly) / ceramic

or mosaic

If tap, does water flow easily?

Does it have a mug in the toilet

Does it have a broom in the toilet

17

Does the washing area or toilet have soap?

Does the wall/ pan/ pantrap have excreta remains?

Does it have a curtain/ door?

Is the door/ curtain in good condition to ensure privacy

The Questionnaire along with the Observation Checklist is provided in Annexure 1

Key discussion points with stakeholders

Overall sanitation scenario

What are the remarkable changes happened in terms of:

Community awareness

Behaviour& practice

Health status

Overall environmental cleanliness-

What are the IEC initiatives undertaken

Which according to you have worked best

What are the major indicators with reference to the performance of various blocks

What are the roadblocks for the desired progress

What are the roadblocks in convergence between MGNREGA, NRLM with NBA

Key discussion points with villagers

What has been the change in toilet practice over time?

What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?

Does everybody use toilets?

Is there still a practice of open defecation?

What is the usual water source?

What is the practice of excreta disposal for infants/children and sick/elderly people?

What is the hand washing practice?

What are the advantages of toilet use?

What are the advantages of hand washing?

What are the challenges of using toilets?

Can you link toilet usage and hand washing with occurrence of diarrheal diseases?

What is the school toilet habit of your children?

What has been the role of Panchayats, Sanitary Marts and SHGs?

Have you come across IEC material?

What information or message have you got from these?

Do you attend Gram Sabha meetings and have you come across such sanitation related

discussions

Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?

What could be done to prevent open defecation?

Community FGD and Key Informant Interview Formats have been included in Annexure 2.

18

Household survey

The survey involved a series of steps

Mobilisation of survey Team

A team of 25 surveyors comprising 12 teams of two ( one male and one female ) were

mobilized for the survey

4 Supervisors were engaged for the support of the surveyors in the field to guarantee the

quality of the survey (each supervisor will have 3 teams), validate and cross check data and

to conduct FGD-s and meetings.

1 Survey Coordinator coordinated the whole survey including undertaking stakeholder

interaction, planning and supervising the survey, conducting FGD-s , report writing etc

A Research and Analysis Team provided expert guidance in analysis and report writing

Training of the survey team

Training of survey team was conducted on 18th June 2014 at INSPIRATION Office where the expert

team from UNICEF and INSPIRATION conducted the training on the design, questionnaire and its

applications and survey ethics.

Pre-testing the questionnaires and finalization:

A pre-test with 5 questionnaires was carried out in Chakdah Block The pre-test was sufficient to

adjust the questionnaire adequately to varied locational contexts as initial visit .This led to the

finalization of questionnaire.

Implementation of the Survey

Implementation of survey involved the following steps

Freezing the village list: As mentioned villages have been sampled based on population

cardinality and ethnic breakup. However on sharing the identified set of sample villages with

the GP and Block administration it was revealed that in some villages the Sabar Souchagar

programme had not been initiated while in some construction of toilets scheme were

underway. Since the objective of the study had been to assess the utilization practice with

special reference to the Sabar Souchagar programme , finally three criteria have been

administered in selecting sample villages

19

o Population Cardinality

o Ethnic composition

o Sabar Souchagar Programme initiated

The village break up has been provided below:

Table 2.1:Breakup of sample villages based on ethnic domination

General SC ST Minority

55% 30% 9% 6%

The total sample villages is provided in Annexure 3

Introduction of the surveyors in the administration and communities in general: Since the

survey involved surveyors who were a mix of some local and some from outside, surveyors

were introduced to the administration and Panchayats representing the community.

Village mapping and listing which involved a participatory mapping of the village indicating

key landmarks. This was followed by geographical segmentation of the village in to segments

with each segment with 50 households. In every village 2/3 segments were selected based

on the population size and a total listing has been done to categorize households based on

owners of old type toilets, owners of new type toilets and household’s not- owning toilets.

Old type were the models using TSC/ NBA resources and installed before October 2013 while

the new toilets referred to those installed after 2013 through NBA- MGNREGA convergence

(Sabar Shouchagar).

Since there was a deliberate focus on review of penetration and usage of toilets under Sabar

Souchagar programme, segments having greater number of new toilets have been

considered for listing. This resulted in the distribution of owners of old and new toilets more

or less balanced.

Application of the questionnaire

o A team of two surveyors could complete 8-10 interviews per day. In a particular

location 12 surveyor teams conducted around 120 interviews per day. Hence it took

around 18 days to complete the survey. Supervisors on their own conducted some

surveys.

o The supervisors undertook a careful review after three or six days to check for its

completion and accurate codification and verify if required

20

Community FGDs and Interviews with Stakeholders

Along with questionnaire based surveys various FGD / Meeting/ Interviews have been conducted

with the following groups and individuals.

BDO/ Jt BDOs

Gram Pradhan and members

ICDS workers or AWW,

School Teachers

Health staff particularly ANM-s

ASHA workers

The discussions revolved around the toilet ownership and utilization. While the administrative

personnel including the BDOs, Gram Pradhans provided feedback on the overall coverage, utilization

practices, convergence issues, ANM, School Teachers reported on institutional facilities and

behavioural patterns within the institutional domain.

Block Functionaries ANM , AWW, ASHA Sanitary Mart

21

Community FGD

Analysis

The analysis again involved a series of stages

Data Entry and Data Processing

Database was designed based on the questionnaire entries – their nature and size, Data was entered

into the designed databases. Data processing was done in terms of validity and plausibility checks for

identifying unreasonable and impossible entries and corrected. Data processing was also done for

standardisation and coding exercises. On special occasion repeated field visit was undertaken for

data correction and additional information collection.

Quantitative analysis

Finally output tables have been drawn for each entry in the data base and analysed for assessing

ownership and utilisation.

Qualitative analysis of FGD-s and interviews

Stakeholder specific FGD-s has been analyzed for an in-depth understanding and key inferences have

been drawn on stakeholder practices and perceptions.

Section 3.Situation Analysis

Background of Nadia District

The geographical boundary of Nadia district comprises Bangladesh in the East, Bardhaman and Hugli

district on the West, Murshidabad district on the North and North West and North 24 Parganas

towards South and South East

The total population of the district is 5267600 comprising 2653768 male and 2513832 female. The

literacy rate of the district is 74.97%. The initial provisional data released by census India 2011,

shows that density of Nadia district for 2011 is 1,316 people per sq. km. Nadia district administers

3,927 square kilometers of areas.

22

Under three-tier system of democratic decentralization, Zilla Parishad is the apex body at the district

level followed by Panchayat Samitis at Block level as second-tier and Gram Panchayats, the third-

tier. Nadia Zilla Parishad, in the areas of Rural Development, has definitely made various

contributions by way of extending financial, technical and moral support to the Panchayat Samities

and Gram Panchayats of this district. It has also successfully implemented different development

programmes sponsored by the State Government and the Government of India even at the remotest

villages of this district. In the NBA guideline specifically under convergence with MGNREGA, the ‘GP’

is proposed as the unit of operation as against the district’, the operational unit under TSC.

The district comprises four subdivisions: Krishnanagar Sadar, Kalyani, Ranaghat and Tehatta 17

Blocks and 187 Gram Panchayats.

Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in

turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 29 urban units: 8 municipalities

and 15 census towns and two notified areas.

Sanitation status in Nadia

The physical performance of sanitation indicates a70% coverage in Nadia as a whole.

Table 3.1: Physical Performance

Toilets constructed upto the month of March 2014 since inception of TSC project 628540

Total HH in Nadia 895432

% Coverage 70%

Toilets constructed after Convergence with MGNREGA & NBA upto March 2014 107510

Source: District NBA record till March 2014

The data informs that over 100,000 toilets were built in nearly six months period while around

500,000 toilets were built over a period of 15 years since the inception of the TSC programme in

1999. This indicates an acceleration rate of around 6% which is commendable.

Acceleration Rate of Household Sanitation during Sabar Souchagaris 5.69

The block specific analysis was attempted to understand the situational context. The table below

depicts the block variations.

Table 3.2: Block specific sanitation penetrationup to March 2014

Block Total HH Sanitation Coverage since TSC

CHAKDAH 87982 35379

CHAPRA 60949 52366

HANSKHALI 53985 40007

HARINGHATA 42966 22095

KALIGANJ 68779 52313

23

KARIMPUR-1 45266 40752

KARIMPUR-II 46967 43610

KRISHNAGANJ 29331 20135

KRISHNANAGAR-I 66746 31883

KRISHNANAGAR-II 26460 24433

NABADWIP 28792 28265

NAKASHIPARA 81519 56839

RANAGHAT-I 48970 30975

RANAGHAT-II 70947 42393

SANTIPUR 50021 38116

TEHATTA-I 53673 43988

TEHATTA-II 32079 23991

Source –District NBA data (March 2014)

The analysis for the data in the table above indicates the percentage household coverage at the

block level, as presented in the figure below:

Figure 3.1: Block specific Percentage household Coverage

As revealed Nabadwip has the highest penetration followed by Karimpur II

Nadia District and Sabar Souchagar Programme

The MGNREGA – NBA convergence programme coined as “ Sabar Souchagar “ programme in Nadia

district was initiated on a pilot scale in July 2013 and on a all-district scale in a Mission Mode from

October 2013.

40

%

86

%

74

%

51

%

76

%

90

%

93

%

69

%

48

%

92

% 98

%

70

%

63

%

60

%

76

% 82

%

75

%0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

24

The performance of the sanitation status under the Sabar Souchagar mission mode has been

analysed below:

Block-wise baseline target versus achievement:

The figure 3.2 provides the cumulative target versus achievement in numbers while Figure 3.3

provides block specific percentage achievement and provides a comparative block analysis.

Figure 3.2:Blockwise baseline target versus achievement( cumulative till Sept 2014)

Source: District NBA record till September 2014

18

53

2

21

78

9

18

18

4

10

65

3

35

18

4

20

26

8

10

96

2

11

07

2

26

37

6

44

22

15

83

8

43

05

7

13

59

1

14

11

7

19

47

0

14

34

6

12

02

0

10

94

2

86

17

55

76

59

93

17

68

3

72

11

76

36

63

91

74

34

45

57

57

01

76

86

59

56

58

67

48

38

71

73

59

20

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Baseline Survey Target Total Achievement

25

Figure 3.3: Percentage Achievement

Source: District NBA record: September 2014

The key findings are as follows:

1. Considering the block-wise baseline target versus achievement – only around 5of the 17blocks

have surpassed the 50% achievement mark while 2 blocks just touched 50%.

2. Krishnanagar II has been extremely efficient in achieving targets and has surpassed the target by

103.05%. In any case as per March 2014 District NBA records , Krishnanagar II had 92% toilet

coverage which made it a forerunner in the drive .This has been possible because of the

proximity of the block to the ZP coupled with other factors like motivated Block and GP

functionaries ,efficient functioning by Sanitary Marts because of their local presence etc .

Further greater enlistment in baseline against which construction had been done followed by

lower enlistment of eligible beneficiaries possessing MGNREGA job card as target deflated the

target figure and inflated the performance percentage significantly.

3. Beyond Krishnanagar II, the top 3 well-performing blocks are – Karimpur – II (69.7%

achievement), Chakdaha (59.0%) and Krishnaganj (57.7%).

4. The bottom 3 blocks performing poorly in terms of target achievement are – Nakashipara (17.9%

achievement), Santipur (24.9%) and Krishnanagar-I (24.9%). Thus, these blocks need extra

attention from authorities to boost up the target achievement.

Block wise target versus achievement (current year 2014-15)

Considering this year’s target versus achievement by blocks barring KrishnanagarII, four Blocks have

crossed 10% achievement within a span of 4 months as indicated in the Table 3.3 below. However

the pace had dampened to a large extent due to the Parliament Elections in May 2014, restricting

on-going programme performances.

The top 3 well-performing blocks are in terms of target achievement are – Kaliganj (17%),

Krishnaganj (14%) and Ranaghat –I (13.9%)The bottom 3 blocks performing poorly in terms of target

achievement currently are – Chakdaha (0.03%), Chapra (1.1%) and Santipur (2.1% achievement)

only. Thus, these blocks need extra attention from authorities to boost up the target achievement.

59

.04

39

.55

30

.66

56

.26

50

.26

35

.58

69

.66

57

.72

28

.18

10

3.0

5

36

.00

17

.85

43

.82

41

.56

24

.85

50

.00

49

.25

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

Percentage

Chakdaha Chapra Hanskhali Haringhata Kaliganj Karimpur-I

Karimpur-II Krishnaganj Krishnagar-I Krishnagar-II Nabadwip Nakashipara

Ranaghat-I Ranaghat-II Santipur Tehatta-I Tehatta-II

26

Table 3.3 Target versus achievement in Current Year (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Name of the Block Target ( 2014-15 ) Achievement ( till 18 August 2014) Percentage

Achievement

1 Chakdaha 7592 2 0.03

2 Chapra 12516 143 1.14

3 Hanskhali 14809 1707 11.53

4 Haringhata 4966 306 6.16

5 Kaliganj 22740 3873 17.03

6 Karimpur-I 14244 1169 8.21

7 Karimpur-II 3605 282 7.82

8 Krishnaganj 5390 752 13.95

9 Krishnanagar-I 20537 1513 7.37

10 Krishnanagar-II 72 207 287.50

11 Nabadwip 10431 307 2.94

12 Nakashipara 36767 1396 3.80

13 Ranaghat-I 8603 1195 13.89

14 Ranaghat-II 8645 480 5.55

15 Santipur 15140 320 2.11

16 Tehatta-I 7941 640 8.06

17 Tehatta-II 6572 561 8.54

Source: District NBA record on Martwise Report 18-08- 2014

GP Level Performance

A block specific GP performance analysis was done to identify the poor performing and good

performing GPs. The poor performers and good performers for each block have been presented

below:

Table3.4: Block specific Good Performing GP and Poor performing GP based on target versus achievement

Block Good Performing GP Poor Performing GP

GP Percentag

e GP Percentage

Chakdaha Saguna 79.04 Chanduria-II 17.87

Chapra Hatisala-II 88.07 Brittihuda 12.28

Hanskhali

Mayurhat-I, R.B.C.-II, Mamjoan,

Badkulla-I 100.00 Gazna 6.87

Haringhata Nagarukhra-II 99.04 Nagarukhra-I 26.52

Kaliganj Barachandghar 96.93 Matiari 14.19

Karimpur-I Madhugari 88.15 Shikarpur 18.63

Karimpur-II Rahamatpur 97.58 Narayanpur-I 40.19

Krishnaganj Joyghata 90.69 Taldah-Majdia 38.39

Krishnanagar-I Asannagar 37.99 Dignagar 19.62

Nabadwip Mahisura 51.63 Majdia-Pansila 26.63

27

Block Good Performing GP Poor Performing GP

Nakashipara Patikabari 63.23 Bikrampur 7.19

Ranaghat-I Nowpara-Masunda 61.10 Khisma 26.75

Ranaghat-II Raghunathpur Hijuli-II 88.28 Shyamnagar 0.00

Santipur Arabandi-I 77.57 Haripur 1.67

Tehatta-I Betai-I 98.76 Shyamnagar 19.42

Tehatta-II Barnia 89.75 Gopinathpur 32.92

Source: District NBA Record August 2014

Some of the GPs which have performed very well in terms of achieving targets are Mayurhat-I,

R.B.C.-II, Mamjoan , Badkulla-I (all from Hanskhali) having achieved 100%, Nagarukhra-II (99.0%)

from Haringhata, Betai-I (98.8%) from Tehatta and Rahamatpur (97.6%) from Karimpur-II

Some of the poor-performing GPs in terms of achieving targets are Shyamnagar (Ranaghat), Haripur

from Santipur (1.7%), Gazna at 6.9% from Hanskhali and Bikrampur from Nakashipara (7%). These

need special attention.

Data from the District NBA Cell revealed that there has been over achievement in case of some GP-s

as presented below:

Table3.5: List of GP-s with over achievement

Name of the Block Name of assigned GP Baseline

Survey Target

Total

Achievement Percentage

Chakdaha Routari 762 803 105.38

Chakdaha Silinda-II 426 560 131.46

Haringhata Haraighata-I 713 757 106.17

Kaliganj Rajarampur Ghoraikshetra 167 362 216.77

Karimpur-II Murutia 638 759 118.97

Krishnanagar-II Nowpara-I 706 730 103.40

Krishnanagar-II Dhubulia-I 585 705 120.51

Krishnanagar-II Sadhanpara-II 284 718 252.82

Ranaghat-I Tarapur 622 635 102.09

Ranaghat-II Raghunathpur Hijuli-I 105 159 151.43

Ranaghat-II Raghunathpur Hijuli-I 105 349 332.38

Ranaghat-II Aranghata 500 640 128.00

Santipur Fulia Township 29 33 113.79

Source: District NBA Record August 2014

This has been possible since toilets have been constructed beyond the Sabar Souchagar enlisted

beneficiaries. The baseline survey conducted in 2012 provided the list of toilet non owning

households while the list prepared under Sabar Souchagar included the toilet non owning

households who have job cards. This has made the current the list even more restrictive. Hence

work carried out based on the baseline list had some households not enlisted under the Sabar

Souchagar eligible list for whom toilets have been constructed.

28

Section 4. Respondent Profile

The purpose of the study was to assess the sanitation situation in terms of awareness, ownership

and utilisation. While secondary information provided the data on the progress of installations, for

understanding the behavioural aspects, as mentioned, a survey was conducted over a representative

sample. A total of 2400 households were covered a population of more than 10,000 across

120villages drawn from all the blocks of the district.

Table 4.1:Block specific samples covered

Block Name Sample size Block Name Sample size

Chakdah 160 Krishnanagar - II 140

Chapra 120 Nabadwip 140

Hanskhali 120 Nakashipara 160

Haringhata 160 Ranaghat - I 140

Kaliganj 140 Ranaghat - II 140

Karimpur - I 160 Santipur 140

Karimpur - II 140 Tehatta - I 140

Krishnaganj 140 Tehatta - II 140

Krishnanagar - I 120 Total 2400

The respondent profile has been presented below:

Respondent Gender and relationship with Chief Wage Earner (CWE)

The break-up between male and female respondents was 54% female respondents and 46%male.

More than 40% of the respondents were the chief wage earner themselves and another 42%were

the spouse of the chief wage earner. Little less than one tenth of the respondents were son or

daughter of the chief wage earner and 6 %were the parents of the chief wage earner. Negligible

proportion of the respondents was brother or cousin of the chief wage earner.

Social features of the respondents

Majority of the respondents (34 %) belong to Schedule caste category while 5 %belong to Schedule

tribe. 33 %are Muslim and 21 %belong to the General category.

Around one-third of the chief wage earners in the sample set are illiterate while the percentage

illiterates as per the 2011 Census are 25% in Nadia District. One-fifth are literate but with no formal

education. Another one third has studied till primary level. Only 9 %have studied till secondary level

and an insignificant percentage are graduate and above. Of the households visited 82 %have school

going children while 18 %reported no school going children in the household. Majority of the

households covered were patriarchal in nature with 92 %having a male as the head of the household

whereas only 8 % of the sample had female headed households.

29

Dwelling and Land Features

Half of the households are living in “Kuchcha” type of dwelling while 22 %live in “Semi-pucca” and 28

%live in “Pucca” houses. 68 %possess land beyond their house in the homestead. Among those

having land beyond house in the homestead, the size of the homestead is less than 5 katha for

majority of the household. Around 11 %reported to possess 5-10 Katha1 of land.

Among the top three sources of income are working as casual labour or daily wage labour with 45

%of the households reporting the same. This is followed by 20 %earning by working as agricultural

labourer and 12 %earning through farming or agriculture.

Socio-Economic Information

Majority of the chief wage earners are engaged as daily labourer (45%) followed by cultivator (20%).

10% are involved in business or are self-employed in non-agriculture activities. Very few are engaged

in service or work as factory worker. A very small percentage are engaged as weavers which makes

the sample truly representative since Nadia has a legacy of cotton saree weaving. Three-fourth of

the family members - other than the CWE- are not into any employment while one fourth are into

some occupation with an overwhelming percentage being associated with SHG- s. Around 3 % of the

family members are engaged as government servant.

27% of the respondent households have an annual income of below Rs. 24000 in the last one year of

which 18%reported an annual income between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000 and 9% mentioned of less

than Rs.18,000 annual income. Around 28%of the households reported annual income of Rs.36,000

– Rs. 48,000 and 24 %mention annual income between Rs.24000– Rs.36000. Only 21 %have more

than Rs.48,000 annual income. On the other hand 44%of the households possess BPL card implying

some anomalies in BPL enlistment. Among those with no BPL card, only 10 %have enrolled in the

Panchayat list for availing BPL card. Among those who have not enrolled in the Panchayat list,

around 11%have BPL stamp on ration card. Around 86%possess MGNREGA job card.

Around 16%of the households have taken SHG loan or microfinance loan. However, majority (43%)

of the households whoreceived loan, mentioned to have taken the loan more than a year ago.

Around 26%mentioned to have taken the loan less than six months ago and 31 % had taken it

between 6 months and 1 year. One fourth of the households have member of Self Help Group in the

house. The loan was used mainly for cultivation (28%) followed by dwelling repair (16%), social event

in family (9%), treatment (8%). Around 4%mentioned to have availed the loan for toilet installation.

The analysis indicates that respondents covered diversities in terms of socio-economic

characteristics. Detailed respondent profile has been provided in Annexure 4.

Section 5: Toilet Ownership

In changing the sanitation scenario towards an open defecation free status, the initiatives have

traversed the path from Total Sanitation campaign to Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan to the MGNREGA

11 Katha is equivalent to750 Sqft.

30

convergence model introduced in 2013. The convergence model coined as “Sabar Souchagar”

programme in Nadia District has been well adopted at all the blocks. While the extent of completion

of toilet installation varies across the blocks, it is expected to be accomplished by 31st March, 2015.

Toilet Ownership

The district data from secondary sources shows that on an average 70% of households in Nadia own

a toilet while analysis of the data obtained from listing, as a pre-requisite to sampling, indicates that

69% of the households posses a toilet.

Among the respondent households with toilets installed, 43% mentioned to have constructed the

same before July 2013, but more than half of the households have constructed after October 2013.

However purposive sampling with focus on Sabar Souchagar programme in selection of villages has

been responsible for such a break up. The Sabar Souchagar programme initiated from July 2013 (on

a pilot basis) and from October 2013 on a district wide mission mode has resulted in this boost.

Figure 5.1: Breakup of toilet owners based on year of construction

Majority (85%) reported having toilets for the first time.

Motivation for Toilet Building

As revealed, subsidy acted as the most prominent motivator forth households to build the toilet with

more than 50% of the households mentioning of this factor. This was followed by influence and

motivation by peer and institutional influence with 27% such responses. Other factors like

accumulating money for construction, catering to sick and old relatives also came up as motivating

factors. The chart below depicts the different motivating factors.

• 43%

Before July 2013

• 2%

Between July and October 2013

• 55%

After October 2013

31

Figure 5.2: Motivation for Toilet building

Composition of Peer and Institutions

Out of peer and institutional influence, Panchayat members have played the most important role

behind motivation to construction followed boyfriends& relatives. Sanitary Marts, SHG-s and Health

Workers all have been instrumental in motivating the beneficiaries although to a limited extent.

Influence of the peer and community members in changing behaviour is indeed a very positive sign

as it indicates a change in social norm.

Figure 5.3: Role of Various Stakeholders

Decision Making

Motivation leads to decision making. The final decision maker to build the first toilet has been the

head of the household in40 % of the cases. More than one-third of the households mentioned of the

decision to be joint - made by the family members together.

52%

27%

20%

10%

7%

2%

3%

1%

1%

Program was offering subsidy

Peer/ Institutional Influence

Mobilised funds

Had sick /old relative at home

Construction of new house

Event (wedding /funeral /new year)

Had visitors from outside village coming

Old one was not functional

Others

70%

53%

12%7% 6%

Panchayatmember

Friend , relative ,neighbour

Sanitary Marts SHG Member Health Worker/ASHA

32

Figure 5.4: Final Decision Makers to Build the First Toilet

Out of the 17% decision makers in the“Self” category 70% are male and 30% comprise female

Type of Present Toilet

The current toilet type is “Pour flush” for all the respondent households. . Amongst those with pour

flush type of toilet, 58% mentioned of having twin pit toilet,36%have single pit toilet and 6% have

septic tank.

Figure 5.5: Type of Present Toilet

A further un wrapping of data was done to understand the contexts of constructing one-pit toilets

and septic tanks since in general TSC or NBA guidelines do not support such toilet constructions .It

was observed that out of 856 ( 36%) one pit toilets , 238 such toilets were constructed during the

Sabar Souchagar programme regime. Blocks like Nakashipara, Karimpur I and II, Tehatta I which are

distant from the Distract Headquarters have more than 50% such toilets. On the other hand 16 out

of total 149 (6%) Septic tank toilets were constructed under SabarSouchagar programme with

around 50% such installations in Chakdah.

36%

17%

7%

40%Head of Household

Spouse

Self

Family together

100%

Type of Present Toilet

Pour flush

58%

36%

6%

Type of Present Toilet

Twin Pit Toilet Single Pit Toilet

Septic tank

33

Difference of Current Toilet from the Old Toilet

Out of the total toilet owners, in 14% of the cases, the existing toilet was the second installation.

This had happened since the original toilet was in the father’s name and the second toilet was

acquired by the son as the beneficiary as families got disintegrated into more than one household.

Hence the son or his household members could make a comparative analysis between the earlier

and the new model. As perceived by them, the most prominent improvement in the current toilet

model over the old toiletis a better super structure and 88% have mentioned of it. 74% mentioned

that new toilets have more facilities followed by 44% who mentioned greater user friendliness. 35%

mentioned of greater privacy which is directly linked to existence of super structure followed by

21%, who mentioned that current toilets are easier to maintain.

Latrine models

Figure 5.6: Difference of Current Toilet from the Old Toilet

Preferred Features of the Toilet

While the comparative analysis of the present toilet model with the old toilet was done by second

toilet users, general beneficiary feedback was gauged for the toilet model constructed under Sabar

Souchagar. As evident 66% mentioned about the appearance while 68% mentioned of “no odour” as

a preferred feature. Other preferred features as mentioned by respondents are “faces not visible”,

“easy to clean” and “no insect infestation”.15% also mentioned the present toilet model to be less

expensive. This is a natural response since subsidy is of the order of Rs 9100 making toilets

affordable.

88% 74% 44% 21% 35%

Better structure More facilities More user friendly Easy to maintain Ensures greater privacy

34

Figure 5.7: Preferred Features of the Toilet

In general beneficiaries have accepted the Sabar Souchagar model but at the same time have

mentioned of few difficulties associated with the design. Some such have been mentioned below

1. Height is less, ventilation is poor

2. The toilet block structure with pillars and 3’’ wall may not be durable and in some cases the

wall is cracking after completion .Plinth to roof 5” brick work toilets are accepted by

beneficiaries as they are more robust

3. Beneficiaries prefer urban type Pans instead of rural type deeper pans stating that it is not

child friendly

4. They have mentioned the need for more space and height of the toilet super structure along

with cast or concrete ceiling instead of asbestos or tin.

Advantages vis a vis disadvantages of toilet use

Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of toilet usage indicatesthat on the whole respondents

are not negatively disposedtowardshaving toilets. Nearly 100% of the respondents are aware of

some benefits of toilet use but unfortunately only about a quarter are aware of the health and

environmental aspects of toilet utilisation. A similar percentage have mentioned of convenience as a

definite advantage of using toilets. For this very understanding women have been the primary users

but men and children still defecate in the open (however small the percentage may be) and infants

excreta is not considered to be harmful. On the other hand respondents have mentioned of

improved safety (17%), more privacy (13%), improved status and useful for guests (indicated by 9%

of people). Comfort is also a driver as mentioned by 7% of people.

66% 68%

31%

52%40%

2%15%

Looks Good No odour No insectinfestation

Faeces notvisible

Easy to clean Requires lesswater forflushing

Less expensive

35

Positively – a huge majority (almost 80% of respondents) have indicated that owning toilets has no

disadvantages at all. A few minor irritants have come up – e.g. bad smell (8%), attracts flies (5%),

costly to maintain (2%), etc which has been the cause of dissatisfaction among 20% of respondents.

Figure 5.8: Advantages and disadvantages of Owning a Toilet

Only around 6% of the respondents use toilets for bathing. Many people, specially women have

expressed their inconvenience about bathing somewhere else due to problems of security and

privacy

Financial Support

Both TSC and subsequently NBA programmes have been subsidy driven where the quantum of

subsidy has been modfied from time to time to motivate beneficiaries and boost the demand

situation . The transition has been depicted in the tablebelow :

Table 5.1.: TSC- NBA Toilet Models

Year Model Cost in Rs Beneficiary Contribution in Rs

2014 April 10900 900

2013 April 10000 900

2012 end of the year 3500 300

2012 starting of the year 2500 300

2010 640 320

2010 500 250

2008 440 220

In the survey 78% and 87% of the respondents could recall the cost of toilet and the amount of

contribution respectively. Majority of the households mentioned that the cost of installing the toilet

is Rs. 10000 and a similar percentage mentioned that cost borne by households is Rs. 900.

68%

34%

52%

65%

29%

28%

39%

1.0%

0.1%

Improved hygiene /health/cleanliness

Convenience /Save time

Improved safety

More privacy

Improved status /prestige

Guests can use it

More comfortable

No advantages

Other

Advantages of Owning a Toilet

9%

6%

2%

1%

1%

1%

3%

86%

1%

Bad smell

Attracts flies

Cost to maintain it

Work to maintain it

Other people come to useit

Affects groundwaterquality

Overflows

No disadvantages

Other

Disadvantages of Owning a Toilet

36

Figure 5.9: Economics of toilet installation

680 households have toilets costing more than Rs 10,000 out of which 260 are suppported by

scheme and the rest have made their own constructions. Around 20% of the respondents have

mentioned that they have spend more than Rs. 10,000/- for construction of single sanitary block of

which 12% have spent of the order of Rs 20,000 or more . This 6% comprise affluent persons of the

village who have constructed their -toiletsof their own and constructed Septic Tanks increasing the

expenses drastically, even upto Rs 60,000. And around 16% have spent an additional amount as

add –ons to the basic model like inserting more number of rings to make the sanitary toilet

sustainable in long run, painting of the superstructure wall to make it resistant to wear and tear,

installing coloured pans, using better reinforcement material. Some have made the toilet block

bigger than the prescribed norms and have added a bathing space.

From the funding perspective, the opinion of the Block and GP members is that the success of the

“Sobar Souchagar” programme for eradication of open defecation “depends on the convergence of

NBA and MGNREGA to a great extent because modern type of toilet is costly. The project needs huge

fund which can be easily managed from two programmes instead of one”. They agree to the fact

that, “the progress of the convergence has made the project successful…qualities of the toilets have

been improved due to the convergence programme”.

Assistance Received While Making First Toilet

On the issue of support and assistance , 57% mentioned to have received some assistance in

constructing the first toilet.88 % mentioned to have received assistance from Panchayat while

constructing the first toilet .90% of the households mentioned of monetary support while some

mentioned on awareness, motivation and technical advice.Some (8%) have also mentioned of NGOs

/ Sanitary Marts. Some have provided multiple responses indicating both Panchayat and NGO or

Panchayat and BDO in providing assistance.

14%

36%

28%

Rs. 900 - Rs. 9000

Rs. 10000

Rs. >10000

Cost of Toilet

6%

40%

18%

3%

20%

Less than Rs. 900

Rs 900

Rs. 901 - Rs. 9000

Rs. 10000

Rs. >10000

Amount Paid for Toilet

Amount of Subsidy

37

Figure 5.10: Received Assistance from Type of Organization

Functional status of toilets

Almost everyone who has installed toilets has it in functioning status and family members are using

it. Only 1% has reported that the toilet they have is not functioning. Of the 1% around 50% have

mentioned it to be non-usable because of non -cleanliness and foul smell and about a quarter

mentioned that since they have not been cleared up for long and the pits are full. However they fail

to realize that improper maintenance is the cause of such status and they themselves can handle it.

6% have mentioned that the superstructure is broken which has made the toilets unusable from

privacy and security issues.

Figure 5.11: Reason for Not Functioning

Location of the Toilet

As per the convenience of the family members, in 89% cases toilets are inside the premises. This is

another motivating factor for women as it helps them maintain privacy and also ensures security.

Within the premise majority of the toilets (60%) are located within 40 ft from the dwelling helping

children, elderly and sick to avail of the facilities conveniently.

Yes

57%

No

43%

44%

25%

6%

13%

6%

6%

Dirty

Full with faecal matter

Superstructure broken /missing

Building not completed

Bad odour

Other reasons like use as storage

Panchayat

•94%

NGO

•8%B.D.O. Office

•5%

38

Figure 5.12: Distance of Toilet

Source of Water to Use in Toilet and distance

Majority have reported of ownership of a tube well which is the main source of water for their

latrine. The water source is easily accessible and within 20ft of toilet.

Figure 5.13: Source of Water to Use in Toilet and distance

Water Logging Problem in the Rainy Season

As reported by beneficiaries, in general they do not face any problem regarding water logging during

rainy season; a little more than one-fifth of respondents have reported of occasional problems.

Associated features of and accessories in the toilet

During field study, observation of Toilets was done for all 2400 sample households through

astructured checklist. Salient features observed were as follows:

1. Condition of the toilets was observed to be good, satisfactory, bad and broken in 61%, 29%,

8% and 2% cases respectively. Most of the toilets (83%) were found to be clean without any

excreta remains in the pan.

2. All the toilets were sanitary toilets.58% toilets were two pit followed by 36% one- pit toilet

type and 6% Septic Tank.

3. 30% had rural pans. 67% used ceramic urban type models while Mosaic pans were found in

3% of the respondent households.

Within house

• 5%

Within Premise/homestead •89%

Outside premise

•7%

21%

38%

41%

<20 ft 20- 40 ft More than 40ft

82%

14%

1%

1%

1%

Own Tube well

Community Tube well

Own Well

Piped water

Pond Water

Source of Water to Use in Toilet

61%

33%

6%

Distance of Water Source

20 ft 20- 40 ft More than 40ft

•22%Yes

•78%No

39

4. 82% households had buckets / drums for storing water and 73% toilets had a mug in the

toilet to be used for flushing and cleaning. 16% did not have any standard arrangementfor

water storage. 2% had piped water connection (pump set in tube well/well).

5. Only 36% had soap inside the toilet.

6. In 86% cases no lighting arrangement was found in the toilets. They use lamps during night.

7. 80% toilets had proper ventilation

8. 92% toilets had a door.

9. Proactive disclosure was written/painted in the wall of toilet block in only 27% cases while

73% toilets did not have any proactive disclosure. 623 (48%) toilets constructed under Sabar

Souchagar have proactive disclosure.

Stakeholder Feedback on Installation and Coverage

At each block level stakeholders and beneficiaries were met to understand the status of installation

of toilets. The snap shot at block level has been provided below:

SNAPSHOP AT BLOCK LEVEL

Chakdah

Target of toilet installation of Block is 18532 within 31st March 2015.

Approximately 50% of toilet installation has been completed (8188 out of

18532) according to Block information.

Chapra “Sabar Souchagar” programme has been adopted by the block and the

expected results are very good

15% of the houses target has been achieved

Haringhata Installation target is 6000

Done 3000 which means 50% of target

Haskhali Dakshinpara GP expects that within 31st March 2015 the target of 100%

sanitation can be reached.

Out of 2126, 214 toilets have been installed, construction of 30 toilets are

running.

40

SNAPSHOP AT BLOCK LEVEL

According to information given by Ramnagar GP there is some inconsistency in

beneficiary list. Number of beneficiary is 1359 in base line survey report, but

Block has given permission to 103. Out of 103 they have completed 35 and

work is running for 15. Within 2 months total work will be finished.

Karimpur I This Block will reach the target of 100% sanitation status within 2015.

Following the census Village Report of 2012 out of 47000 HH, 13000 HH have

no toilet (Approx) It is sure that the number of no toilet HH has been

decreased in the mean time

Karimpur II Almost 25% target has been achieved and work is going on in a satisfactory

pace.

Those households that do not have toilets many of them are using other’s

toilet.

Survey list needs to be updated properly in many villages

Krishnagunj Percentage of household having old toilet in the villages 90% to 95%

(approximate)

Percentage of household having new toilet in the villages 10%

Percentage of household having no toilet in the villages 5% (approximate)

Krishnanagar I ‘Sabar Souchagar’ programme has been started every where few days ago and

work is going on

70% to 80% utilisation of household toilets can be generated

Krishnanagar II According to ASHA 30% people of Gobarkuli village have no toilet; all of them

go to open air.

In the opinion of GP members 20% to 40% installation of beneficiary list have

been covered. NS, Belpukur, GP have told out of 600,479 installation is still

due.

Nakashipara Impressive performance has been observed in the ‘Sabar Souchagar”

programme.

Almost 60% of households have installed toilet.

Survey list needs to be updated in many villages

Ranaghat I Break up of old and new toilets are of the order of 65% and 35% respectively.

Almost 80% of households are having toilets in their own household.

Almost are using old toilets and 14%-15% are using new toilets.

10% households are using other’s toilet

Tehatta I According to Block and Panchayat, toilets exists in 80% household majority of

which is old and owners are using the toilets always

Tehatta II “Sabar Souchagar” programme has been adopted by the block and the

expected results are very good

60% of the houses have constructed toilets

41

Conclusion

Nadia district has impressive sanitation coverage. In general stakeholders including the beneficiaries

are geared up to boost up coverage. The Sabar Souchagar programme initiated from July 2013 (on a

pilot basis) and from October 2013 on a district wide mission mode has resulted in this boost

Subsidy of Rs 9100 under the convergence model has been the primer driver

Panchayat followed by peer and community members have been the prime motivators

behind constructing household level toilets

Decision making was primarily by Head of Household

In the self- decision making category 30% were women.

56% own two pit toilets. Construction of single pit and septic tank toilets during Sabar

Souchagar regime, however small in number indicate deviations from guidelines.

Preferred feature of the new model vis a vis the old model

o Improved superstructure ensuring privacy

o Looks neat and clean

o Less water needed for flushing

42

Section 6: Current Practices & Utilization of Toilet

Since 2004, the focus of the rural sanitation programme in India shifted to changing behaviour

rather than on merely creating sanitation facilities. On a small scale some of these initiatives have

shown a promise of sustainable behaviour change. However, for scaling up these initiatives it is

imperative to understand the pathways that lead to a change in sanitation behaviours.

Understanding variations in behavioural pathways can assist in planning locally relevant, culturally

specific, and socially compatible behaviour change programmes.

In Nadia survey reveals that people in general have adopted the pathway of change towards an open

defecation free environment.

Current Usage Behaviour

The survey intended to track the pattern of intra-household defecation practice. As revealed, adult

males and women have reported to display almost equal usage of toilets (around 97-99%). However

insignificant, males are more likely to defecate in the open than females. Children are way behindin

terms of usage of toilets, at just 66%.

Figure 6.1: Toilet usage among different sections

Community meetings in majority of the villages mentioned of the need of toilet use among women

to preserve their privacy and dignity and to safeguard against insecure circumstances.

•97.38%

Adult Men

•99.38%

Adult women

•66.29%

Children

43

Among the children, the usage is relatively lowparticularly among children aged less than 5 years

due to two major reasons as expressed by the respondents. Firstly toilets are not child friendly as

expressed by 25% of the respondents and secondly, child excreta is not unhygienic or harmful and

thus can be disposed indiscriminately. 5% aged persons mentioned of the toilets not being user

friendly.

Figure 6.2: User friendliness among children and aged

For children aged (<5 years) Aged Person

The usage pattern was further traced to understand the consistency of the practice in terms of toilet

use “always”, since this will provide the strong basis for converting community norm against open

defecation.

Out of the toilet owners 94% use it always which maps to 66% of total households in the district as

toilet coverage is around 70%. This is way above the 40% mark in West Bengal.

The block specific scenario in terms of households who use toilet exclusively has been gauged and

presented below

•75%User

Friendly

•25%Non User

Friendly

•95%User

Friendly

•5%Non

friendly

44

Figure 6.3: Block specific exclusively toilets users among toilet owning households

As evident in Haringhata and Krishnanagar Blocks 99% of the toilet owners use toilets always while

Karimpur II and Tehatta I Blocks lag behind in terms of use always.

However considering the household level coverage at Block level (Ref Table 3.2), the above figures

map to the following, considering all households. As evident, Nabadwip and Krishnanagar are the

forerunners among the blocks of the district and Chakdah is a poor performer.

Figure 6.4: Block specific exclusively toilets users among all households

99% 99% 98% 98% 98% 98% 97% 97%96%

96%94%

93%93%

91%89%

88%

81%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Ch

akd

ah

Ch

apra

Han

skh

ali

Har

ingh

ata

Kal

igan

j

Kar

imp

ur

- I

Kar

imp

ur

- II

Kri

shn

agan

j

Kri

shn

agar

- I

Kri

shn

agar

- II

Nab

adw

ip

Nak

ash

ipar

a

Ran

agh

at -

I

Ran

agh

at -

II

San

tip

ur

Teh

atta

- I

Teh

atta

- II

% Households using toiletsexclusively

45

Ethnicity specific toilet usage

An analysis was done to assess ethnicity linked toilet utilization based on quantitative survey. As

revealed in the chart respondents using toilet “always” is impressive across all ethnic categories.

However among ST, OBC and Muslims the practice is somewhat lower, as revealed in the figure

below.

Figure6.5: Ethnicity specific toilet usages

The overall progress has been substantiated by community responses through FGD-s in few villages

as indicated below:

In Muslim Para of Khisma GP in Ranaghat-1 block remarkable changes have been observed.

Many of them got new toilets under the “SABAR SOUCHAGAR” programme. Open

defecation is nearly decimated from the village. Toilet using behaviour is very good in the

village.

In Barnia GP Tehatta -2 block which is tribal dominated, community have mentioned that 70-

80 %people are using own toilet.

On the flip side community feedback also revealed lack of awareness and clinging to tradition

practices of open defecation among the ST and minority sections.

In Harekrishnapur GP of Karimpur -1 block which is minority dominated open defecation

although restricted, is still in practice. According to community “There is need for more

awareness on toilet usage. Hand-washing practice also needs to improve”.

In Kanainagar GP of Tehatta-1 and in Kalaberia village of Karimpur-1 it was found that a

section of the tribal population are reluctant to use toilet. So, awareness campaigning

against open defecation among them is not so easy.

Anganwadi workers of Kanainagar GP of Tehatta 1 (tribal dominated) mentioned that “tribal

children are not easily adaptive to change since it is an age old practice”. “Meetings with

mothers also do not generate positive responses”.

Similarly Anganwadi workers of Phatikbari GP of Nakashipara Block (Minority dominated)

mentioned that hygiene habits among children are not satisfactory. Repeated awareness

and education has brought in a change but is not upto the mark.

92.42

84.52

89.70 89.78

92.66

80.00

82.00

84.00

86.00

88.00

90.00

92.00

94.00

SC ST OBC Muslim General

46

Income linked usage pattern

Income is often a major driver in bringing in a behaviour change through creating access to

infrastructure and hierarchy induced exposure. Hence the analysis attmepted to assess the block

specific income linked usage pattern. The chart below provides block specific income status of

respondents

Figure 6.6: Block specific break up respondents based on income category

The percentage of high income and lowest income category respondent households were correlated

with percentage using toilets always and as evident income level really does not have very direct

correlation. This is primarily because of the provision of subsidy provided.

Table 6.1: Correlation between Income & Sanitation usage:

Percentage HHs in highest monthly income category

Percentage HHs in lowest income

category

Percentage using toilet always)

Hanskhali 51% 7% 98%

Krishnanagar - II 39% 5% 99%

Krishnanagar - I 38% 5% 98%

Krishnaganj 36% 2% 97%

Ranaghat - II 25% 14% 96%

Santipur 25% 3% 94%

Kaliganj 21% 6% 96%

Nabadwip 21% 8% 97%

Chakdah 14% 12% 93%

Chapra 14% 4% 98%

Haringhata 14% 17% 99%

Karimpur - II 14% 8% 88%

Nakashipara 14% 11% 89%

7% 5% 5% 1%14%

3% 6% 8% 12%4%

17%8% 11% 16%

25%

1% 3%

12%5% 8%

4%

17%27% 18% 15%

26%27%

16% 31%18%

21%

29%

14% 13%

11%

7%15%

14%

16% 22%

14% 19%

19% 28% 26%27%

36%29%

25%

42% 47%20% 44%34%

46%

29% 23%41% 38%

30% 27% 24%19% 20% 19%

11%

31% 26%51%39% 38% 36%

25% 25% 21% 21%14% 14% 14% 14% 14% 13% 11% 11% 11%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

< Rs. 18,000 Rs. 18,000-24,000 Rs. 24,001-36,000 Rs. 36,001-48,000 Ø  Rs. 48,000 DK/ CS

47

Percentage HHs in highest monthly income category

Percentage HHs in lowest income

category

Percentage using toilet always)

Karimpur - I 13% 16% 93%

Ranaghat - I 11% 25% 98%

Tehatta - I 11% 14% 81%

Tehatta - II 11% 13% 91%

Education linked usage pattern

Education is expected to have an impact on the sanitation behaviour. The block specific education

status considering different levels of education attainment has been indicated below :

Figure 6.7: Education-wise distribution for Each Block

The toilet usage behaviour has been correlated with the different education levels to gauge the

extent of dependency.

Table 6.2.: Correlation between Education and Toilet Usage Always

Block Name Illiterate

Upto

Primary

level

Upto

Higher

Secondary

Correlation

Coefft -0.35 0.41 0.35

As observed toilet practice certainly has a definite correlation pattern with education level. Illiteracy

has a negative correlation while the educated have a positive correlation.

23% 26% 30%42% 39%

49% 48% 44%

28% 30%36%

25%

57%

29%

44%15%19%

16%

16%

20%

16%

13%

16% 16%15%

21%23%

29%

29%

10%

30%

20%45%

46% 38%

31%

47%

29%

44%

28%21% 33%

26%

35%

29%

36%

28%30%

32%

8%3% 9%

4%6% 9%

24%

4%13%

5%

21%

9%4% 9% 3% 9% 4%

2% 1% 3% 2% 4% 2% 3% 1% 1% 1% 4% 2% 1% 1% 3% 1% 1%2% 3% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%6% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

% Of Illiterate % Of 2 (Literate but no formal education)

% Of 3 Upto Primary level % Of 4 Upto Secondary level

% Of 5 Upto Higher Secondary % Of 6 Under-graduate

% Of 7 Graduate & above

48

Frequency and seasonality of Use

Frequency of toilet use shows a very impressive scenario. Almost all children between the age group

of 5-12 years are using toilet always, majority (98%) women also use toilets regularly. The usage

pattern of men is marginally lower as compared to women and children primarily because they go

out to work in the field early in the morning and as a practice defecates in the open. However this is

reducing significantly as mentioned by respondents of Ranaghat I Block “now we seldom come

across or step on human excreta in the fields which used to be a common happening earlier and we

would have to come and take bath for cleansing”.

Figure 6.8: Frequency of Use

Supriya Biswas, wife of Shankar Biswas of Tarpur Gram Panchayat -

Jhaumahal Village of Ranaghat I Block hails from a very poor

family. They are working as daily labour for their livelihood. She has

two sons one being handicapped. After lot of economic struggle they

were able a buy couple of cows. They had nourished those two cows

for long and had developed affection for them. But, at last they had to

give it away and sell them as they needed money to construct a toilet.

They considered it shameful to go for open defecation.

Satisfaction with Toilet Usage

Satisfation level with toilets is quite high – only around 10% of peole are dissatified. Almost one –

third of people are very satisfied and almost 60% are satisfied.

97.0% 97.0% 98.1% 98.1% 99.2% 99.2%

86.4% 86.4%

3.0% 3.0% 1.9% 1.9% 0.4% 0.4%

2.8% 2.8%

0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.3% 0.3%

10.8% 10.8%

Adult men : DrySeason

Adult men:Rainy season

Adult women:Dry Season

Adult women:Rainy season

Children of 5-12years :Dry

Season

Children of 5-12years : Rainy

season

Children <5years :Dry

Season

Children <5years :Rainy

season

Always Sometimes Never

49

Figure 6.9: Satisfaction with Toilet Usage

Satisfied Beneficiaries

Water Usage to Flush the Household Toilet

A majority – almost two-thirds of people have mentioned to need around 6-15 litres of water to

flush household toilets; around 12% are significantly greater users of water – they use more than 16

llitres.However – a substantial percentage of people are relatively lesser users of water; they use

even less than 5 litres of water to flush the household toilets.

32%

58%

10%

Very satisfied Satisfied Unsatisfied

50

Figure 6.10: Water Usages to Flush the Household Toilet

Challenges Faced in Toilet Usage

The two most overwhelming problems in toilet usage are regarding emptying pits (as indicated by

19% of respondents) and non-user friendly toilets (mentioned by a similar proportion of people;

18%). Problems of maintenance (15%) and lack of ventilation (13%) are also some mentionable

challenges; as perceived by end-users. 17% of the respondents mentioned of no challenge.

It is evident that if the government and other bodies work towards alleviating these challenges or

pain points of end-users; this can lead to a significant increase in the usage of toilets.

Figure 6.11: Challenges Faced in Toilet Usage

Hygiene Practices & Hand Wash

There is high correlation between proper hygiene practice in terms of hand washing and installation

of toilets.

65 % of the households admit there has been a change in hand-washing behaviour post toilet

installation.

66%

22%

8%4%

More than 26 litres

16 to 25 litres

Less than 5 litres

6 to 15 litres

17%

18%

15%

13%

8%

7%3%

19%Emptying pit problematic

Needs Land

Insect Problem

Expensive

Lack of ventilation

Problem of maintenance

Not user friendly

No problem

51

Through the awareness programmes, people are generally aware of the ill-effects of open-

defecation and good effects of hand-washing and that are resulting in change in their practices.

Now, more and more people are aware of the fact that – “to control disease, proper hand washing

with soap is a must”.

Materials used to wash hands after self- defecation

Majority of sample households reported using soap (71%) to wash hand after self-defecation.

However, 25% still wash using soil. There has been significant effort given in Schools, AWC and local

panchayatsto promote enhanced practice of hand-washing across the blocks. In case of material to

wash hand after child defecation, 66% reported use of soap & 31% continue using soil.

Figure 6.12: Materials used to wash hands after self- defecation

An associated behaviourchange with toilet use is hand- washing and specifically use of soap in hand-

washing. 64 % of the households mentioned that there has been a change in practice related to

hand washing with soap after defecation, 38 %mentioned of wash hand before eating and around

17% mentioned on change in practice before cooking. Unfortunately only 12% mentioned to wash

hands with soap after handling child faeces.

Figure 6.13: Change in hand wash practice

Change in sanitation behaviour and disease prevention

Half of the respondents admit that disease prevention is a benefit of washing hands after toilet use

or handling excreta. Another 47 % feel it is necessary for cleanliness purpose.

0%25%

1%2%

71.0%

Materials used to wash hands

Soap

PlainwaterAsh

Soil

Others

66%

31%

2%1%

Materials used to wash hands after handling babies faeses

Plain water

Ash

Soil

Soap

64% 12% 38% 26% 17%

Wash hand after defecationWash hand after cleaning children’s faeces Wash hand before eatingWash hand after eatingWash hand before cooking

52

Figure 6.14: Hand Washing Practice and disease prevention

Noticed Change in Occurrence of Diarrhoea Typhoid Other Water Borne Diseases

79 % of the respondents report that they have noticed decrease in occurrence of Diarrhoea, Typhoid

and other water borne diseases after the change in hand wash practice. However, 8 % of the

respondents believe there has been no change even after change in toilet practice.

Figure 6.15: Occurrence of Water Borne Diseases

Community FGD-s however have substantiated this feature. In majority of the FGDs control of

disease particularly diarrhea was mentioned as a positive consequence of toilet use . Some have

mentioned of control of jaundice.However secondary source information was not available to

substantiate it.

Awareness about Toilet Usage of Children in School

63 % of the respondents report awareness about toilet usage of children at school, however, around

one-fourth were ignorant and reported ‘cannot say or do not know’. 15 %mentioned that they are

unaware about the same.

However, across the block various awareness generation activities and initiatives have been taken in

schools to change the hygiene practice among children and high percentages of school children are

aware of toilet use.

Conclusion

Toilet utilisation has improved impressively to a 85% - 90% figure although in some pockets it is

below the expected level. Toilet utilisation among women has become a norm based on issues

related to privacy, security and preservation of dignity. Usage among children , in the age group of

below 5 , is relatively low. Infant excreta is still disposed indiscriminately and handling infant excreta

is not considered unhygeinic for which a small percentage use soap post cleansing.In general

practice of handwashing has improved with over 41% using soap for hand washing after self

defecation . More or less people are satisfied with toilet usage and majority have not mentioned of

any specific challenges.

3%

50%

47% Cleanliness

Diseaseprevention

Don't know

1%79%

8%

12%

Increased Decreased

No change Can’t say

53

Section 7: Practices associated with Open Defecation and

Social Norm

Open defecation in rural areas is a human development emergency that is causing infant deaths,

child stunting, and widespread infectious diseases. A set of socio- cultural factors encourage open

defecation and discourage the use of affordable latrines. Unless there is a change in social norm, it

would be extremely difficult to abolish open defecation and make it free from such a human

nuisance.

Practices associated with Open Defection in Nadia

In Nadia a huge 92% of respondents are unanimous in agreeing to the principle that open

defacation should be completely stopped and have expressed a revealed preference towards toiet

use.

In general open defecation is still in practice among 8% of the respondents or their family members,

of which 49% mentioned that they resort to open defecation during rush hours. Unfortunately 25%

mentioned of practicing open defecation regularly. Among the open defecators children comprise

40% followed by male members (25%). Several reasons could be attributed to this behaviour among

children and male. Since barring open defecation has still not been established as a strict social

norm, defecating in the open is a very easy option to tackle any exigencies at home. The positive

aspect of it is women have become conscious of privacy and dignity and do not prefer open

defecation. Further children attend Anganwadi centres and Schools which are not equipped with

such facilities for which children are forced to defecate in the open. Men on the other hand because

of their outdoor nature of work take the advantage of relieving themselves elsewhere. Farmers or

other job workers go to the fields as convenient Lack of community toilets, as expressed by

participants in community FGDs, is a major factor behind continuance of such practice.

Figure 7.1: Open Defection Scenario

Disgracefully 33% have mentioned to be using their homestead for defecation without being

conscious of the environmental health issues. 55% mentioned of defecating in bamboo groves,

railway tracks, in open fields etc besides 12% using river sides for defecation.

6%94%

Open Defection

Yes

No

49%

25%

25%

14%

3%

Rush hours during the day

Toilet not functioningproperly

Regularly

Guests at home

Other

Occassions when OD is practiced

54

Figure7.2: Location of Open Defecation

Places where Babies’ Faeces Usually Disposed

Child faeces which are not considered unhygienic to that extent are indiscriminately disposed. About

38% dispose of baby’s faeces in open spaces like Open drain/ditch or simply throw it in garbage.

Interaction with Amina Bibi of Krishnagunj indicated that “it has been an age old practice since

infants cannot use toilets …. But they have not considered the pros and cons of such disposal.”

However out of those who do not use toilet (41%) dispose of their faeces by putting it in the drain /

ditch. A little over one-fifth put it into the latrine. A majority 80% people feel that they dispose

outdoor since it is easy and convenient for them . Around around 13% feel that there is enough land

for disposal of faeces; hence there is no need for using toilets.

Figure 7.3: Places where Babies’ Faeces Usually Disposed

On the other hand elderly and sick people in general defecate in toilets. Almost all (95%) agreed that

they use toilets for the sick and the elderly. This is obvious since this method is much more

convenient, user-friendly and the sick and elderly feel much more at ease to use toilets.

33% 12% 55%

Homestead Riverside Elsewhere

21%

41%

38%

Disposal of Baby Faeces

Put into toiletPut into drain /ditchThrowin garbage

80%

7%

13%

Reason for Disposing Outdoor

Easy and convenient

Can save on water use

Have enough land for disposal

55

Location for Defecation in case of Not Usable Toilet

In case the toilet is non-usable; the primary location for defacation is neighbor’s latrine (mentioned

by more than half of repondents). Unfortunately around one-third resort to the nearby bushes or

field. The need for community toilets was once again expressed in this regard by community

members.

Figure 7.4: Location of Defecation in case of Not Usable Toilet

Social Norm

Social influence is a collective phenomenon that exerts conscious and unconscious pressure on

individuals, families and communities to conform to norms and practices.

At the society or collective level, norms serve as prevailing codes of conduct that either induces or

restricts individual behaviours. Individual interpretation of these norms is referred to as perceived

norms. Perceived norms, on the other hand, exist at the individual, psychological level. They

represent each individual’s interpretation of the prevailing collective norms.

Social norm has been assessed from individual responses to understand the perceived norm as well

as from group responses to gauge collective behaviour.

Individual response to social order

Response on whether open defecation should be stopped completely

As indicated in the earlier section, beneficiary responses in survey reveals that in general people

think that open defecation should be stopped completely. However considering the real situation

where toilet installation has not had significant coverage like in Haringhata, Kaligunj and Shantipur

blocks around 10% of respondents mentioned that open defecation cannot be stopped completely

and such a practice can happen at times.

54%

37%

7%

2%

2%

Neighbour’s latrine

Field /forest

Relative’s latrine

Public latrine

Other

56

Figure 7.5: Percentage response on whether open defecation should be stopped completely

Women responses have been very positive and nearly 100% women said that whatever may be the

constraints, open defecation cannot be a practice, particularly among women.

Women have changed their practices significantly. Social norm toward open defecation among women has taken a positive turn. The aspect of women privacy and dignity has been recognized by community and perceived by women themselves. The issue of security has also gained importance. Women at the household level will act as change agents in bringing in an overall behavioural transformation

Approaches to stop open defection

Open field defecation, disposal of household solid and liquid waste are some practices that happen

in the public domain affecting others in the community. On the response to the ill effects of open

defecation 53% mentioned of polluting the environment which affects the community at large.

Hence these behaviours have a detrimental impact on the lives of others and on the other hand

community has to devise norms which will serve as prevailing codes of conduct that either prescribe

or proscribe such individual behaviours. This has been expressed by a large percentage of

respondents who feel that it can be stopped though community initiative followed by a section who

consider that such behaviour can be promoted through a mix of community and individual

initiatives.

99

%

98

%

97

%

86

%

85

% 92

%

96

%

96

%

93

%

94

%

94

%

91

%

91

%

92

%

81

% 89

%

94

%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

57

Figure 7.6: Percentage response on Approaches to stop open defection

There have been some remarkable instances of individual initiative to stop open defecation cases of

which have been cited below:

Case of Sarjina Bibi of Khisma Gram Panchayat Maniktala - Muslimpara

Village of Ranaghat I Block- SarjinaBibi is a marginal worker had worked

under MGNREGA scheme to earn a livelihood. Her income level was very

low as she did not have regular work.

In this situation she arranged for her daughter’s marriage in Nandighat

village of Anulia Gram Panchayat with DilwarMondol. They asked for

dowry. But for Sarjina bibi, being a marginal worker, it was very hard to

mobilise the money for marriage. But, she was slowly arranging that. One

day the groom’s family said that they are not interested in the marriage

proposal as the girl’s family does not have a toilet at home indicating a low status. The negativity

charged up SarjinaBibi and she became desperate in collecting money for toilet after managing the

dowry and other related expenditure. Knowing this fact the groom came forward and said he would

not take any dowry instead the bride’s family should construct a toilet at their own residence. The

subsidy helped her to construct the toilet.

Key Players in Community Initiative

Panchayats have been considered the key players since community norms involve defining of codes

of conduct at the society level. SHG-s also have emerged as important players in Harighata, Kaligunj

and Krishnanagar I.

11% 67% 23%

Individual initiative Community Initiative Both

58

Figure 7.7: Percentage response on Key Players in Community Initiative

Strategy to stop open defecation

Community mobilization is the key to stopping open defecation – this has been mentioned by 60% of

respondents. Around one-third (32%) feel that greater awareness needs to be built up against open

defecation. People are not much in favour of enforcement / penalties for the same although 8%

mentioned of this. There were multiple reponses to the strategy to open defecation and several

mentioned of more than one approach.

Figure 7.8: Percentage response on strategy to stop open defecation

Community responses on norms

Community in general are averse to the concept of open defecation since they strongly believe that

toilets can fight against land and water pollution which cause diseases. They help preserve the

dignity and security of women in specific and direct people towards leading a civilised and decent

life in general. Community even considers it as a punishable crime since the doings of one can

impact the inhabitants of the area through transmission of diseases. For them it is not minimising

open defecation but eradication of the same. Most of them are eager to get toilet but for some

unavoidable circumstances there lies a gap between demand and supply. The aware section are

motivating the unaware section to control open defecation. For the younger generation open

defecation is an uncivilised activity and according to them “all round effort should be made to

control defecating in the open”. Community feels that in general cleanliness and health

80%

16%

14%

8%

6%

1%

Panchayat

SHG

Young generation

AWW/ ASHA

NGO-s/ Sanitary Marts

Children

1%

39%

9%

73%

Communitymobilisation

Enforcement/ penalty

Greater awareness

Children mobilisation

59

consciousness has increased. They suggest, community toilet should be constructed for those who

have no toilet in the household even today and who spend a long time outside home to stop open

defecation. Community toilets in market places are an option.

Community toilets are very sparse in the block. The district data indicates that all over the district

there are only 31 toilet blocks with some blocks having no community toilets, as presented below

Table 7.1: Block specific distribution of Community Sanitary Complexes

Sl.

No.

Name of the

Block

Upto the month since inception

of TSC project

1 Karimpur-I 3

2 Karimpur-II 0

3 Tehatta-I 2

4 Tehatta-II 0

5 Kaliganj 0

6 Nakashipara 0

7 Krishnanagar-I 2

8 Krishnanagar-II 3

9 Krishnaganj 0

10 Chapra 3

11 Nabadwip 4

12 Hanskhali 3

13 Santipur 1

14 Ranaghat-I 2

15 Ranaghat-II 2

16 Chakdaha 1

17 Haringhata 5

Total 31

Source: Physical Performance report July 2014, District NBA

Community responses on action to stop open defecation

In Nadia district the Community Led Total Sanitation Approach as an approach has not been tried

and implemented.

The CLTS approach is a “subsidy free” approach relying on generating demand and subsequent

action at the community level with no direct financial aid. It focuses on empowering the local

community and mobilising it into action. Success in this latter approach is defined by whether the

area becomes Open Defecation Free (ODF).

However in community meetings respondents have come up with suggestions to control defecation

ranging from soft approaches like awareness generation to harsh approaches like introducing fine or

punishment. Some block specific community Reponses have been provided below:

60

Table 7.2: Block specific suggested actions to control open defecation

Block Suggested Actions

Shantipur 100% awareness with 100% control of open defecation is possible

Ranaghat 2 , Krishnagunj Open defecation can be eradicated if fought unitedly

Krishnanagar 2 100% control is possible if govt. gives more financial help to the

poor

Chakdah, Tehatta I Issue of sanitation to be harped in Gram Sansad meetings

Haringhata, Hanskhali Fine or some punishment can be introduced to stop open

defecation

Hanskhali , Chapra Intense motivational drive

Ranaghat 1 Community initiative to open defecation

Karimpur I Joint venture by Gram Panchayat and Mart

Kaligunj Health workers , students are key agents for communication the

right message and mobilising the community

Tehatta I , Kaligunj Creation of community toilets

Conclusion

Community in general are geared up to stop open defecation this is also reflected in beneficiary

responses where 92% were of the same opinion – an definite indication of appreciation for

sustainable behavioral change and adoption of hygienic enviornment. Although individuals need to

change, the public opined (64% people) community initiative as the main approach to combat open

defecation and the Panchayat is considered the key player in driving the community initiative.

However, the community was positively inclined towards the role of other players like – SHG (13%),

young generation (11%) and AWW/Asha (7%).Norms are social phenomena which are propagated

among group members through communication for deciding on the codes of conduct. The “walk of

shame” concept needs to be widespread touching all sections of the society.

61

Section 8: Institutional Coverage and Utilization

Children are considered change agents as they learn and adopt new behaviour and practices faster.

They can be involved to promote toilet use at home and stop open defecation.Community

consultations have revealed that in some cases children have been inducers in bringing change

within the family. Hence any sanitation programme needs to assess the sanitation behaviour of

children beyond home. Schools and Anganwadi centres house children was a significant stretch of

time and help children develop their sanitation habits. So, schools and Anganwadis centres are very

important institutional stakeholder to move towards an open defecation free society. Under the TSC

programme School and Anganwadi Toilet units have been constructed. Under the convergence

model if the School and Aanganwadi toilet unit has not yet been constructed under TSC programme,

then School and Aanganwadi toilet can be constructed under the MGNREGA. Fund available for

construction of toilets through MGNREGA:

The unit cost for school toilet is Rs.35,000, and the labour : material ratio is 10:90.

The unit cost for Anganwadi toilet is Rs.8000. The unskilled labour: material ratio is 17:83

Toilet availability in Schools and Anganwadis

The table below depicts the existing situation of the toilet availability in the schools and anganwadi

centres of Nadia district. In the district in schools toilet availability is impressive. But, in the context

of the Anganwadis only 63 % of the target has been achieved.

Table 8.1 Toilet availability in Schools and Anganwadis

Sl. No.

Name of the Block School Toilets (units)

% Coverage

Latrines for Balwadies/ ICDS Toilets (units)

% Coverage

Approved Achieved In % Approved Achieved In %

1 Karimpur-I 342 412 120 300 206 69

2 Karimpur-II 393 393 100 325 271 83

3 Tehatta-I 413 413 100 351 266 76

4 Tehatta-II 277 313 113 186 179 96

5 Kaliganj 491 491 100 403 332 82

6 Nakashipara 519 526 101 491 410 84

7 Krishnanagar-I 554 554 100 556 153 28

8 Krishnanagar-II 253 294 116 175 175 100

9 Krishnaganj 344 344 100 266 183 69

10 Chapra 437 440 101 405 337 83

11 Nabadwip 312 311 100 248 244 98

12 Hanskhali 499 499 100 434 241 56

13 Santipur 372 367 99 441 279 63

14 Ranaghat-I 348 369 106 397 233 59

15 Ranaghat-II 446 508 114 564 192 34

16 Chakdaha 611 623 102 661 273 41

17 Haringhata 363 351 97 417 170 41

TOTAL 6974 7208 103 6620 4144 63

62

The block variations depict the following:

1) In Ranaghat-2, Chakdah, Haringhata, Krishnanagar-1 achievement of construction of toilets

in ICDS centresis below average i.e. below 50%.

2) On the other hand, Nawadwip block, Krishnanagar -2 and Tehatta-2 block has achieved

above 90% in toilet construction in the ICDS centres.

3) At least 63% of the target to construct toilet in ICDS centres has been achieved.

4) However, achievements of toilet preparation in the schools are very good in the district

surpassing the target number of schools. Almost all of the blocks have achieved the target of

toilet construction. In many blocks toilet construction achievement in schools are more than

targets as they prepare separate toilets for boys and girls and thus have more than one

toilet.

Utilization Pattern in ICDS Centres and Schools

The condition of toilets and the utilization pattern has been gauged through Focus Group

Discussions with the school teachers, ANM workers, ASHA workers ( Refer to Annexure 4) for a

representative FGD).Some key points have been discussed below:

Anganwadi centres are housed either in own premises or within School Premise or in rented

accommodation against a meagre rent of Rs 200 or in Clubs Anganwadis which are in rented

accommodation are facing problem regarding usage of toilets. As the owners/landlords are only

getting Rs.200 rent/month, they are not allowing children to use toilet. For that, children are

either using neighbouring club or household toilet. If there is no such option, they are going for

open defecation.

In Dogachi Gram Panchayat, Block- Krishnanagar-1) out of 44 Anganwadis centres 14 centres are in

rented accommodation. It has been revealed from the discussion that students cannot use their

toilet due to landlord’s objection. They have expressed the serious need for community toilet as well

as tube-well beside the AWC. Although they are educating children on toilet usage toilet and hygiene

behaviour but lack of infrastructure is restricting the desiredbehaviour.

Most of the schools (both primary and secondary) have toilets but many primary schools do not

have separate toilet for boys and girl. It has been observed that many toilets are dirty but

children are compelled to use that. In some cases school toilets are kept under lock and key to

ensure cleanliness, striking at the basic objective of inculcating toilet behaviour and maintaining

environmental health.

63

Public disclosure in a Haringhata School

School Toilet Block Broken Toilet in the school

In Hanskhali and Nawadwip GP the condition of most of the AWC toilets are good.

But in other GPs especially Haringhata, Chapra, Nakasipara the situation of the Anganwadis need

to improve.

However AWWs are carrying out an important role in eradicating open defecation. They are

jointly campaigning with ANM, ASHA and School teachers among children and villagers regarding

the ill-effects of the open defecation. They are educating children on toilet using behaviour and

proper hand-washing process as well as related hygiene practices.

Health workers and anganwadi workers are also training mothers on better toilet using

behaviour and hand-washing practice.

In many schools rallies and door to door campaigning have been organized.

However feedbacks revealed that there is need to spread more awareness among SC/ST

students regarding the adverse effect of open defecation

Block-specific feedback of AWW, ANM and ASHA has been presented in Annexure 5.

Conclusion

In general schools are equipped with toilets, in some cases with more than one toilet per school,

making percentage coverage more than 100. On the other hand some schools have inadequatetoilet

facilities in numbers and especially separate toilets for girls and boys. A significant number of

toilets are not in a hygienic condition. Anganwadi centres mostly do not have their own building and

hence many of the centres do not have the toilet facilities restricting toilet usage by children.

64

Section 9: Programme Management and CommunityMobilisation

Programme Management

The success of the initiative in making Nadia district a forerunner in the State has been largely

possible due to the leadership provided by the District Magistrate and the Sabhadhipati in unison

and in recognising Sanitation as a priority sector. The combined approach induced a spirited drive

among the different ladders of government and panchayat structure in making Nadia open

defecation free.

The District Administration of Nadia handled the programme on a Mission Mode with strict but

practical targets and on the 2nd of October 2014 a district wide oath taking ceremony was observed

under the banner of Sabar Souchagar by different administrative hierarchies. This was followed by

mass campaigns and localized awareness.

The Secretary, Zilla Parishad was in charge of overseeing the programme in totality while Jt. BDO-s

handled the programme at the block level. The District Sanitation Cell facilitated the over

implementation. Implementation is supported by an efficient monitoring system was in place under

the direct supervision of the District Magistrate to review the quantitative indicators. Thisensured

that the results of monitoring are used to improve programme implementation. Monitoring was

done by the level above the one being monitored but information for monitoring was collected from

all levels, starting with the lowest. However the mechanism for keeping a check on qualitative

aspects was not adequate which has had a reflection in divergence from guidelines. The construction

of around 10% Single –pit and septic tank toilets indicate a divergence from the specified guidelines

for such toilet constructions under NBA. Further divergence from design guidelines was observed in

terms of non-compliance with specification related to pit depth, spacing between pits and fixing of

vent pipes.

65

Community mobilisation through awareness generation and effective IEC strategies implementation

Nadia district has been proactive in developing innovative IEC approaches and awareness generation

for sanitation and hygiene promotion and have successfully demonstrated convergence with

MGNREGA despite challenges.

Consultations with different Block, GP level stakeholders and Sanitary Mart representatives

indicated the nature of awareness drives undertaken in the different Blocks.

As observed, majority of the Blocks have taken up more or less similar IEC strategies which include

1. Door to door campaign

2. Patha Sabha(Rally)

3. Rally, drama

4. Wall writing and posters

5. Community meeting

6. Mother’s meeting

7. Health Awareness camp

8. Cleanliness awareness camp for children (wash hand before & after use) at school, Wall

writing, leafleting, posters

9. Self-dependent organization like SGSY / AWW/ ASHA are also helping to create more

awareness

(Table on Awareness generation instruments is included in Annexure6)

Some blocks like Hanskhali, Krishnanagar I have adopted the maximum combination of awareness

strategies. Several blocks like Chakdah, Hanslhali, Karimpur, Krishnanagar I & II, Nakashipara,

Nawadwip, Kaligunj, Shnatipur, Ranaghat II, Tehatta I have adopted door to door campaign by

engaging ANM, ICDS workers and SHG members. Road shows, miking, wall painting has been done in

majority of the Blocks. Awareness in schools was organized in different forms. In Nakashipara quiz

programme was organized among school children for raising awareness. Teachers generated

awareness among children in prayer time to monitor their behaviour in Hanshali Block. Street shows

and rally by children were organized in Blocks like Haringhata, Karimpur II blocks.

Haringhata block observed “World Sanitation Day”.

Community Awareness

Survey respondents’ feedback indicates that majority of the households have learnt about toilet

options and installation procedures from the Panchayat representatives as 33 percent mentioned

the same. This is followed by relative, friends or fellow villagers as the source of information about

the installation and procedures. Community meetings also are an important source of information

for the households. Community consultations have indicated that door to door campaign is found to

be the most effective mode of communication for awareness generation among the households. In

most of the GPs village level meetings are a common phenomenon and they are very instrumental in

building awareness among the community people. Regular meetings with mothers by ASHA or AWW

or other health functionaries are also found to be quite common across GPs.

In schools, teachers undertake awareness among students and change in practice has been achieved

to a large extent among school going children in terms of toilet etiquettes and sanitation habits.

66

Figure 9.1: Sources of Awareness

Swachhtadoots as key players in community initiative was not familiar except in few Blocks like

Haringhata, Shantipur, Nabadwip, and Chadah. As understood, the concept of Swachchhatadoot was

introduced during initiation stage but later on this was not promoted.

Only around a quarter (25%) of people are aware of government programme by the name of Nirmal

Bharat Abhiyan that have been initiated in support of total sanitation . However people are familiar

with the term Sabar Souchagar as revealed in community meetings . In general people are not only

aware of the motivating catchline “ Toilet worth 10,000 against contribution of Rs 900 “but are also

aware of the time when it was initiated in October 2013

Figure 9.2: Awareness of the Government Program in Support of Total Sanitation

Stakeholder feedback on Community awareness

Stakeholders comprising Block, GP functionaries, ICDS, Health operatives and Beneficiaries indicated

the following:

After announcement of “World Sanitation Day” people have become aware of installation and use of toilet

Sabar Souchagar’ programme has created a big push.

Awareness on hand-washing has been increased and practice of open defecation has decreased.

33%

26%

13%

11%

6%

4%

4%

1%

1%

1%

From Panchayat Representative

From Relative /friends/ Villagers

From Community meeting

From toilet owner

From construction agents

From NGO /agency/ Sanitary Mart

From ICDS/ Health Functionaries…

From Poster /advertisement

Other sources

Radio

25% 53% 22%

Yes No Can’t say/ Don’t know

67

New generation is aware and eager for stopping open defecation as they are willing to lead a scientific and civilized life.

There is a remarkable change in toilet using behaviour in the village.

Increased rate of installation and utilization is the result of awareness

People keen to construct new toilets.

Communities have changed the practice of going to open space for defecation.

The convergence programme is on the track and expecting best results in the future.

The Block specific key responses have been compiled and presented in Annex 7.

Conclusion

The success of the Sabar Shouchagar initiative in Nadia district, is largely due to the proactive

leadership by the District Magistrate and the Sabhadhipati in unison and recognising Sanitation as a

priority programme within the development sector. Community awareness and mobilisation has

been done extensively utilising different grassroots operatives and using varied IEC strategies. The

interpersonal communication through door to door campaign has been the most effective approach

as mentioned by majority of the beneficiaries.

68

Section 10. Role and Performance of Sanitary Marts

Started in 1991 in West Bengal, the establishment of Rural Sanitary Marts (RSM) cum Production

Centres (PS) for low cost sanitary products production and promotion was an innovative strategy

that demonstrated & enabled remarkably in improving the household toilet coverage through

decentralised, community-based system. The sustenance of the RSM/PC depends on its quality

performance and economic viability. They are to “demonstrate success as an enterprise and

function in accordance with the objectives of the programme.” The profitability of RSM/PC depends

on demand for its material and services in the area, the sale price fixed by the government and the

cost involved. Demands for the sanitary materials depend on the social marketing done during the

awareness programme. RSMs are generally managed by NGO-s while induction of Self Help Groups

has recently been initiated in Nadia District.

Sanitary Marts in Nadia

With Midnapore District as the pioneer, RSM-s were established first in the state, in each and every

district. Nadia district has also traversed this path. The list of Sanitary Marts operating in Nadia

district, serving different GP-s has been provided in Annexure 8. However the survey covered around

38 Sanitary Marts which are a combination of NGO-s and SHGs and hence analysis pertain to these –

list provided in Annexure 9.

Role of Sanitary Marts

Sanitary Marts are supposed to act as promoters, as production centres and as actors in sustaining

the sanitation drive.

In general members of the sanitary Mart keep contact and liaison with concerned Gram Panchayat

members and Block level stakeholders. They conduct home visit and create awareness among the

people on need of sanitary toilets and benefits of having sanitary toilet at home. They also organise

programmes like rally / street shows/ wall paintings on sanitation for awareness generation.

In Hanskhali Block, the Block and GP Administration have mentioned that Marts are instrumental in

building awareness, motivating people in building toilets. In karimpur rally was organised jointly by

Sanitary Marts, ANM, AWW-s etc. Door to door campaigning was done by SHG group Asar Alo jointly

with the Mart .In Tehatta Ramkrishna Mission is campaigning against open defecation.

As production Centremost of the Sanitary Marts have their centralised production centre while some

of them have more than one production centre. Tehatta Lotus Club of Tehatta I Block has four

production centres in different Gram Panchayat areas. All the Sanitary Marts are expected to

manufacture all the components including the Mosaic pans but with introduction of Ceramic Pans

they are not producing Mosaic Pans. In general all the Sanitary Marts have their skilled Masons.

Many Marts has also started production at local level which reduces the material carrying cost. SHGs

operating as Sanitary Marts have also established their production centres in several cases. SHGs

often work in unison with the NGO led sanitary mart and are involved in awareness generation

through their peer presence.SHG Clusters also engage their member SHGs to operate at local level

as Sanitary Mart.

69

Dhubhali Unnani Databya Chikitsalay of Krishnanagar II Block mentioned that they collect

beneficiary contribution in instalments.

After completion of the toilet construction, they also make follow up visits to ensure utilisation of

the same and check the quality of the construction. But there is no reporting system and thusRSMs

do not submit any report on ongoing installation programme except routine MIS and completion

report to the concerned authority. During Sabar Souchagar construction they were asked to take

photographs of each sanitary block with proactive disclosure painted in the sanitary block. However

proactive disclosures were not standardised and were either painted or pasted on the wall.

Disclosures on Toilet Blocks

Some Marts particularly SHG run marts are also engaged in other social development activities i.e.

Kuchaidanga Simanta Gram Unnayan Samity of Karimpur I Block is a SHG formed under SGSY

programme which is involved in Sericulture and allied activities. They involve local villagers in income

generating activities. They also provide supplementary nutrition to children. Bholanath Group

Sanitary Mart of Karimpur I, also a SHG, is involved in thrift and credit activities, tree plantation,

Nursery raising as well as awareness generation under CHCMI programme. Few other Sanitary Marts

are organising blood donation, health awareness camps and are also promoting sanitation through

forums like Indian Red Cross Society at Dhubulia of Karimpur I Block

Sanitary Mart Meeting with Sanitary Marts Construction in progress in

Sanitary Mart

Performance of Marts

Performance of sanitary marts has been gauged from two angles –construction performance

(quantitative) and compliance to design specifications (qualitative).

70

Construction performance

The performance of Sanitary Marts both in quantitative and qualitative terms indicate that some

performance of some sanitary marts in terms of achievement against targets is commendable and

construction activities had attained a momentum. At the initial stage the Sanitary Marts were able to

meet the target of 6-8 toilets per day. However due to fund crunch construction got delayed and

many toilet blocks have remained half-finished. Further the Parliament Election in May 2014 caused

a slump in the attained pace of construction.

Ajlaampur Notun Para Gramin Bikash Kendra a Sanitary Mart engaged in Tehatta 2, Sakdah Youth

and Cultural Forum, Krishnagunj, Sarada Sanitary Mart at Tehatta 2, Society for Rural Development

and Youth Welfare at Haringhata Shantipur and Nawadwip, Sikharpur Vivekanda Welfare Society at

Chakdaha, Institute for empowering Urban and Rural people at Ranaghat 2, Suktara Cluster

Committee at Ranaghat 2, Nadia Zilla Gantantric Mahila samity at Krishnanagar I are the few

Sanitary Marts which are performing well in terms of awareness generation and construction.

Among SHG turned sanitary Mart, Bholanath Group Sanitary Mart working at Karimpur 1 are

performing well in terms of awareness generation and toilet construction. The Marts have engaged

skill labourers in adequate number but majority of them are contractual. Only a few skilled labourers

are on the pay roll of the Sanitary Mart. The Sanitary Marts are providing quality material which they

procure from local hardware shop including Pans. Very seldom they procure pans from other State.

Pans used are mostly of urban type.

Compliance to design specifications

On the qualitative front, however, several instances the deviation from the design specifications

have been observed and it is visible in some blocks that questions the credibility of such marts and

the monitoring procedure. As per guidelines a twin pit four flash latrine must have five basic features

i.e.

Squatting Place/Platform,

WC Pan suitable in rural areas requiring less quantity of water for flushing,

Junction Chamber with proper sealing at the joints,

Drain Pipe (Y Junction),

2 Leach Pits (circular in shape) with pit covers.

However during field visit the following were observed which indicated deviation from the

specification in several cases:

As specified, the squatting plate should be at a height of 1 ft to 1.5 ft from the ground level

which has been maintained on an average in all Blocks. The floor of toilet has a smooth finish

and proper slope towards pan from all directions has been maintained in all Blocks.

Use of urban pan with lesser slope is preferred by the beneficiaries instead of rural type pans

and such urban pans are procured from local market based on availability which lack

standardisation

Junction chambers are installed properly. But proper Y junction is not in place in some of the

blocks.

Constructions of pits are faulty in many Blocks. The RSMs are constructing two pits of

different depths while they were supposed to construct two pits of similar depth. Further

71

they keep both the pits functional rather than blocking the 2nd pit. The depth difference is

made by laying one extra ring in the 1stpit.

The pipe is fitted in such a way so that Pipe from the junction chamber goes to the 1stpit.

Another pipe is connected from the 1stpit to the 2ndpit. The pipes between the pits are

connected in such a way so that the overflow of 1st pit automatically fills the other. This

feature was especially observed in sampled toilets in Chakdah, Haringhata, Krishnanagar I

and Nabadwip Blocks.

Cleaning of pit by hiring cess pool from Municipality is in practice for which the pitsare

covered but not properly sealed.

Toilets and bathrooms are constructed on top of the pits keeping a provision for cess pool

cleaning. Two pit toilets, concrete from all sides including the bottom are considered as

septic tank. All these features are predominant in villages of Chakdah Block area.

Two pits at two levels Sealed pit with a vent pipe

The spacing between the 2 constructed pits as per specification is at least 1 meter (3 ft). In a

large percentage less than 1 ft gap is maintained which is often beneficiary driven due to

lack of space.

As per specification, no vent pipe should be erected but use of vent pipe is in practice. In

many cases beneficiaries insisted the RSM to install vent pipe. This particular feature was

observed in several Blocks especially in Haringhata, Chakdah and Hanskhali Blocks .In

Hanskhali Block, the Pradhan himself was not aware of this.

Two ventilators of appropriate size for light and for cross aeration have been more or less

created but the size and positioning of ventilators are often not as per specification.

In Haringhata few latrines had been handed over without proper roof and door, as was

specified.

The detailed analysis against an Observation Checklist is provided in Annexure 10

72

Problems of Sanitary Mart operation

Although performance of some Sanitary Marts are commendable yet majority have reported of

some problems for which they have been unable to match targets. Some such have been indicated

below:

Problem of beneficiary identification due to multiple surveys and disjoint eligibility lists.

Most of the sanitary marts are facing problem in identification of beneficiaries under SabarSouchagr.

They had received a beneficiary list from concerned GP which was done by Anganwari Workers in

the year 2012. The list had some anomalies in terms of inclusion of toilet owners in the non-owner

list or the otherwise. The former could have been possible since some households could have

constructed their sanitary toilets in the intervening period. However the latter was a gross lapse.

Further with the Sabar Souchagar programme in place households without job cards get

automatically excluded from the list. However there are instances where toilets have been

constructed by the Marts for many non-job card holding household with approval from Panchayat

based on the earlier list but the Marts are not getting payments against such cases.

Delayed payments from GP

Payments under NBA fund from Block against applications are usually timely. But payments from

GPs for MGNREGS component are delayed due to the following reasons:

GPs accord lower priority to sanitation works and hence after disbursing all other payments

against work completion under MGNREGS the left over amount is paid to the Marts.

Delay in acquiring job card debars an eligible beneficiary from getting a toilet.

Delayed payments from beneficiaries against unskilled labour

In many cases the job card holding households are not offering labour and the Sanitary Mart is

recruiting their skilled and unskilled labour to construct the toilets. In many cases the beneficiary

withdraws the money against his/ her job card and pays for the unskilled labour engaged by the

sanitary mart. Since the unskilled wage component is directly debited to the job card holder’s

account, in several cases job card holder is not paying back the amount to the Sanitary Marts for

covering the unskilled labour payments.

To avoid this incidence, Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum Sanitary Mart of Krishnagunj Block is

collecting the wage component (Rs 1359) along with beneficiary component (Rs 900) while collecting

beneficiary contribution.

SHGs in sanitation activity

The Nadia District administration has initiated the process of converging NRLM with MGNRES and

NBA. However Nadia being a non-focus district under NRLM, the SHGs already formed and clusters

already working are facing a problem of not getting programme support. The District Administration

is in the process of lining up the deliverable of the NRLM programme, particularly in the domain of

capacity building of SHGs, along the lines of sanitary mart requirements since most of the SHGs have

technical deficiencies as they don’t have trained Masons and requisite experience in this sector.

73

The delayed payments have impacted the SHGs also. For instance the SHG, namely Bholanath Group

Sanitary Mart has a pending payment of more than 15 Lakhs from GP.

However involvement of more players in the supply activity has strengthened the supply chain.

Particularly involvement of SHG-s has reinforced the link between the supplier and beneficiary

through peer influence and construction support.

Beneficiary feedback on Sanitary Marts

Awareness

Respondent feedback shows that awareness about sanitary marts is rather low. Only 31 % know

them as Sanitary Mart. While probed further it was evident that they are not familiar with the term

“Mart” either they know the outlet by the name of person or by some other name – in some cases

they also refer it as a GP set up.

Block analysis indicates a diverse picture with respondents of Nawadwip, Kaligunj, Chakdah, and

Karimpur Blocks being more aware. This could be due to better visibility of sanitary marts or better

performance. The block wise variation is presented in the chart below:

Figure 10.1: Awareness on Sanitary marts

On the functions of Sanitary Marts (in whichever name they refer to) respondents perceived the

primary functions of sanitary marts as installation (46%) followed by awareness and motivation

(25%) and use monitoring (12%). Similarly on support that they have received 37% mentioned of

toilet installation followed by toilet procurement which was of the orer of 27%. The charts below

depict these features.

• 31% Aware

• 69% Unaware

41

%

23

% 29

%

25

%

52

%

18

%

41

%

29

%

27

%

20

%

71

%

28

%

5%

34

%

32

%

16

%

29

%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

74

Figure 10.2 Awareness on functions of Sanitray Mart and Support received from Sanitary Mart

Awareness of SHGs as from Sanitary Mart

Awareness of SHG-s as Sanitary Marts is very limited.

Figure 10.3: Awareness on SHGs as Sanitary Mars

However block analysis on awareness on SHG involvement in sanitation activiites show that Nawadwip Block is way ahead with respect to other blocks.the chart below depicts this phenomenon

25%

11%

46%

12%

6%

0%

Awareness and Motivation Linkage with Government InstallationUse MonitoringSupport in repairingDon’t know

17%

37%27%

6%

3%10%

AwarenessSupport in toilet installationToilet procurement Support in repair works Linkage with government No support

• 29%Aware

• 71%Unaware

75

Figure 10.4 Awareness on SHGs in Sanitation Activities

According to respondents the most vital function of SHGs have been in the area of awareness and

motivation. (43%). 24% of people said –SHGs have helped in installation of toilets. 15% indicated

their utilization in Use Monitoring. The block variations are presented in the chart below:

Figure 10.5 Block specific response on functions of SHGs

In line with the response on functions of SHGs , the greatest support from SHGs has been in the area

of awareness building (39%) and toilet installation (29%). They have also helped in toileprocurement

– as mentioned by 13% respondents.

Sustainability of Sanitary Marts

Sustainability of RSMs depends to a large extent on the technical capacity of the agencies to

construct improved toilet blocks and capacity of marts to invest own fund beyond revolving funds to

wade through fund crunch situation arising from delayed and irregular payments. In Nadia district

though the Sabar Souchagar initiative could achieve success while implemented through Sanitary

Marts, there have been some lapses in terms of faulty designs and not adhering to technical

specifications which indicates a possible risk and concern.

14

%

8%

21

%

9% 11

%

9%

6%

6%

13

%

10

%

54

%

4%

2%

10

% 14

%

1%

14

%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Awareness and Motivation Installation Use Monitoring

76

Skilled manpower availability with Sanitary Marts

As indicated, the Marts have engaged skill labourers in adequate number but majority of them are

contractual. Zilla Parishad has organised training on detailed design of the model at Nawadwip

Block. It was organised for 3 days. Though the marts have received training on convergence model

.However technical capacity of Sanitary Marts is still a challenge as none of the SHG sanitary marts

have skilled manpower at their disposal and thus needs to be enhanced.

Fund solvency of Sanitary Marts

It has been observed and reported by the SGSY programme linked SHG groups turned Sanitary Mart,

that they are investing their corpus in the Sanitation activities. While the cooperatives working as

Krishi Unnayan Samabay Samities, engaged in thrift and credit activities are also investing their

Corpus in the sanitation programme. The NGOs who are working as Sanitary Mart are facing fund

crisis .The review of their Accounts though shows that due to non-payment and delayed payments

all the Sanitary Marts are facing problem and aregetting into a debt trap or are leaving the work

unfinished. During field visit most the sanitary mart members shared that they have a daily target to

construct eight toilets but due to fund crunch they are constructing 2 to 3 toilets.

Conclusion

In general the RSM is an age old proven production cum marketing outlet for boosting the Sanitation

programme. With engagement of SHGs as Sanitary Mart, the programme has received momentum.

The SHGs are well organised having active members with local reputation and peer connect within

the community and thus are better able to mobilise people. Integration with NRLM will help build

their technical capability in the area of sanitation.

Faulty design and deviation in many ways while constructing the toilets can impose a threat to the

sustainability of toilets in long run. Routine monitoring for checking qualitative aspects has not yet

evolved as a process and hence development of such mechanisms is an urgent need.

However involvement of more players in the supply activity has strengthened the supply chain.

Particularly involvement of SHG-s has reinforced the link between the supplier and beneficiary

through peer influence and construction support

77

Section 11. Financing and Incentives - MGNREGS convergence

Convergence of NBA with MNREGA has been strategically done following NBA Guidelines and MoRD

Notification Number S.O.1022(E) dated 04.05.2012 regarding convergence of TSC with MGNREGA,

to facilitate the rural households with fund availability for creating their own sanitation facilities.

Beneficiary can access Rs.4500/- (material + labour cost) for construction of household latrine. Also,

following changes has been made in MGNREGA programme to facilitate ‘rural sanitation’:

MGNREGA has included the work of ‘rural sanitation related works, such as individual

household latrines, school toilets, solid liquid waste management’ in their scheme

All the activities related to rural sanitation shall be allowed on land or homestead owned by

households belonging to the beneficiaries listed by NBA.

For works to be taken up on private land and homestead, the individual land owner shall be

a job card holder and also work in the project.

Application of work, if relating to sanitation facilities, must be for at least six days of

continuous work. In other cases it is 14 days of continuous work

Based on the information given in NBA Guidelines mentioning convergence with MGNREGA

stipulates the following:

Programme Sources of Contribution Amount

From NBA

Central Government contribution Rs. 3200/- (3700 for hilly and difficult areas)

State Government contribution Rs.1400/-

Beneficiary contribution Rs.900/-

Subtotal Rs. 5500/-

From MGNREGA

Unskilled labour contribution Rs.2700/-

Material cost Rs.1800/- (includes skilled labour and

material cost)

Subtotal Rs.4500/- (maximum limit)

Total unit cost of IHHL (1.d.+2.c.) Rs.10,000/-

Nadia district has been a forerunner in adopting and implementing the convergence model. The

programme named as Sabar Souchagar was ticked off in October 2013 through an all-district oath

taking programme where each and every block participated and percolated the mission at the GP

level. This created immense demand for which work on installation/ construction was taken up on a

war footing which improved coverage significantly.

78

Among the survey respondents 57% had toilets constructed between October 2013 to May 2014 and

a sizeable number are being constructed although with a dampened pace since March 2014 for the

Parliament Election.

Advantages of the convergence model

The convergence in general has come with a bunch of advantages, the primary one being that it has

addressed one of the major issues of availability of fund during the construction of toilet. Novelty of

the approach lies in strategy of using “MGNREGA fund for household asset creation- Sabar

Souchagar” which was originally mandated for community asset creation. With increasing amount

of subsidy people now have an access to an improved scientific sanitation model worth Rs 10,000

against Rs 900 own contribution . Demand has increased manifolds due to the significant increase in

79

subsidy of the order of Rs 9100 causing a leap towards decreasing open defecation. In general

people are satisfied with the model for which usage is being ensured, yet another major step

towards decreased OD. Further a job card holder is eligible to earn the mandatory beneficiary

contribution of Rs900 by putting in own labour in constructing the toilet. Rather provision for

unskilled labour under MGNREGA is Rs 1359 so the beneficiary has a scope for an additional earning

of Rs 450 against an assured 9 days of work. Under the convergence strategy all “deserving are

entitled to the facility- without APL BPL differentiation”. Further the beneficiary can have the

satisfaction of “creating an own latrine with own labour “and in the process ensure quality in

construction through participation.

Beyond the beneficiary level, the convergence has stepped up MGNREGS activities at the GP level

creating mandays and approaching the 100 manday mark, as opined by the GPand Block

functionaries. Demand for job cards have increased since it is linked to toilet entitlement. In Nadia

Sabar Souchagr being a priority programme has improved the monitoring of the outcomes from

different tiers of administration like the District /Zilla Parishad and Block levels ensuring

achievements against targets. The overall step up in the sanitation milieu has pulled in other players

actively into the system. On a gender perspective SHG-s are being encouraged to participate as

sanitary marts and undertake the activities of awareness creation, mobilisation, construction and

installation of toilets. SHG-s have established themselves as credible players as a sizeable percentage

(11%) of respondents mentioned that SHG-s can work actively towards eradication of open

defecation. SHG-s have also expanded their domain of work which has led to enhanced

empowerment. An added gender dimension to the newly developed model is that women are

demanding bathing space associated with the toilet block to further preserve the dignity and privacy

beyond the defecation practice.

Concerns related to convergence

However any programme comes with a flip side and that too in this case convergence of MGNREGS

and NBA being a recent strategy associates teething problems. Primarily sanitation is still not in the

priority of the GPs for which MGNREGA funds are initially diverted to the traditional asset creating

activities leading to fund crunch. So although NBA funds are realised by Sanitary Marts in time the

matching amount from MGNREGA comes late. GP capacity in rational utilisation of MGNREGA fund

in converging with NBA is not adequate.

Since a mandatory clause for support under MGNREGS is ownership of job cards, a section

automatically gets debarred from availing of the facility. Survey data reveals that 14% of the

respondents in general do not have job cards while 86% are entitled to the facility.

The point to be mentioned here that 14 % non- coverage does not imply non access to toilets. Often

families are disintegrated into households where one job card is held by the family head and the

others are in the process of acquiring it. All family members usually access the toilet held in the

name of one household head. Yet with time lag in acquiring a job card the process of securing a

toilet automatically gets delayed.

80

Convergence and beneficiary feedback

Beneficiary Contribution

Job card holding beneficiaries are often not interested to put in labour either because of some age

old taboo or because they consider the unskilled component to include some technical skill which

they are incapable of undertaking and they do not want to spoil their own toilet construction in the

process. This is reflected in the data on beneficiary contribution in terms of cash or material or

labour.

Figure 11.1 Beneficiary Contribution

Block specific variations have been presented below

Table 11.1: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution

Block Name 1.

Money

2.

Material

3.

Labour Block Name

1.

Money

2.

Material

3.

Labour

Chakdah 96% 2% 1% Krishnanagar -

II 0% 0% 100%

Chapra 45% 34% 21% Nabadwip 93% 2% 5%

Hanskhali 0% 0% 100% Nakashipara 53% 11% 37%

Haringhata 99% 0% 1% Ranaghat - I 83% 0% 17%

Kaliganj 94% 1% 4% Ranaghat - II 100% 0% 0%

Karimpur - I 71% 7% 22% Santipur 95% 2% 3%

Karimpur - II 45% 12% 43% Tehatta - I 30% 17% 52%

Krishnaganj 0% 0% 100% Tehatta - II 46% 10% 44%

Krishnanagar - I 0% 0% 100%

80

4

16

Money Material Labour

81

Figure 11.2: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution

The graphical representation below provides a clear understanding. While in several blocks like

Haringhata , Kaliganj, Karimpur and several others have contributed money , indicated by the blue

line , labour contributions are visible in Blocks like Hanskhali, Krishnaganj, Krishnanagar I and others

as indicated by the green line. The brown line similarly indicates material contribution which is not

significant.

Days put in to toilet construction

As observed over 75 % have put in 1-3 days while 15% have devoted 9 days as a whole as beneficiary

labour input to construction. Block analysis revealed that Kaligunj and Nabadwip blocks, 33% and

17% of the respondents have put in 9 mandays in construction of toilets.

Figure 11.3 Days put in to toilet construction

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Money Material Labour

Series1

0%

20%

40%

60%

1 day 2 days 3 days 4 days 5 days9 days

50%

5%

20%

5% 5%15%

17% Nabadwip

33% Kaligunj

82

Wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction

Limited contribution to labour has led to limited wage earnings under MGNREGS. 85% have

mentioned of not earning wages from the activity under MGNREGA.

Figure 11.4 Wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction

Out of the respondents who have earned wages under MGNREGA for toilet construction majority

have earned around Rs 150 tallying with 1 day of labour. 15% have earned around Rs 1300

associated with 9 days of labour which although not significant in terms of percentage involvement,

yet shows promise considering the short span of convergence.

Figure 11.5: Amount of wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction

As obvious Kaliginj and Nabadwip are leaders in this.

Conclusion

To sum up convergence is definitely a win-win strategy as on one hand it boosts the sanitation

coverage by making scientific durable and improved variety of toilets with superstructure accessible

to people by heavily enhancing the subsidy level. On the other hand it has created a supply push by

making more resources available and pulling in more players into the system. The demand pull and

supply push factors have led tolifting the performance status of sanitation in the district.

10%

85%

1% 3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Yes No Partly Can’t say

Series1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Rs. 151 Rs. 302 Rs. 453 Rs. 604 Rs. 755 Rs. 1359

50%

5%

20%

5% 5%15%

83

Section 12: Conclusion

Nadia district has made a significant effort towards developing an ODF model, byincreasing and

accelerating toilet coverage and also the utilisation of home toilets. There is a growing perception

among adults on open defecation with special focus on women. Nearly 92% respondents have

mentioned that open defecation should be stopped, 100% (barring 2 respondents) are aware on

some benefits of toilet usage and the utilisation of home toilets is found between 85-90% that

includes both old and new models which is very encouraging and informs the revealed preference

for toilet use and behaviour change at family and community level. Stakeholders’ collective

initiatives observed in some places for influencing social norm around open defecation and making

Nadia district ODF is encouraging.

The analysis further tried to identify three aspects in the context of the programme

Strategises that worked in favour – the strengths

Limitating factors that hindered progress – the challenges

Suggestive recommendations - way forward

Strategies that worked in favour….the strength

A six-point strategy was adopted in Nadia which give sanitation a big push.

Leadership and Political Will : The District Magistrate and Sabhadhipati in unison

spearheaded the programme and mobilised sub-district level administrative and panchayat

functionaries – a convergence of administrative and political will

Adequate Priority to Sanitation Sector : Sanitation considered as a priority sector in the

District and programme conceived in a mission mode with a pledge to deliver – inculcation

of the right spirit

Demand Pull Approach : Programme approach to creating demand and scaling up by

focussed awareness on “ Rs 9100 subsidy for a Rs 10000 Toilet model “ and community

mobilisation - inducing a demand pull

Interpersonal Communication for direct exchange : Promoting interpersonal

communication though grassroots operatives under different government programmes for

sustaining awareness and motivation to install and use – a sustainable approach

Strategies expanding partnership for supply chain strengthening: Roping in more players

(SHGs) as Sanitary Marts and streamlining procedures for implementation of convergence

model for strengthening the supply chain - creating a supply push.

Close and regular monitoring : Regular monitoring of achievement vis a vis targets at Block

and District Level and personally by District Magistrate – an effective management for

geared intervention

84

The strategic approach pointers have been represented through the spider diagram as follows to

assess the strategic accomplishments on a 10 point scale:

As observed Leadership, Sector Priority and Close Monitoring scored very high while the other

factors have scope for improvement.

Limiting factors that hindered progress ….the challenges

Every intervention associated some challenges which also need strategic interventions in the short

and medium term frame. Some such key challenges are:

Demand is primarily subsidy driven, inadequate understanding &motivation for improving quality

of life: Demand was majorly driven by subsidy while many people are yet to connect toilet and

environmental health impacts as a prime motivator.

Convergence with teething problems: The convergence model although very well strategized has

some practical problems. GPs do not accord high priority to sanitation component within the

MGNREGA programme resulting in delays in payment and hampering work progress.

Lack of awareness on scientific /technical aspects of the new model: The design specifications and

the scientific rationale of the toilets are not clear to many people that results in deviation from

guidelines on insistence by users impacting quality assurance.

Lack of community toilets: Inadequacy of community toilets at public places have restricted toilet

use habit among the section spending significant time outside home. This is particularly relevant for

working members and households who still do not have access to home toilets and in public places.

Capacity of sanitary marts: The capacityand performance of sanitary marts remains a contentious

issue. Lack of technical capacity of some of the newly appointed sanitary marts to deliver quality and

address deviant proposals from user. Several of them do not have technical personnel to manage

0

2

4

6

8

10

Leadeship andPolitical Will

Sector Priority

Demand Pull

Supply ChainStrengthening

Interpersonalcommunication

Close andRegular

Monitoring

Series1

85

the programme and to educate beneficiaries on the design aspects. This is more relevant where

SHGs are engaged as service providers.

Inadequate systems for qualitative monitoring: While district have innovatively developed systems

for monitoring the sanitation programme progress however it largely focuses on quantity, there is

room for developing systems for qualitative outcomes of implementation of toilet construction

Suggestiverecommendations …. Way forward

A combination of strengths and challenges define the way forward. The key focus areas and

intervention approaches have been indicated as follows:

10. Sustaining political and administrative will

11. Post saturation monitoring and reporting system at GP at block and district level to be

institutionalised to avoid risk of slip back and sustain the ODF status

12. Developing effective systems for qualitative monitoring of toilet construction

13. Refresher training of Sanitary Mart representatives on technical design of the toilet and

the superstructure for ensuring greater durability. This would also result in greater

awareness and dissemination among user communities.

14. Reviewing options for incorporating child friendly features in toilets and safe disposal of

child excreta, use of poitties can be explored

15. Greater focus of environmental health issues related to open defecation targeting

women, the youth and school going children

16. Greater emphasis on ST , Minority sections who are relatively more resistant to change

17. Setting up & strengthening village level institutions for community monitoring and social

audit for usage

18. Promoting community toilets in strategic locations

Conclusion

Nadia district has demonstrated a promising and emerging model for accelerating sanitation

coverage and promoting improved practices has elements and potential for replication. The six point

approach with emphasis administrative and political will, identification of sanitation as a priority

sector and streamlined innovative monitoring system for reviewing targets against achievements

have been the major drivers

86

Annexure 1: Questionnaire

Household Level Hygiene Behaviour and Practice in Nadia District

A. Interview Identification Code : Block / GP/ Village /Household No from Listing

No Question Answers

1 Questionnaire number

2 Block name

3 GP name

4 Village name

5 Name of the NGO/ Sanitary Mart responsible for

sanitation in the village

6 Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy)

Start time

End time

7 Interviewer name

8 Supervisor

9 Checked by

B. Household Information

No Question Coding Choice

10 What is the

respondents

‘s name

11 Name of the

Head of

Household

12 Address of

the House

13 What is your

relationship

to the chief

wage earner

( CWE)

1.Self 2.Spouse

3.Son/daughter 4.Brother / Cousin

5. Father/Mother 6.Other, Specify

14 What is the

respondent’s

gender

(answer this

question by

observation

only)

1.Male 2.Female

87

15 What is the

gender of the

household

head (Enter

sex even if

the

respondent

is the head of

household)

1.Male 2.Female

16 What is the

occupation

of the head

of the

household

1.Cultivator 2.Factory worker 3.Daily labourer

4.Service 5.Business / Self-employed in

non- agriculture

6.Other, specify

17 Does any

member of

the family

fall in the

following

categories?

1.Govt servant 2. Panchayat representative 3. Health

worker ( ANM/

ASHA)

4. School Teacher or

staff

5. Anganwadi Worker 6. Sanitary

Mart staff

7. SHG member 8. None of the above

18 How many

people

usually live in

this house

1.Male

…………….persons

2.Female………….persons 3. Child Total

………persons

4. Child ( 5-12 yrs

age)………persons

5. Child ( 12-18 yrs

age)………persons

19

What is the

level of

education of

CWE

1.Illiterate 2. Literate but no formal

education

3.Upto

Primary

level

4.Upto

Secondary

level

5.Upto Higher

Secondary

6.Undergraduate 7.Graduate

and above

8. Other,

Specify

20 Are there

school going

children in

your family?

1. Yes 2. No

21 Type of

dwelling

where

household is

living.

(Determine

by direct

observation

if possible)

(Check roof

1.Kuchcha 2.Semi Pucca 3.Pucca

88

type whether

concrete,

asbestos or

thatched )

22 Does your

family belong

to any of the

following

categories

(code all that

applies)

1.SC 2.ST 3.OBC

4.Other

23 Does your

family have a

BPL card?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know

23a If no, are

you

enrolled in

the

panchayat

list for

availing a

BLP card

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know

23b If no, does

your ration

card have a

BPL stamp?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know

C. Socio-economic Information

No Question Coding Choice

24 Do you have a NREGA job

card

1. Yes 2. No

25

Are you /female member

of family member of a

SHG Group?

1 Yes 2 No

26 Do you have land beyond

your house in the

homestead?

1.Yes 2.No

27

If yes, size of homestead? 1. < 5 Katha 2. 5-10 katha 3. 11 katha

– 1

Bigha

4. > 1 Bigha – 5. > 5 Bigha

89

5 Bigha

28

What were the main

sources of your income of

all your family members in

the last 12 months (Read

all options check only one)

1.Farming/Agriculture 2. Agricultural

labour

3.Casual

labour/Daily

wage labour

4.Skilled labour/Artisan 5. Regular

salaried/ Wage

employee

6. Self employed

in non-

agriculture

7. Pensioner/Remittance

recipients, etc.

8. Other

(Specify)__

29

How much was the

household’s total income

(in Rs.) for the last 12

months

1. Less than 18,000 2.

18,000-

24,000

3.24,001

to 36,000

4.36,001 to

48,000

5.More than 48,000 6.Can’t

say

/don’t

know

30 Have you ever taken a

SHG/ microfinance loan

1.Yes 2.No

31 If yes, when was your

most recent loan taken

1.Less than 6 months

ago

2.6 month – 1 year

ago

3.More than 1 year

ago

32 What is /was the loan

used for

1. Dwelling Repair 2.Toilet installation 3. Social Event in

family

4. Treatment 5. Education 6. Others

D. Toilet Information

N

o

Question Coding Choice

33 Do you own a toilet 1.Yes 2.No

34 When was this

constructed

1.Before July

2013

2. Between July and October 2013 3. After October 2013

35 Is the toilet you are using

now your first toilet

1.Yes 2.No 3.Don’t know

36 If ‘no’ when was the 1st

toilet constructed (best

estimate)?

1. 2. Can’t remember

37 If had toilet earlier, in

what ways is your current

toilet different from your

old toilet (check all that

apply)

1. Better

structure

2. Has

more

facilities

3. More

user

friendly

4. Easy to maintain 5. E

nsures

greater

privacy

6. Ot

her ,

specify

38 What kind of toilet do you

have at present

1.Pour flush 2.Dry Toilet

39 If 1., specify type 1. Single Pit Toilet 2. Twin Pit Toilet. 3. Septic tank

90

40 What was the cost of the

toilet

1.__________Rupees 2.Don’t know 3.Don’t remember

41 How much did you pay for

your toilet

1. ………………. Rupees 2.Don’t know 3. Don’t remember

42

What was the motivation

for building this toilet?

(Do not read, check all

that apply)

1.Program was

offering subsidy

2.Someone told me I had to 3.Had

enough

money

to buy

4.Sick /old relative

5.Construction of

new house

6.Neighbour got one 7.Event

(weddin

g

/funeral

/new

year)

8.Had visitors from

outside village

coming

9. The old one

was not function

9.Don’t know 10.Othe

r,

specify

43

If, 1, what was the

amount of subsidy?

1. Rs __________

44 If 2, who had told you?

1. Friend or relative 2. Panchayat member 3. Health

Worker

/ASHA

4. Sanitary Mart / SHG

Member

5. Neighbour 6. Others

45 What was the mode of

construction

1.Built yourself ( totally with own

fund)

2. Built under welfare scheme

46 Did you / your family

member contribute to the

construction of the toilet

1. Yes 2.No

47 If yes, what did you

contribute ( Multiple

response)

1. Money 2. Material 3. Labour 4. Other

s

48 If 3, did you receive wage

payments under 100 day’s

programme ( MGNREGA)

1. Yes 2. No 3. Partly 4. Can’t

say

49 If yes, how many days did

you put in and what

amount of wage payment

did you get?

1. ______days 2. Rs _____

50

Is the toilet functioning

now

1.Yes 2.No

51 If no, why not (Do not

read options, check all

1.Dirty 2.Full 3.No water to

flush

4.Slab

broken

91

that apply) 5.Superstructure broken

/missing

6. Building not completed 7.Used as

storage

8.Smell

s bad

9.Prefer the field /forest 10.Other, specify

52 Where is your new toilet

situated

1.Within house 2.Within Premise/homestead 3.Outside premise

53 If 3 , how far 1. <20 ft 2. 20- 40 ft 3. More than 40ft

54

What is the source of

water to use in toilet

1.Own Tube well 2. Community Tube well 3.Own Well

4. Piped water 5. Other source

55 If not piped water, how

far is the source situated

from the toilet

1. 20 ft 2. 20- 40 ft 3. More than 40ft

56 Do you have water logging

problems in the toilet in

the rainy season?

1.Yes 2.No

57 Who made the final

decision to build your first

toilet (check only one)

1.Head of household 2.Self 3.Spouse

4.Family together 5.Other,specify

58 Did you receive assistance

from any organization to

build your first toilet (e.g.

free /subsidized materials

or labour, technical

advice, loan, etc.)

1.Yes 2.No 3.Don’t know

59 If yes from which

organisation

1.Panchayat 2.NGO

3.Other 4.Don’t know

60 What assistance did you

receive from the

organization (read options

and check all

that apply)

1. Monetary

Subsidy

2.Free

/subsidized

labour

3.Loan 4.Technical advice

5.Design provided 6.Encouragement 7.Other, specify

61 In the future, do you plan

to make changes /

improvements to your

toilet

1.Yes 2.No 3.Don’t know

62 If yes, what changes

/improvements do you

plan to make (read

options, check all the

apply)

1.Line the pit 2.Improve the walls 3.Improve the

roof

4.Improve the slab

5.Get pan 6.Get pour flush pan 7.Add

ventilation pipe

to pit

8.Build water storage

tank(s)

9.Build bathing area 10.Build hand

washing area

11.Build door 12.Move to inside the

house

13. Other, specify

63 Has your toilet pit ever 1.Yes 2.No 3.Don’t know

92

been emptied

64 If yes, what do you do

with the contents (read

options, check all that

apply)

1.Spread on field as fertilizer 2.Dumped in the forest 3.Dum

ped in

the

river

/pond

/canal

4.Empty pit contents into new

hole

5.Other, specify

65 When the pit fills up, how

long do you wait before

emptying it (check only

one options)

1.Emptied right away) 2.Less than one month 3.1-6

months

4.7-12 months 5.More than 12 months 6.Don’t

know

66 What particular features

do you like the most

about your preferred

toilet (Do not read

options, check all that

apply)

1.Looks good

/comfortable

2. Don’t need much water to

flush

3. Easy to clean 4. User

friendly

5.Has

ventilation

6. Less expensive 7. Ensures greater privacy 8.Other

,

specify

67 What are the challenges

of the particular toilet in

use (Do not read options,

check all that apply)

1.Not user

friendly

2.Lack of ventilation 3.Insect Problem 4.Empt

ying pit

proble

matic

5.Expensive 6.Needs Land 7.Problem of maintenance 8.Other

,

specify

E. Awareness, Practice and Perception

68 How did

you

learn

about

toilet

options

and the

installat

ion

procedu

1.From

Community

meeting

2.From Relative

/friends/ Villagers

3.From toilet owner 4. From

Panchayat

Represent

ative

5. From

construction

agents

6.From NGO

/agency/ Sanitary

Mart

7. From SHG members 8.From

ICDS/

Health

Functionar

ies/ School

Teachers

93

res

(don’t

read

options,

check

all that

apply)

9. From Poster

/advertisement

10. Radio 11. From other IEC

material

12. Other

sources

,specify

69 Who all are using

your toilet ( Single or

multiple ticks)

1.A1. Adults Men 2.Adut Women

3.Children 4. No one 5. All

70 Frequency of use

1 Adult men : DRY

SEASON

1.Always 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

2 Adult men: Rainy

season

1.A ways 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

3 Adult women: DRY

SEASON

1.Always 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

4 Adult women: Rainy

season

1.Always 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

5 Children of 5-12

years :DRY SEASON

1.Always 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

6 Children of 5-12

years : Rainy season

1.A ways 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

7 Children < 5years

:DRY SEASON

1.Always 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

8 Children < 5years

:Rainy season

1.Always 2.Sometimes 3.Never 4.Do not

know

71 Is the toilet use

friendly for children

aged ( <5 years )

1. Yes 2. No

72 Is the toilet use

friendly for aged

persons?

3. Yes 4. No

73 Is open defecation

also in practice

under any

circumstance?

1. Yes 2. No

74 If yes, when 1. Rush hours

during the day

2. Guests at

home

3. Toilet not

functioning

properly

4. Othe

r

occasio

ns

5. Regularl

y

75 Under such

circumstance who

defecate in open

1. Male Members 2. Elderly

members

3. Children 4. Anyone

94

76 Where do they

usually go?

1. Homestead 2. Riverside 3. Elsewhere

77

In your household,

how are babies’

faeces usually

disposed of (Check

only one which is

very often)

1.Put into toilet

2.Put into drain /ditch 3.Thrown

in garbage

4.Buried 5. Others

78

If not 1, why do you

do so

1. Easy and convenient 2. Usual Practice 3. To

avoid

water use

4. Have enough land for

disposal

5. Children cannot use toilet 6. Others

79 If you have a sick or

elderly, do they use

toilets

1.Yes 2.No

80

If no, how are their

faeces disposed of

1.Put into toilet 2.Put into drain /ditch 3.Thrown

in garbage

4.Buried 5. Others

81 If not 1, why do you

say so

1.Easy and convenient 2.To avoid water use 3. Have

enough

land for

disposal

4.Others

82 Does anybody from

neighbouring

household use your

toilet

1.Yes 2.No

83 If your toilet is not

usable , where

would you go to

defecate (Don’t read

options, check all

that apply)

1.Public toilet 2.Neighbour’s toilet 3.Relative’

s toilet

4.Field /forest 5.Other,specify

84 Do you use

multiple toilets

simultaneously

1.Yes 2.No

85 If yes, why do

you use the old

one

1.Family members are used to it 2.Family is big so we need it at times

3.Good to keep it functional 4.Others

86 How satisfied are

you with the use of

toilet

1.Very satisfied 2.Satisfied 3.Unsatisfi

ed

87 Do you use your 1.Yes 2.No

95

toilet for bathing

88 How much water per

day does your

household usually

need to flush the

toilet

1. Less than 5 litres 2. 6 to 15 litres

3. 16 to 25 litres 4.More than 26 litres

89 What are

the

disadvanta

ges of

owning a

toilet (Do

not read

options,

check all

that apply)

1.Bad smell 2.Attracts flies 3.Cost to

maintain it

4.Work to

maintain it

5.Other people

come to use it

6.Affects groundwater

quality

7.Overflows 8.No

disadvanta

ges

9.Don’t know 10.Other, specify

90 What are

the

advantages

of owning a

toilet (Do

not read

options,

check all

that apply)

1.Improved

hygiene /health

/cleanliness

2.More privacy 3.More

comfortable

4.Convenie

nce /Save

time

5.Improved safety 6.Improved status

/prestige

7. Guests can use

it

8.No

advantage

s

9.Don’t know

10.Other, specify

91 With what

do you

wash your

hands after

self-

defecation

1.Soap 2.Soil 3.Ash

4.Plain water 5.Others

92 With what

do you

wash your

hands after

child’s

defecation/

cleaning of

excreta

1.Soap 2.Soil

3.Ash

4.Plain Water 5.Other

93 Has there

been a

change in

1. Yes 2. No

96

hand

washing

practice

after

installation

of Toilet

94 If yes, what 1.Wash hand after

defecation

2. Wash hand after cleaning

children’s faeces

3. Wash hand

before cooking

4. Wash hand before

eating

5. Wash hand after eating 6. Other,

specify

95 What are

the

benefits of

hand

washing

after toilet

use or

handling

excreta

1. Cleanliness

2. Disease prevention

3. Other, specify 4.Don’t know

96 Have you

noticed

change in

occurrence

of

Diarrhoea,

Typhoid or

other water

borne

diseases in

your house

1.Increased 2.Decreased

3. No change 4. Can’t say

97 Are you

aware

whether

your

children

use toilet in

school?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Can’t say/

Don’t know

98 Are you

aware of

the

governmen

t

programme

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know

or Can’t say

97

in support

of total

sanitation

99 If yes,

name the

programme

10

0

Are you

aware of

Sanitary

Marts

1.Yes 2.No

10

1

What are

their

functions

1.Awareness and

Motivation

2. Linkage with

Government

3. Installation 4. Use

Monitorin

g

5.Support in

repairing

6.Other, specify 7.Don’t know

10

2

What

support did

you get

from

Sanitary

Marts

1. Awareness 2. Support in toilet installation 3. Toilet

procurement

4. Support in repair

works

5. Linkage with government 6. Other,

specify.

7. No support

10

3

Are you

aware of

SHGs

involved in

the

sanitation

activity

1.Yes 2.No

10

4

What are

their

functions

1.Awareness and

Motivation

2. Linkage with

Government

3. Installation 4. Use

Monitorin

g

5.Support in

repairing

6.Other, specify 7.Don’t know

10

5

What

support did

you get

from SHGs

1. Awareness 2. Support in toilet installation 3. Toilet

procurement

4. Support in repair

works

5. Linkage with government 6. Other,

specify.

7. No support

10

6

What has

been your

motivation

to use a

toilet (

Multiple

1.General

Awareness

2.Better quality of

life

3.Panchayat

insistence

4.Facilitati

on by

Sanitary

Mart/

NGO/ SHG

5.Young

generation

preference

6.Privacy 7.Convenience 8.Female 9.Health 10.Securty

98

responses

are

possible )

and dignity

of women

preference improvem

ent

10

7

Please rank

the 1st

three

motivation

factors

10

8

What are

the ill

effects of

open

defecation

1. Pollutes

the

environme

nt

2. Unhealthy and

unhygienic

3. Others, specify

10

9

Do you

think open

defecation

should be

stopped

completely

?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Can practice at

times

4. Can

practice

during

disaster

5. Others

11

0

Do you

think open

defecation

can be

stopped

through

individual

initiative or

a

community

approach is

needed

1. Individu

al initiative

2. Community

Initiative

3. Both

11

1

If through

community

initiative,

who could

be the key

players?

1. Pancha

yat

2. SHG 3. AWW/ ASHA 4. NGO-s/

Sanitary

Marts

5. Young

generation

6. Childre

n

7. Others

11

2

How can

open

defecation

be

stopped?

1. Greater

awareness

2. Community

mobilisation

3. Enforcement/

penalty

4. Penalty 5. Childre

n

mobilisatio

n?

99

Observation Checklist for Household Toilet

1 Where is the toilet situated? 1. Inside

house

2. Within premises 3.

Outside

2 Is the name of the beneficiary and

details of the toilet written on the wall

of the toilet? If yes, in whose name?

1. Yes 2. No

3 Does the toilet have lighting facility on

the way to the toilet or n the toilet for

use at night

1. Yes 2. No

4 Condition of the toilet 1. Good 2. Moderate 3. Bad 4.

Broken

5 What is the type of toilet 1. Pour flush 2.Dry disposal

6 If pour flush 1.One-pit 2.Two Pit 3.Septic tank

7

What is the type of pan 1. Rural

type (deep

)

2.Urban type 3. Ceramic 4.

Mosaic

8 What is the facility of water in the

toilet

1.Tap 2.Bucket of

water

3. Drum of

water

4. No

sourc

e

9 If tap ,does water flow easily 1. Yes 2. No

10 Does it have a mug in the toilet 1. Yes 2. No

11 Does it have a broom in the toilet

12 Is there soap in thehand washing area

or in the toilet

1. Yes 2. No

13 Does the wall/ pan/ pantrap have

excreta remains?

1. Yes 2. No

14 Is the door/ curtain in good condition

to ensure privacy

1. Yes 2. No

100

Annexure 2: FGD Pointers

FGD guide with community

What has been the change in toilet practice over time?

What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?

Does everybody use toilets?

What is the usual water source for toilet?

What is the practice of excreta disposal for infants and sick/elderly people?

What is the hand washing practice?

What are the advantages of toilet use?

What are the advantages of hand washing?

What are the challenges of using toilets?

Can you link toilet usage and hand washing with occurrence of diarrheal diseases?

What is the school toilet habit of your children?

What has been the role of Panchayats, Sanitary Marts and SHGs?

Have you come across IEC material?

What information or message have you got from these?

Do you attend Gram Sabha meetings and have you come across such sanitation related

discussions

Is there still a practice of open defecation?

Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?

What could be done to prevent open defecation?

Can the community act as a monitor in stopping open defecation?

Are there community toilets in the locality?

Are these functional?

Who manages these toilets?

Who pays for the repair and maintenance? And how much?

What measures has been initiated to handle solid waste at community level as well as

Household level

Do you practice composting using your garbage at your homestead

Does anybody has Gobar Gas plant at household level

Do you have community toilet facility? Where?

Is there is need for construction of community toilet in your area? If yes, please specify

where.

Key Informant Interviews

BDO/Panchayat Member

What is the overall sanitation scenario in the area in terms of installation and usage?

What percentage of households have installed and what is the rate of utilization?

What are the changes that happened in terms of: o Community awareness o Behaviour& practice o Health status o Overall cleanliness o Community will/ Social norm

101

What IEC initiatives have been taken to make people aware and motivated?

Did you have “Oath taking” to stop open defecation and to build toilets in your area?

Where do you rate the performance of your block/ Panchayat Samity within the District

Which according to you have worked best in achieving the success in your block/ PS?

What are the roadblocks in the desired progress?

How do you rate the performance of SHG-s in your block/ PS?

How do you rate the performance of Sanitary Marts in your area?

Why do you think convergence between MGNREGA, NRLM with NBA has worked?

What are the roadblocks in convergence between MGNREGA, NRLM with NBA?

What do you think can be adopted as a strategy to stop open defecation?

AWW/Primary school teachers

Does the school/ Anganwadi Centre have a toilet?

If no where do children go for urination and defecation?

If yes, is it separate for boys and girls in school?

Do all children use toilets?

Is there still a habit of open defecation among children?

What has been the change in toilet practice over time?

What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?

What proactive steps have you taken to train children in toilet habits and stop open

defecation?

What is the hand washing practice?

Are there any problems of using toilets by children?

What has been the role of Panchayats, Sanitary Marts and SHGs?

Have you come across awareness/ IEC material?

What information or message have you got from these?

Do you attend Gram Sabha meetings and have you come across such sanitation related

discussions

Are SHGs active in your area in the domain of sanitation?

Is open defecation still in practice in the community?

Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?

What could be done to prevent open defecation?

Can the community act as a monitor in stopping open defecation?

TSC members/ SHG members/

How many villages do you serve? And what is the household size /

What percentage has been covered?

What is the average daily installation?

By when do you think you can cover 100% by installation of toilets in your service area?

Are you involved in community motivation?

What methods and means do you undertake to motivate people?

What according to you restrict people from using toilets?

Do you have post installation monitoring? How do you do it?

Do you feel all toilets that have been installed by you are being used?

If no, what do you do to further motivate them after installation?

102

How many people are engaged in the organisation?

Do you have technical manpower in your organisation to look into technical issues?

Do you take care of the repair of toilets post installation?

In case of SHG run Sanitary Mart, please ask-

o How long you are engaged in SHG programme

o What are your main group activities apart from this?

o What was your groups’ closing Balance during September 30, 2013

o What is your closing balance till May 2014

Do you face any problem in delivering your service?

Do you face any problem in getting payments from the govt. or panchayat or the

beneficiary?

From October 2013 to May 2014 How many HH toilets constructed by you

o What claim did you have submitted to Gram Panchayat

o What amount is due and how long?

o What amount is claimed at Block level

o What amount is due and how long?

Has the convergence between NBA and MGNREGA worked in your favour? If yes, how? If no

why?

Do you have anything to say on the design or specification of the present sanitary toilets?

Are these user friendly?

Are these child friendly?

Do you think there is need for some improvement in design to make it more user friendly?

What has been the change in toilet practice over time?

What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?

Is there still a practice of open defecation?

What according to you are the challenges of using toilets by community?

What is the school toilet habit of your children?

Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?

What could be done to prevent open defecation?

Can the community act as a monitor in stopping open defecation?

Are there community toilets in the locality?

Are these functional?

Who manages these toilets?

Who pays for the repair and maintenance? And how much?

Are there community toilet facility? Where?

Is there is need for construction of community toilet in your area? If yes, please specify

where.

Institution level observation

Toilet use in school

Toilets in Anganwadi centre

Toilet Blocks and their usage

Water resources – both for drinking water as well as for other use including use in toilet

Signs of open defecation

103

Annexure 3: Selected Blocks and Villages

Block GP Name Changed GP Village Name Changed village

Rationale for

changing

GP/Village

Chakdah CHANDURIA-I CHANDURIA-I Manasapota Manasapota No Changes

Chakdah CHANDURIA-I CHANDURIA-I Noada Durgapur Noada Durgapur No Changes

Chakdah MADANPUR-I MADANPUR-I Jangal (CT) New Kautukpur Not yet started

Chakdah MADANPUR-I MADANPUR-I Kautukpur Priya Nagar Not yet started

Chakdah MADANPUR-I MADANPUR-I Sri Krishnapur

Chakdah RAUTARI RAUTARI Ektarpur Rautari Not yet started

Chakdah SIMURALI SIMURALI Narapati Para Telipukur Not yet started

Chakdah SIMURALI SIMURALI Rameswarpur Rameswarpur No Changes

Haringhata BIROHI-I HARINGHATA - I Sonakhali Gangoria Not yet started

Haringhata BIROHI-I HARINGHATA - I Baksha Subarnapur Not yet started

Haringhata BIROHI-I HARINGHATA - I Panchpukuria Laopalla Not yet started

Haringhata KASTODANGA-I MOLLABELIA JalkarBhomra Johirapara Not yet started

Haringhata KASTODANGA-I MOLLABELIA Sekandarpur Uttar Duttapara Not yet started

Haringhata KASTODANGA-I MOLLABELIA Kathdanga Nischintapur Not yet started

Haringhata KASTODANGA-II FATEPUR HazraPota Pauchkahania Not yet started

Haringhata KASTODANGA-II FATEPUR Khalsi Bihadia Not yet started

Kaliganj BARACHANDGHAR BARACHANDGHAR ChakGobindapur Chota

Chandghar

Not yet started

Kaliganj BARACHANDGHAR BARACHANDGHAR Molamdi Molamdi Not yet started

Kaliganj MATIARI JURAUPUR Bara Atagi Hijuli Not yet started

Kaliganj MATIARI JURAUPUR Mohanpur Baroitna Not yet started

Kaliganj RAJARMPUR JURAUPUR Ghola Juaupur Not yet started

Kaliganj RAJARMPUR PALITBAGIA SitaChandrapur Shantipur Not yet started

Kaliganj RAJARMPUR PALITBAGIA Daluipura Ararbegia Not yet started

Nabadwip CHARMAJDIA CHARMAJDIA Brahman Para Charmejdia

Gangadhar

Name Problem

Nabadwip CHARMAJDIA CHARMAJDIA Brahmanagar Char

Bramhanagat

(Khelar Math)

Name Problem

Nabadwip CHARMAJDIA CHARMAJDIA Char

Brindabanpur

Kanainagar Name Problem

Nabadwip MAJDIA PANSILA MAHISURA Majdia (CT) Mahisura

Ghoshpur

Not yet started

Nabadwip MAJDIA PANSILA MAHISURA SimulGachi Mahisura Not yet started

Nabadwip SWARUPGANJ MBI Gadigachha (CT) Baman Pukur Very little work

done

Nabadwip SWARUPGANJ MBI Maheshganj Natun Gram

(Najrul Palli)

Very little work

done

Santipur ARBANDI-I ARBANDI-I Denui Arrandi Not yet started

Santipur ARBANDI-I ARBANDI-I Khalsi Boalia Not yet started

Santipur BELGORIA-I BELGORIA-I Malipota Baira Not yet started

Santipur BELGORIA-I BELGORIA-I Pumlia Pumlia Not yet started

104

Block GP Name Changed GP Village Name Changed village

Rationale for

changing

GP/Village

Santipur NABLA NABLA Simulia Joynagar (Palta) Not yet started

Santipur NABLA NABLA Goalpur Goalpur Not yet started

Santipur NABLA NABLA Nabla Sabujnagar Not yet started

Chapra ALFA ALFA Bania Khari Bania Khari No Changes

Chapra ALFA ALFA Dompukur Dompukur No Changes

Chapra CHAPRA-I CHAPRA-I Chapra Chapra No Changes

Chapra CHAPRA-I CHAPRA-I Dwipchandrapur Dwipchandrapur No Changes

Chapra HATKHOLA HATKHOLA Dukria Rajibpur Work not fully

operational

Chapra HATKHOLA HATKHOLA Hatkhola Shikra Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - I HAREKRISHNAPUR HAREKRISHNAPUR Dhanerpara Uttar

Krishanapur

Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - I HAREKRISHNAPUR HAREKRISHNAPUR Gopalpur Sreerampur Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - I HAREKRISHNAPUR HAREKRISHNAPUR Durlabhpur Durlabhpur No Changes

Karimpur - I KARIMPUR-II KARIMPUR-II Kalabaria Kalabaria No Changes

Karimpur - I KARIMPUR-II KARIMPUR-II Majlispur Majlispur No Changes

Karimpur - I KARIMPUR-II KARIMPUR-II Natna Natna No Changes

Karimpur - I SHIKARPUR SHIKARPUR Gandina Baruipara Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - I SHIKARPUR SHIKARPUR Fulbari Jotdarpur

narayan

Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - II DHORADAHA-I DHORADAHA-I Dhoradaha Sahebpara Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - II DHORADAHA-I DHORADAHA-I Monoharpur Monoharpur

/Sirsha

No Changes

Karimpur - II NANDANPUR NANDANPUR Jaynabad Garaimari Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - II NANDANPUR NANDANPUR Ratanpur Nandanpur Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - II NANDANPUR NANDANPUR Raynagar Gopalpur Work not fully

operational

Karimpur - II RAHAMATPUR RAHAMATPUR MahishBathan MahishBathan No Changes

Karimpur - II RAHAMATPUR RAHAMATPUR Rahamatpur Rahamatpur No Changes

Tehatta - I KANAINAGAR KANAINAGAR Sardanga Sardanga No Changes

Tehatta - I KANAINAGAR KANAINAGAR Bahadurpur Srirampur Work not fully

operational

Tehatta - I KANAINAGAR KANAINAGAR Uttar Char

Chandpur

Uttar Char

Chandpur

No Changes

Tehatta - I RAGHUNATHPUR RAGHUNATHPUR Jitpur Jitpur No Changes

Tehatta - I RAGHUNATHPUR RAGHUNATHPUR Raghunathpur Nischintapur Work not fully

operational

Tehatta - I TEHATTA TEHATTA Kulgachhi Nowdapara Work not fully

operational

105

Block GP Name Changed GP Village Name Changed village

Rationale for

changing

GP/Village

Tehatta - I TEHATTA TEHATTA Khaspu Khariapara Work not fully

operational

Nakashipara BETHUADAHARI-II BETHUADAHARI-II Bade Tehatta Bade Tehatta No Changes

Nakashipara BETHUADAHARI-II BETHUADAHARI-II Bagunda Bagunda No Changes

Nakashipara DHANANJAYPUR DHANANJAYPUR Sibpur Dhananjoypur Work not fully

operational

Nakashipara DHANANJAYPUR DHANANJAYPUR Dhaparia Dhaparia No Changes

Nakashipara DHANANJAYPUR DHANANJAYPUR Radhanagar Machpota Work not fully

operational

Nakashipara PATIKABARI PATIKABARI Bekoail Changa Work not fully

operational

Nakashipara PATIKABARI PATIKABARI Belpukuria Taibechara Work not fully

operational

Nakashipara PATIKABARI PATIKABARI Patikabari Patikabari No Changes

Tehatta - II BARNIA BARNIA Komthana Komthana No Changes

Tehatta - II BARNIA BARNIA Charakpota Charakpota No Changes

Tehatta - II BARNIA BARNIA Uzirpur Haritola Work not fully

operational

Tehatta - II PALASIPARA PALASIPARA Baor Baor No Changes

Tehatta - II PALASIPARA PALASIPARA Rudrapara (P) Rudrapara (P) No Changes

Tehatta - II SAHEBNAGAR SAHEBNAGAR ChhotaNaldaha ChhotaNaldaha No Changes

Tehatta - II SAHEBNAGAR SAHEBNAGAR Kulgachhi Kulgachhi No Changes

Hanskhali BAGULA-I BAGULA-I Bhabanipur Purba Bhayna Work not fully

operational

Hanskhali BAGULA-I BAGULA-I Kaikhali Uttar Bhayna Work not fully

operational

Hanskhali DAKSHINPARA-II DAKSHINPARA-II Dhakuria Dhakuria No Changes

Hanskhali DAKSHINPARA-II DAKSHINPARA-II Gopalpur Itaberia Work not fully

operational

Hanskhali RAMNAGAR RAMNAGAR Malsadaha Malsadaha No Changes

Hanskhali RAMNAGAR RAMNAGAR Nagarpota Nagarpota No Changes

Krishnaganj BHAJANGHAT TUNGI BHAJANGHAT TUNGI Nalupur Dongahata Work not fully

operational

Krishnaganj BHAJANGHAT TUNGI BHAJANGHAT TUNGI Dharmmapur Dharmmapur No Changes

Krishnaganj BHAJANGHAT TUNGI BHAJANGHAT TUNGI Radhakantapur Tungi Work not fully

operational

Krishnaganj KRISHNAGANJ KRISHNAGANJ Krishna Ganj Krishna Ganj No Changes

Krishnaganj KRISHNAGANJ KRISHNAGANJ KomarPur KomarPur No Changes

Krishnaganj TALDAH MAJDIA TALDAH MAJDIA Goari Goari No Changes

Krishnaganj TALDAH MAJDIA TALDAH MAJDIA Gopipur Mothurapur Work not fully

operational

Krishnanagar - I ASSANNAGAR Joania Dafarpota Bhabanipur Work not fully

operational

Krishnanagar - I ASSANNAGAR Joania Nidhirpota Raotora Work not fully

operational

106

Block GP Name Changed GP Village Name Changed village

Rationale for

changing

GP/Village

Krishnanagar - I DEYPARA DEYPARA Satgachhi Satgachhi No Changes

Krishnanagar - I DEYPARA DEYPARA SimulTala Subarna Bihar Work not fully

operational

Krishnanagar - I RUIPUKUR. Dogachi Sibchandrpur Jatrapur Work not fully

operational

Krishnanagar - I RUIPUKUR. Dogachi Usidpur Jalalkhali Work not fully

operational

Krishnanagar -

II

BELPUKUR BELPUKUR Dalai Molla Belpukur Work not fully

operational

Krishnanagar -

II

BELPUKUR BELPUKUR Polta Polta No Changes

Krishnanagar -

II

NOAPARA-I NOAPARA-I Chhagharia Chhagharia No Changes

Krishnanagar -

II

NOAPARA-I NOAPARA-I Singhati Singhati No Changes

Krishnanagar -

II

NOAPARA-I NOAPARA-I Noapara Noapara No Changes

Krishnanagar -

II

SADHANPARA-II SADHANPARA-II Gabarkuli Gabarkuli No Changes

Krishnanagar -

II

SADHANPARA-II SADHANPARA-II Tatla Tatla No Changes

Ranaghat - I ANULIA ANULIA GhoraGachha GhoraGachha No Changes

Ranaghat - I ANULIA ANULIA Nandighat Anulia Ghosh

Colony

No Convergence

Work

Ranaghat - I ANULIA ANULIA Anulia Anulia - Pulin

Nagar

No Convergence

Work

Ranaghat - I KHISMA KHISMA Khisma Khisma

Maniktala

Khisma

Muslimpara

No Convergence

Work

Ranaghat - I KHISMA KHISMA Radhanagar Taksali No Convergence

Work

Ranaghat - I TARAPUR TARAPUR Gazipur Gazipur No Changes

Ranaghat - I TARAPUR TARAPUR JhauMahal JhauMahal No Changes

Ranaghat - II ANISHMALI ANISHMALI Purbanagar Chinapukuria Work is ongoing

Ranaghat - II ANISHMALI ANISHMALI BaliaDanga Enuli Bazar Work is ongoing

Ranaghat - II ANISHMALI DUTTAFULIA Chaksaarisadanga Srirampur Work is ongoing

Ranaghat - II DUTTAFULIA DUTTAFULIA Kalupur Kalupur No Changes

Ranaghat - II DUTTAFULIA HIJULI - I Nathkura Roypara Work is ongoing

Ranaghat - II RAGHUNATHPUR HIJULI - I Jafar Nagar Uttarpara Work is ongoing

Ranaghat - II RAGHUNATHPUR HIJULI - I Rajapur Natungram Work is ongoing

107

Annexure 4. Respondent Profile

The purpose of the study was to assess the sanitation situation in terms of awareness, ownership

and utilisation. While secondary information provided the data on the progress of installations, for

understanding the behavioural aspects, as mentioned, a survey was conducted over a representative

sample. A total of 2400 households were covered from 120 villages across all Blocks of the district.

Table A4.1: Block specific samples covered

Block Name Sample size Block Name Sample size

Chakdah 160 Krishnanagar - II 140

Chapra 120 Nabadwip 140

Hanskhali 120 Nakashipara 160

Haringhata 160 Ranaghat - I 140

Kaliganj 140 Ranaghat - II 140

Karimpur - I 160 Santipur 140

Karimpur - II 140 Tehatta - I 140

Krishnaganj 140 Tehatta - II 140

Krishnanagar - I 120

The respondent profile has been presented below:

Respondent Gender and relationship with Chief Wage Earner

The break-up between male and female respondents was 54% female respondents and 46 %male.

Figure A4.1: Respondent’s Gender

More than two-fifth of the respondents were the chief wage earner themselves and another

42%were the spouse of the chief wage earner.

46%54%

Male Female

108

Figure A4.2: Relationship with Chief Wage Earner (CWE)

Little less than one tenth of the respondents were son or daughter of the chief wage earner and 6

%were the parents of the chief wage earner. Negligible proportion of the respondents was brother

or cousin of the chief wage earner.

Household Information

Majority of the households covered were patriarchal in nature with 92 %having a male head of the

household whereas only 8 %had female household head.

Figure A4.3: Gender of the Household Head

Majority of the household heads are engaged as daily labourer (58%) followed by occupation as

cultivator (25%).Only little more than one-tenth are involved in business or are self-employed in

non-agriculture activities. Very few are engaged in service or work as factory worker or weaver.

41% 42%

7% 6%1%

92%

8%

Male Female

109

Figure A4.4: Occupation of the Household Head

While three-fourth of the other family members do not fall in any category, but 28%are engaged in

some pursuit with SHG membership topping the list.

Figure A4.5: Occupation of Other Family Members

Majority of those engaged as Self Help Group member with nearly 90 %reporting the same, followed

by around 6 %engaged as government servant.

Half of the households are living in “Kuchcha” type of dwelling. 22% living in “Semi-pucca” and

28%living in “Pucca” houses.

Figure A4.6: Type of Dwelling

53%

23%

12%

9%

2%

Daily labourer

Cultivator

Business / Self-employedin non- agriculture

Factoryworker/Weaver/others

Service

27.7%

72.3%

Occupation of Other Family Members

Occupied Not Occupied

89.4%5.8%

1.5%

1.2%

1.2%

0.6%

SHG member

Govt servant

Panchayat representative

School Teacher or staff

Anganwadi Worker

Health worker

Engagement of Other Members of Family

51%

22%

28%

Kuchcha Semi Pucca Pucca

110

34 %of the households belong to Schedule caste category and 5 %belong to Schedule tribe. 33 %are

Muslim and 21 %belong to the General category.

Figure A4.7: Type of Caste Category of the Household

Household Education

Around one-third of the chief wage earners are illiterate. One-fifth are literate but with no formal

education. Another one third has studied till primary level. Only 9 %have studied till secondary level

and negligible are graduate and above.

Figure A4.8: Education Level of Chief Wage Earner

Of the households visited 82 %have school going children while 18 %reported no school going

children in the household

Socio-Economic Information

Figure A4.9: BPL Card Status

34%

5% 7%

33%

21%

SC ST OBC Muslim General

34% 19% 34% 9% 2%1%

2%

Illiterate Literate but no formal education

Upto Primary level Upto Secondary level

Upto Higher Secondary Undergraduate

Graduate and above

Currently School going children: 82%

Currently no school going children: 18%

44%

56%

BPL Card Ownership

Yes No

10%

90%

Enrolled in the Panchayat List for availing a BPL card

Yes No

11%

89%

Ration Card with BPL Stamp

Yes No

111

44 %of the households possess BPL card. Among those with no BPL card, only 10 %have enrolled in

the Panchayat list for availing BPL card.

Among those who have not enrolled in the Panchayat list, around 11 %have BPL stamp on ration

card.

Around 86 %possess MGNREGA job card. One fourth of the households have member of Self Help

Group in the house.

Figure A4.10: Program Entitlements

NREGA job card ownership Self /female member of family

member of a SHG Group

Around 11 %reported to possess 5-10 katha of land. 68 %possess land beyond house in the

homestead. Among those having land beyond house in the homestead, the size of the homestead is

less than 5 katha for majority of the household with 85% reporting the same.

Figure A4.11: Size of Homestead

Among the top three sources of income are working as casual labour or daily wage labour with 45

%of the households reporting the same. Followed by 20%earning by working as agricultural labourer

and 12%earning through farming or agriculture.

Figure A4.12: Main Sources of Income of all Family Members in the last 12 months

•86%Yes

•14%No

•25%Yes

•75%No

< 5 Katha

• 85%

5-10 Katha

• 11%

11 katha – 1 Bigha

• 2%

> 1 Bigha – 5 Bigha

• 1.7%

> 5 Bigha

• 0.3%

12%

20%

45%

2%3%

10%8%

Pensioner/Remittance recipients, etc.

Self employed in non-agriculture

Regular salaried/ Wage employee

Skilled labour/Artisan

Casual labour/Daily wage labour

Agricultural labour

Farming/Agriculture

112

Around 28%of the households reported annual income of Rs.36,000 – Rs. 48,000 and 24%mention

annual income between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000. Only 21%have more than Rs.48,000 annual income.

18%reported between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000 annual income and 9% with less than Rs.18,000 annual

income.

Figure A4.13: Household Income in Last 12 Months

Around 16 %of the households have taken SHG loan or microfinance loan. However, majority of the

households mentioned to have taken the loan more than a year ago with 43 %mentioning the same.

Around 26 %mentioned to have taken less than six months ago and 31 %between 6 months and 1

year.

Figure A4.14: SHG/Microfinance Loan Status

The loan was used mainly for cultivation (28%) followed by dwelling repair (16%), social event in

family (9%), treatment (8%). Around 4 %mentioned to have availed the loan for toilet installation.

Others includes purchase of land or for income generating activities.

Figure A4.15: SHG/Microfinance Loan Used For

The analysis indicates that respondents covered diversities in terms of socio-economic

characteristics

9%

18%24%

28%

21%

Less than 18,000 18,000-24,000 24,001 to 36,000 36,001 to 48,000 More than 48,000

16%

84%

SHG Microfinance Loan Taking

Yes No

26%

31%

43%

Most recent Loan Taking

Less than 6 months ago 6 month – 1 year ago

More than 1 year ago

28%

16%

9%

8%

4%

3%

32%

Cultivation

Dwelling RepairSocial Event in family

Treatment

Toilet installation

Education

Others

113

Annexure 5: Qualitative Response on Toilet Availability and

Usage in ICDS Centres and Schools

Toilet Availability Toilet Using

School AWC/ICDS School AWC/ICDS

Nawadwip Available in three

GP s primary and

high school.

Separate toilets for

boys and girls in

primary and

secondary school.

In Charmajdia only few

anganwadi/ICDS have

toilets. In Mahisura,

Mayapur panchayat toilet

is very good

Students are using and

open defecation is

decimated

All are using but

in Charmajdia in

few AWC

children are

using the

neighbouring

club’s

/school’s/house’s

toilet.

Ranaghat-1 Available in three

GP s primary and

high school

In Ghazipur village most of

the anganwadi/ICDS

centres have toilet but not

separated for boys and

girls.

In Ghoragacha village

anganwadi does not have

toilet and children are

using neighbouring club’s

toilet.

Students are using and

open defecation is very

limited

Open defecation

is limited in

villages among

children.

Students and

children are

using toilet and

not facing any

big problem

Haringhata

Available in three

GP s primary and

high school.

Separate toilets for

boys and girls in

primary and

secondary school.

In Mollaberia most of the

centre has toilet.

But, in Fatehpur GP

children are going for

open defecation as lack of

toilet availability in AWC.

Separate toilets in the

schools and students are

using that

Among SC/ST

children due to

their tradition

open defecation

has been

observed.

Nakasipara

Available in all GP In Dhananjoypur and

Phatikpur most of the

centres do not have

toilets.

Separate toilets in the

schools and students are

using that

Children became

very much aware

regarding the ill-

effects of open

defecation and

totally against of

it and there is an

important

campaigning

going on among

children and

mother in

114

Toilet Availability Toilet Using

School AWC/ICDS School AWC/ICDS

Dhannanjoypur

GP

Tehatta- 2

Available in all GP

high school but

Primary school has

only one common

toilet.

In Baruia gram panchayat

the situation of toilet in

ICDS is very bad.

Students are using that

but need separate toilet

Open defecation

decreased but

not eradicated.

Chapra

Available in all

Primary and High

School

Not availability in ICDS Students are using that

but need separate toilet

Most of the ICDS

centres are in

rented

accommodation

where toilet uses

is restricted.

However the

ICDS workers

manage to use

the toilet, but

children defecate

outside.

Tehatta- 1

In Tehatta GP most

of the schools do

not have toilet. In

Kanainagar 4 school

toilets are there.

In kanaipur few AWC has

toilet but in Tehatta most

of them do not have toilet.

Students are using that

but water is not there in

Kanaipur. Also need

separate toilet.

In AWC children

are using toilet

but in Tehatta GP

there is no toilet

in the AWC.

Karimpur 2

In Nandanpur few

schools did not give

land for toilet. But

in Nandanpur

Adarsh Vidyapith

separate toilets are

therein Rahamatpur

toilets are there in

the school.

In Rahamatpur GP all

anganwadis have toilet.

But, in other GPs most of

the anganwadis do not

have toilet. In Nandanpur

there is only one toilet in

the anganwadi which

people are using.

All of the school students

are using toilet.

Awareness chart in school

regarding toilet

behaviour. SC/ST students

need to be involved more

in the toilet using

behaviour. In Rahamatpur

toilets are there in the

school and they are using

that.

Available toilet is

not clean so they

cannot use and

most of

anganwadis do

not have toilets

so they need to

go for open

defecation.

Chakdaha

In Madanpur GP

school toilet is

available. In

Chanduria-1 only in

high school

separate toilets.

In Rautari, Chauduria,

Simurali GP most of the

anganwadis do not have

toilet so up to 5 years

children are going for

open defecation.

Most of the students are

using toilet in Madanpur.

In few ICDS

centre do not

have toilet so

any option

without open

defecation. But,

if toilet is

115

Toilet Availability Toilet Using

School AWC/ICDS School AWC/ICDS

available then

most of them are

using that.

Santipur

Toilet is very dirty in

Arbandi-1,

belghoria-1, Nabla

GP high school.

In Arbandi-1, Belghoria-1,

Nabla gram panchayat no

ICDS centre has toilet.

In Arbandi-1 the school

toilet is very dirty and

students are compelled

use that.

Open Defecation

practice has

been restricted

but need more

awareness

among tribal

students and

children. But,

children are

using toilets.

Ranaghat -2

In Anishmali,

Duttaphulia

panchayat schools

have separate

toilet.

In Duttaphulia most of the

ICDS centres have toilet. In

Hijuli-1 most of the

centres do not have toilet.

In Hijuli-1 model latrine

proposal have been

proposed under “Sabar

Souchagar”but yet to be

implemented.

School children are using

that toilet

But, In Anishmali,

Hijuli-1 gram

panchayat there

is a trend of open

defecation

among children.

Kaligunj

In the primary and

high school toilets

are available.

In Bara Chandghar, Palit

Baria gram panchayat

most of the ICDS centre

has toilet. While, In

Juranpur most of the

centres do not have toilet.

In schools students are

using toilet.

Most of the

children are

using toilet in

ICDS centres.

But, In Juranpur

open defecation

among children

have been

observed.

Hanskhali

Most of the schools

in all GPs are having

toilets.

In Dhakuria Gram

panchayat separate toilet

for boys and girls are

there but the situation is

not good.

In Nagarpota panchayat

there is no toilet available

in the ICDS centres.

Few ICDS centres in

Bagula do not have toilets

In school most of the

students are using toilets.

Open defecation

is prominent in

Nagarpota, Uttar

Bhayana GP

among children

but slowly

change is coming

in their toilet

using

behaviour.But,

children in AWC

116

Toilet Availability Toilet Using

School AWC/ICDS School AWC/ICDS

so they are using nearby

club’s toilet

In Uttar Bayana few AWC

do not have toilets.

are using toilets.

Karimpur I In schools also toilet

situation is not up

to the mark

No separate toilets. Most

of them do not have

toilets.

Students are using but

facing difficulties

Children are

using where

toilet available

but where there

is no toilet open

defecation is

there.

Krishnagunj Primary and

secondary schools

have toilets but few

schools do not have

separate toilet

Most of the anganwadis

have toilet and children

are regarding that

Students are using toilets

not facing big difficulties

Children are

using toilets and

sanitation

behaviour has

been changed

Krishnanagar I

Primary and high

schools have toilet

but condition need

to be improve

In AWCs in the block

availability of toilet is

average. When more than

one children need to use

toilet then difficulties have

been observed.

Students are using but it

inconvenience is there

In AWC children

are aware and

using toilet but in

few anganwadis

they are

compelled to go

for open

defecation due

to lack of toilet

availability.

Krishnanagar II

In most of the

schools most of the

schools have toilets

Anganwadis have toilet

and awareness meetings

have been organized

Students are using toilets Children are

using and aware

regarding toilet

using behaviour

117

Annexure 6: Block specific Awareness Generation

Instruments

Awareness

building

Door-to-

door

campaign

Meetings with

villagers

Mothers

meetings

by

ASHA/ICDS

IEC Community

activities

Awareness

in Schools

among

students

Sanitary

mart/SHG

Group

Chakdah Door To door

campaigning

by MNREGA

supervisor

and ASHA

Member and

supervisor

meeting ,GP

meeting and

samsad

meeting

Hoardings and

flex by GP, use

if IEC materials

at meetings

Road shows by

GP, Mike

announcements

and awareness

camp in fairs.

Campaigning

by AWW

workers.

Chapra Banner, tableau

has been used

for awareness

generation.

Drama, cycle

rally, block fair,

songs.

GP pradhan is

taking initiative

in that.

Haringhata In block every

Friday

meeting with

Pradhan,UP,N

S,secretary

Camp and

mothers

meeting in

ICDS

Hording ,

Posters, Flex,

Hand bill and

booklet, In

Mollaberia

videography by

block and GP

ASHA/AWW.

Tableau and

video show on

sanitation,

Observance of

“World

Sanitation Day”

In Mollaberia

street drama

show by

students,

Haskhali Door to door

by ASHA

workers

Discussion in

gram-Shaba

meeting

Mothers’

meeting,

Saturday

meeting

done by

Asha and

AWW

Hoarding,poste

rs,flex

Wall writing and

mike

announcement

by panchayat,

Students rally

Teachers

generate

awareness

among

children in

prayer time,

monitor their

behaviour

Marts are

instrument

al in

building

awareness,

motivating

people in

building

toilets,

Karimpur I Panchayat

members 4th

Saturday

meeting

Display of

posters, wall

painting,

festoons

Rally for

cleanliness,2ns

and 4th Saturday

rally

Rally by

students and

oath talking

performance

Karimpur II Door to Door

campaigning

by ASHA and

AWW

Community

mobilization

meetings

Mike

announcements,

wall painting,

VHND

programme,

rallies

In

Rahamatpur

Rally

organized by

students

Rally in

Nandanpu

r by

mart,SHG,

ANM/

Anganwadi

Krishnagunj Gram

sabha,meeting

Mothers

meeting on

Wall

painting,rally,le

Mike

announcements

Street corner

through

118

Awareness

building

Door-to-

door

campaign

Meetings with

villagers

Mothers

meetings

by

ASHA/ICDS

IEC Community

activities

Awareness

in Schools

among

students

Sanitary

mart/SHG

Group

s regular

basis

aflets

distribution

students and

parents

Krishnanagar I Door to Door

campaigning

by ASHA and

AWW

Village

meetings by

GP

Mothers

meeting

done by

Teachers,

ASHA,

AWW

Posters Mike publicity

and slogan

writing on the

wall by GP

Self Help

Groups are

working

for

awareness

generation

only

Krishnanagar II Door to door

discussion

Meeting with

villagers

Monthly

mothers'

meetings

Poster ,leaflets Camp, rally, mike

campaign,

slogan writing on

the wall

Rally by

students and

children

The self-

help group

‘Ashar Alo’

serves this

area, SHG

members

are \trying

to aware

people

unitedly

with Marts

Nakashipara Door to door

personal

communicati

on

Wall painting in

the

villages,VHND

through

anganwadis

Mike

announcement,

wall painting,

rallies

In

Dhananjoypu

r from school

rally have

been

organized

Ranaghat I In Anulia

every

month

meeting

with

mothers

have been

organized

In Anulia wall

painting has

been used for

awareness

In Tarapur,

few Self-

help Group

are also

generating

awareness

among

villagers

on better

toilet using

Nawadwip Door to door

personal

communicati

on in the

block with

panchayat

pradhan,up-

pradhan

Regular

meeting with

Samsad,Gram

sabha

Social Camp

through block

miking,hoardin

g,flex

In Mahisura

rally, road show

Camp through

students and

teacher

In

Mayapur

every

second

Saturday

SHG camp.

One Club is

working

very good

119

Awareness

building

Door-to-

door

campaign

Meetings with

villagers

Mothers

meetings

by

ASHA/ICDS

IEC Community

activities

Awareness

in Schools

among

students

Sanitary

mart/SHG

Group

in

Mahisuira

in this

context.

Kaligunj ICDS workers

door to door

campaigning

Meeting with

Samsad,Gram

sabha

Hoarding,Flex,b

anner,leaflet

Milking, Drama,

street corner for

campaigning

Rally with

school,stu

dents

Shantipur ICDS workers

door to door

campaigning

GP ,sansad

wise meeting

Hoarding,Flex,b

anner,leaflet,bo

oklets,tableau

Milking, wall

painting

“Swacchat

a

Dut”camp

aigning on

2nd OCT

Ranaghat II ICDS workers

door to door

campaigning

GP ,sansad

wise meeting

Hoarding,Flex,b

anner,leaflet,bo

oklets

Campaigning by

pradhan,up-

pradhan

Campaigning

and rally by

students and

teachers

Tehatta I • Door to

door

campaign by

Mart and

SHG

Every month

by 20th

mother’s

meeting at

ICDS centre

Flex,

hoarding

etc.

VHND

every

Wednesda

y

• Marts and

Panchayet

organized ‘Oath

taking’

programme

• Slogan writing

on the wall, mike

campaigning

• Indian Red

Cross Society

organized a rally

to aware people

against open

defecation

• SHG

members

are trying

to aware

and

motivate

communit

y unitedly

with

Panchayat

and Mart

Tehatta II Gram

sabha,meeting

has been

organized

Drama

programme,

cycle rally, block

fair, songs etc.

Awareness

campaigni

ng by

ASHA,

ANM. Also

Ramakrish

na mission

is

campaigni

ng to

eradicate

open

defecation

.

120

Annexure 7: Stakeholder response on Community Awareness

Block Stakeholder Response

Chakdah GP, Block functionaries

and beneficiaries

100% people who have toilet are using it. They are more willing to use toilet than before.

No doubt that increased rate of installation and utilization and high amount of subsidy is the result of awareness

Only sick and infants cannot use toilet and after defecation their faeces are thrown in the toilet pits.

According to guardians children are aware of good and healthy practices and use toilet in school and at home.

Chapra Block response

Remarkable changes have been observed regarding the toilet

using behaviour.

Better performance by the sanitary marts and the SHG groups has

been observed.

The convergence programme is on the track and expecting best

results in the future.

Open defecation almost eradicated from the village.

There is increased motivation for toilet installation.

Awareness has been increased.

People are very eager to participate in the awareness generation

programme.

Dumping of garbage is done in a particular place.

Haringhata Block and GP

functionaries

90% to 95% people are using toilet.

People are willing to use toilet so demand of toilet is increasing. All ICDS centres, Primary school have toilets and children are 100% aware of toilet use.

After announcement of “World Sanitation Day” people have become aware of installation and use of toilet.

However there are 9 tribal sansads were people do not agree to install toilet due to their superstition and poverty.

Haskhali GP functionaries and

beneficiaries

All the groups admit that all who have toilets, old or new, are using it

People are conscious about the necessity of toilet but due to

poverty they cannot give Rs. 900/- for installation. GP is trying to

help them.

All groups have pointed out majority people have changed their

practice of open defecation.

Karimpur – I Block, Panchayat,

Sanitary Mart, ICDS and

Health functionaries

Excluding a few exceptions all those who have toilets in the houses, use it regularly. Communities have changed the practice of going to open space for defecation.

Only old, sick and too young children cannot use the toilet

Karimpur- 2 Block and

GPfunctionaries

Remarkable performance has been observed in the ‘Sabar Souchagar” programme.

Almost 80% of households have installed toilet.

The Programme “Sabar Souchagar” is going to be a big success

121

Block Stakeholder Response

in the block.

Even, people are investing their own money to upgrade their

toilet.

Awareness among villagers are increasing regarding the project.

Those who do not have toilets many of them are using other’s

toilet.

Krishnaganj Block , GP Functionaries

Percentage of household having old toilet in the villages 90% to 95% (approximate)

All who have toilets in the house, are using it.

Faeces of Sick old and too young who cannot attend toilet, are thrown either in toilet pit or in a hole in the backside of the house

Drastic change in habit of open defecation is observed --- all are willing to use toilet except a few

Krishnanagar I Block and GP

functionaries

‘Sabar Souchagar’ programme has created a big push

People are aware and do not defecate in the open place

Surely the remarkable change in practice of open defecation is the

cause of disease downfall. Community toilet can improve the situation further

Krishnanagar

II

Block, GP functionaries

and beneficiaries

People who have toilets in the house do not go to open air

defecation, except in the time of field work

But people who have no toilet go for open defecation.

The old sick and too young children are unable to use toilet.

Majority people have changed their practice of open defecation.

The result is control of environment pollution, mosquito and flies.

Women have expressed their liking for use of toilet.

People are willing to stop open defecation and have faith on their

own ability of being successful to stop it.

They believe that 100% control is possible if govt. gives more

financial help

Nakashipara Block, GP functionaries

and other stakeholders

Impressive performance has been observed in the ‘Sabar

Souchagar” programme.

The Programme “Sabar Souchagar” is going to be a big success

in the block.

Awareness among villagers are increasing regarding the project.

Awareness on hand-washing has been increased and practice of

open defecation has been decreased.

People keen to construct new toilets.

Ranaghat-1

Block, GP functionaries

People are more conscious regarding toilet using and they are

aware on ill-effects of open-defecation.

There is a remarkable change in toilet using behaviour in the

village.

There is lack of hand-wash practice although it has improved

manifolds. There is limited knowledge on handling child excreta.

Ranaghat -2

Block, GP and other

stakeholder

New generation is aware and eager for stopping open defecation as they are willing to lead a scientific and civilized life.

People know that stopping open defecation is necessary for pollution control, disease control and for preserving security and dignity of life

122

Block Stakeholder Response

Some people are aware and are eager to get toilet and are enlisting their names willingly.

Many people are aware of advantages of sanitation but still are using open space as they have no option like community toilet.

Tehatta -1 Block and GP

functionaries

Toilets exist in 80% of household

People, who have no toilet are using toilets of neighbours or relatives but nobody goes to defecate in open air.

People are now habituated to go to toilet. But they cannot use toilet in rainy season, especially who have soil toilets.

Old, sick and too young child cannot use toilet. They defecate in a particular place and faeces are thrown into the pit.

There is no community toilet. But all agree that they want such toilet.

Tehatta-2 Block and GP

functionaries

“Sabar Souchagar” programme has been adopted by the block

and the expected results are very good.

At least 80% of the houses are using toilets.

Open defecation has been decreased remarkably.

There is little confusion among villagers regarding the utilisation

of job cards but this is not affecting the work progress and toilet

using behaviour.

Annexure8: List of Sanitary Marts functioning in Nadia

Sl.

No. Name of the Mart

Name of the

Block Name of assigned GP

1

Sarvik Vivakananda Sanastha

Chakdaha

Sarati

2 Ghetugachhi

3 Silinda-I

4 Hingnara

5 Society for Socio Economic Development

Kanchrapara

6 Chanduria-II

7

Udaynagar Shishunatyam Sanastha

Routari

8 Silinda-II

9 Talta-I

10 Shimurali Indira Gandhi Smriti Raksha Samity

Shimurali

11 Chanduria-I

12

Sikarpur Vivakananda Walfare Society

Dewli

13 Madanpur-I

14 Madanpur-II

15

Uttarpara Samajdarparn

Saguna

16 Dubra

17 Talta-II

1 Baro Andulia Mahila Samity Chapra

Alfa

2 Chapra-I

123

Sl.

No. Name of the Mart

Name of the

Block Name of assigned GP

3 Hatisala-I

4 Hatkhola

5 Hridaypur

6 Pipragachhi

7 Siprasangha Bagberia

8 Biswabhaati Brittihuda

9 Monalisha Hatisala-II

10

R.N.W.S.

Chapra-II

11 Kalinga

12 Mahatpur

13 Sakdaha Cultural Forum Maheshpur

1 Matangini Swanirvar Mahila Gosthi

Hanskhali

Bagula-I

2

Hanskhali Bazarpara Welfare Society

Bagula-II

3 Betna-Gobindapur

4 Mayurhat-I

5 R.B.C.-II

6 Gazna

7 Mamjoan Janakalyan Samaj

R.B.C.-I

8 Mamjoan

9

Sakdaha Cultural Forum

Badkulla-I

10 Badkulla-II

11 Gazna

12 Mayurhat-II

13 Dakshinpara-II No. Panchayat Cluster Committee

Dakshinpara-I

14 Dakshinpara-II

1

Haringhata Hard Society

Haringhata

Fatepur

2 Kastadanga-I

3 Haringhata-II

4 Mollabelia

5 Birohi-I

6 Haringhata -I Cluster Group

Haraighata-I

Kastadanga-II

7 Tarama Swanirbhar Gosthi Birohi-II

9 Gobar danga Vivekanda Rural Welfare

Foundation

Nagarukhra-I

10 Nagarukhra-II

1 Dishari Cluster

Kaliganj

Barachandghar

2 Palitbegia

3 Sealkhala Integrated Social Development Society

Barachandghar

4 Panighata

5 Debagram Gram Unnayan Kendra

Debagram

6 Faridpur

124

Sl.

No. Name of the Mart

Name of the

Block Name of assigned GP

7 Gobra

8 Hatgachha

9 Juranpur

10 Matiari

11 Vivekananda Group Rajarampur

Ghoraikshetra

12

Hatgachha Cluster Committee

Hatgachha

13 Kaliganj

14 Palitbegia

15 Plassey -2 Cluster

Debagram

16 Plassey-II

17 Chandghar Rural Development Society Faridpur

18 Rahima SHG Gobra

19 Nabin Cluster

Kaliganj

20 Plassey-I

21 Kaliganj Cluster Kaliganj

22 Purbasa SHG Matiari

23 Ananya Cluster

Mira-I

24 Mira-II

25 Chhoto Chandghar Naldapara Janakalyan Society Mira-I

26 Kaliganj Block Gramin Kendra & Shilpo Janakalyan

Society Mira-II

27 Chakbegia Sadananda Seva Pratisthan Palitbegia

28 Plassey Bhagat Sing Youth Forum Plassey-I

1 Simantha Gram Unnayan Sanastha

Karimpur-I

Karimpur-I

2 Bhonalath Group Sanitary Mart Karimpur-II

3 Karimpur Nabarun Rural Sanitary Mart Shikarpur

4 Muktadaha Naba Diganta Gram Sanitary Mart Pipulbaria

5 Kuchaidanga Matka utpadak Samity Sanitary Mart Jamsherpur

6

Kuchaidanga Simantha Gram Unnayan Society

Harekrishnapur

7 Madhugari

8 Hogolbaria

1

Hagnagari Women & Child Welfare Society

Karimpur-II

Dhoradaha-I

2 Dhoradaha-II

3 Natidanga-I

4 Natidanga-II

5

Binay Badal Dinesh Club

Dighalkandi

6 Murutia

7 Nandanpur

8 Narayanpur-I

9 Narayanpur-II

125

Sl.

No. Name of the Mart

Name of the

Block Name of assigned GP

10 Rahamatpur

1

Sakdaha Cultural Forum Krishnaganj

Gobindapur

2 Joyghata

3 Krishnaganj

4 Shibnibash

5 Taldah-Majdia

6 Bhajanghat-Tungi

7 Matiari-Banpur

1

Nadia Zilla Ganatantrick Mahila Samity

Krishnanagar-I

Joania

2 Bhatjungla

3 Dogachhi

4 Bhimpur Health Awarness Sporting Association

Asannagar

5 Poragachha

6 Sakdaha Cultural Forum Bhimpur

7 Sonadaha Taposhili - O - Samaj Kalyan Samity Deypara

8 Madhumita Swanirbhar Dal (SHG Group) (New) Ruipukur

9 Suksagar Road Palpara

Chakdignagar

10 Dignagar

11 Amghata Vivekananda Seva Kalyan Samity Bhaluka

12 Gopalpur Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Kishore Seva Sangha

(Nabard) Bhanderkhola

1

Dhubulia Unani Databya Chikitsalaya

Krishnanagar-II

Dhubulia-II

2 Nowpara-II

3 Sadhanpara-I

4 Belpukur

5

Chapra Jana Seva Samity

Nowpara-I

6 Dhubulia-I

7 Sadhanpara-II

1

Society for Rural Development & Youth Welfare

Nabadwip

Swarupganj

2 CMCB

3 Majdia-Pansila

4 Erake? Club

M.B.-I

5 M.B.-II

6 Nasratpur Rupasi Bangla Welfare Society Fakirdanga-Gholapara

7 Haritala Mahila Unnyan Samity

Bablari

8 Mahisura

9 Sona SHG Mahisura

1

Haranagar SKUS, RSM Nakashipara

Bikrampur

2 Haranagar

3 Bilkumari

4 Dhananjoypur

126

Sl.

No. Name of the Mart

Name of the

Block Name of assigned GP

5

Dhubulia Unani Databya Chikitsalaya

Dharmada

6 Muragachha

7 Dogachhia

8 Billagram

9

Bethuadahari Bhorer Alo RSM

Bethuadahari-I

10 Bethuadahari-II

11 Majhergram

12 Nakashipara

13

Chapra Jana Seva Samity

Birpur-I

14 Birpur-II

15 Patikabari

1 Society for Prakritjan and Rural Development

Ranaghat-I

Khisma

2 Society for Rural Development & Youth Welfare Habibpur

Ramnagar-II

3 Ranaghat Jogpur Road Dr. B.R. Ambedkar SC/ST

Development Society

Payradanga

Anulia

4 Suryaday Swanivar Dal Kalinarayanpur-

Paharpur

5

Ranaghat Nawpara Social Welfare Society

Nowpara-Masunda

6 Tarapur

7 Ramnagar-I

8 Godhuli Swanirvar Ghosti Barasat

1

Institute of Empowering for Rural Development

Ranaghat-II

Kamalpur

2 Anishmali

3 Majhergram

4 Aranghata

5 Raghunathpur Hijuli-I

6 Bidyapur-I

7

Sema Mahila Samity

Duttapulia

8 Bahirgachhi

9 Jugalkishore

10 Srijani Farmers Society for livehood development Bidyapur-II

11 Suktara Cluster Committee

Raghunathpur Hijuli-I

12 Debagram

13 Samaj Kalyan Sw. Dall

Raghunathpur Hijuli-II

14 Shyamnagar

15 Uttaran Sangha

Nokari

16 Debagram

17 Tarama SGSY Dall Aranghata

18 Agamoni Mahila Sanqha Debagram

1 Matangini Cluster Committee Santipur Arabandi-I

127

Sl.

No. Name of the Mart

Name of the

Block Name of assigned GP

2 Pubali Mahila Samity Arabandi-II

3

Haripur GP Cluster Committee

Baganchra

4 Haripur

5 Babla

6

Society for Rural Development & Youth Welfare

Gayeshpur

7 Nabla

8 Belghoria-I

9 Belghoria-II

10 Baganchra

11 Arabandi-I

12 Arabandi-II

13 Fulia Township

14 Haripur

15 Babla

1

Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Tehatta-I

Betai-II

2 Chhitka

3 Kanainagar

4 Bhagini Nibeduata S.G.S.Y Dall Betai-I

5 Bandhan Cluster Committee Shyamnagar

6 Indian Red Cross Society

Tehatta

7 Chanderghat

8 Putimari Mallicka Mahila Samity

Patharghata-I

9 Patharghata-II

10 Tehatta Lotus Club

Natna

11 Raghunathpur

1

Sarada Sanitary Mart

Tehatta-II

Barnia

2 Palsunda-I

3 Palsunda-II

4 Sahebnagar

5

Aglampur Nutan para gramin vikash kendra

Palashipara

6 Gopinathpur

7 Hanspukuria

128

Annexure 9: List of Sanitary Marts covered under survey

Block GP Village Name of Sanitary Mart

Chakdah CHANDURIA-I Manasapota Indira Gandji Sriti Rakha Committee

Chakdah CHANDURIA-I Noada Durgapur Indira Gandji Sriti Rakha Committee

Chakdah MADANPUR-I New Kautukpur Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society

Chakdah MADANPUR-I Priya Nagar Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society

Chakdah MADANPUR-I Sri Krishnapur Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society

Chakdah RAUTARI Rautari Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society

Chakdah SIMURALI Telipukur Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society

Chakdah SIMURALI Rameswarpur Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society

Haringhata HARINGHATA - I Gangoria Haringhata 1 Cluster

Haringhata HARINGHATA - I Subarnapur Haringhata 1 Cluster

Haringhata HARINGHATA - I Laopalla Haringhata 1 Cluster

Haringhata MOLLABELIA Johirapara Haringhata Hard Society

Haringhata MOLLABELIA Uttar Duttapara Haringhata Hard Society

Haringhata MOLLABELIA Nischintapur Haringhata Hard Society

Haringhata FATEPUR Pauchkahania Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Haringhata FATEPUR Bihadia Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Kaliganj BARACHANDGHAR Chota Chandghar Sealkhala Integrated Social Development

Society

Kaliganj BARACHANDGHAR Molamdi Hutegacha Cluster Committee

Kaliganj JURAUPUR Hijuli Hutegacha Cluster Committee

Kaliganj JURAUPUR Baroitna Debagram Gram Unnayan Kedra

Kaliganj JURAUPUR Juaupur Debagram Gram Unnayan Kendra

Kaliganj PALITBAGIA Shantipur Dishri Cluster committee

Kaliganj PALITBAGIA Ararbegia Dishri Cluster committee

Nabadwip CHARMAJDIA Charmejdia Gangadhar Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Nabadwip CHARMAJDIA Char Bramhanagat

(Khelar Math)

Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Nabadwip CHARMAJDIA Kanainagar Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Nabadwip MAHISURA Mahisura Ghoshpur Erake Club

Nabadwip MAHISURA Mahisura Erake Club

Nabadwip MBI Baman Pukur Nabadwip Block Haritala Mahila Unnayan

Samitte

Nabadwip MBI Natun Gram

(Najrul Palli)

Mahisura Panchayet Sona Swanirbhar

Gosthi

Santipur ARBANDI-I Arrandi Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Santipur ARBANDI-I Boalia Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Santipur BELGORIA-I Baira Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

129

Block GP Village Name of Sanitary Mart

Santipur BELGORIA-I Pumlia Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Santipur NABLA Joynagar (Palta) Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Santipur NABLA Goalpur Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Santipur NABLA Sabujnagar Society for Rural Development & Youth

Welfare

Chapra ALFA Bania Khari Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Chapra ALFA Dompukur Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Chapra CHAPRA-I Chapra Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Chapra CHAPRA-I Dwipchandrapur Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Chapra HATKHOLA Rajibpur Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Chapra HATKHOLA Shikra Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Karimpur - I HAREKRISHNAPUR Uttar Krishanapur

Kuchaidanga Simanta gram unnayan

samity

Karimpur - I HAREKRISHNAPUR Sreerampur

Kuchaidanga Simanta gram unnayan

samity

Karimpur - I HAREKRISHNAPUR Durlabhpur

Kuchaidanga Simanta gram unnayan

samity

Karimpur - I KARIMPUR-II Kalabaria Bholanath Group Sanitary mart

Karimpur - I KARIMPUR-II Majlispur Bholanath Group Sanitary mart

Karimpur - I KARIMPUR-II Natna Bholanath Group Sanitary mart

Karimpur - I SHIKARPUR Baruipara Simanta Gram Unnayan Samity

Karimpur - I SHIKARPUR Jotdarpur narayan Simanta Gram Unnayan Samity

Karimpur - II DHORADAHA-I Sahebpara Hagnabari Women Child Welfare society

Karimpur - II DHORADAHA-I Monoharpur /Sirsha Hagnabari Women Child Welfare society

Karimpur - II NANDANPUR Garaimari Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart

Karimpur - II NANDANPUR Nandanpur Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart

Karimpur - II NANDANPUR Gopalpur Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart

Karimpur - II RAHAMATPUR MahishBathan Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart

Karimpur - II RAHAMATPUR Rahamatpur Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart

Tehatta - I KANAINAGAR Sardanga Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Tehatta - I KANAINAGAR Srirampur Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Tehatta - I KANAINAGAR Uttar Char Chandpur Baro Andulia Mahila Samity

Tehatta - I RAGHUNATHPUR Jitpur Tehatta lotus Club

Tehatta - I RAGHUNATHPUR Nischintapur Tehatta lotus Club

Tehatta - I TEHATTA Nowdapara Red Cross society

Tehatta - I TEHATTA Khariapara Red Cross society

Nakashipara BETHUADAHARI-II Bade Tehatta Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity

Ltd.

Nakashipara BETHUADAHARI-II Bagunda Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity

Ltd.

Nakashipara DHANANJAYPUR Dhananjoypur Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity

Ltd.

Nakashipara DHANANJAYPUR Dhaparia Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity

Ltd.

130

Block GP Village Name of Sanitary Mart

Nakashipara DHANANJAYPUR Machpota Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity

Ltd.

Nakashipara PATIKABARI Changa Chapra Janoseba Samity

Nakashipara PATIKABARI Taibechara Chapra Janoseba Samity

Nakashipara PATIKABARI Patikabari Chapra Janoseba Samity

Tehatta - II BARNIA Komthana Sarada Sanitary Marity

Tehatta - II BARNIA Charakpota Sarada Sanitary Marity

Tehatta - II BARNIA Haritola Sarada Sanitary Marity

Tehatta - II PALASIPARA Baor

Aglampur Natun Para gramin Vikash

Kendra

Tehatta - II PALASIPARA Rudrapara (P)

Aglampur Natun Para gramin Vikash

Kendra

Tehatta - II SAHEBNAGAR ChhotaNaldaha Sarada Sanitary Marity

Tehatta - II SAHEBNAGAR Kulgachhi Sarada Sanitary Marity

Hanskhali BAGULA-I Purba Bhayna Matangini Swanirbhar Mahila Gosthi

Hanskhali BAGULA-I Uttar Bhayna Matangini Swanirbhar Mahila Gosthi

Hanskhali DAKSHINPARA-II Dhakuria Dakhhinpara 2 No. Panchayet Calture

Committee

Hanskhali DAKSHINPARA-II Itaberia Dakhhinpara 2 No. Panchayet Culture

Committee

Hanskhali RAMNAGAR Malsadaha Manjan Kalyan Samity

Hanskhali RAMNAGAR Nagarpota Manjan Kalyan Samity

Krishnaganj BHAJANGHAT TUNGI Dongahata Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum

Krishnaganj BHAJANGHAT TUNGI Dharmmapur Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum

Krishnaganj BHAJANGHAT TUNGI Tungi Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum

Krishnaganj KRISHNAGANJ Krishna Ganj Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum

Krishnaganj KRISHNAGANJ KomarPur Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum

Krishnaganj TALDAH MAJDIA Goari Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum

Krishnaganj TALDAH MAJDIA Mothurapur Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum

Krishnanagar - I Joania Bhabanipur Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan

Samity Ltd.

Krishnanagar - I Joania Raotora Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan

Samity Ltd.

Krishnanagar - I DEYPARA Satgachhi Sonadaha Tapashili and Adibashi

Samajkalyan Samity

Krishnanagar - I DEYPARA Subarna Bihar Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan

Samity Ltd.

Krishnanagar - I Dogachi Jatrapur Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan

Samity Ltd.

Krishnanagar - I Dogachi Jalalkhali Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan

Samity Ltd.

Krishnanagar - II BELPUKUR Belpukur Dhubhali Unnani Databya Chikitsalay

Krishnanagar - II BELPUKUR Polta Dhubhali Unnani Databya Chikitsalay

Krishnanagar - II NOAPARA-I Chhagharia Chapra Janoseba Samity

Krishnanagar - II NOAPARA-I Singhati Chapra Janoseba Samity

Krishnanagar - II NOAPARA-I Noapara Chapra Janoseba Samity

Krishnanagar - II SADHANPARA-II Gabarkuli Chapra Janoseba Samity

131

Block GP Village Name of Sanitary Mart

Krishnanagar - II SADHANPARA-II Tatla Chapra Janoseba Samity

Ranaghat - I ANULIA GhoraGachha Society for Rural Development and Social

Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)

Ranaghat - I ANULIA Anulia Ghosh Colony Society for Rural Development and Social

Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)

Ranaghat - I ANULIA Anulia - Pulin Nagar 1. Society for Rural Development and

Social Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)

2. Ranaghat Jogpur Road Dr. B. R.

Ambedkar SC/ST Development

Society(Ranaghat)

Ranaghat - I KHISMA Khisma Maniktala

Khisma Muslimpara

Society for Rural Development and Social

Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)

Ranaghat - I KHISMA Taksali Society for Rural Development and Social

Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)

Ranaghat - I TARAPUR Gazipur Noapara Social Welfare Society (Ranaghat)

Ranaghat - I TARAPUR JhauMahal Noapara Social Welfare Society (Ranaghat)

Ranaghat - II ANISHMALI Chinapukuria Institute for Empowering Urban & Rural

People

Ranaghat - II ANISHMALI Enuli Bazar Institute for Empowering Urban & Rural

People

Ranaghat - II DUTTAFULIA Srirampur Sreemaa Mhila Samity, Duttafulia, Nadia

Ranaghat - II DUTTAFULIA Kalupur Sreemaa Mhila Samity, Duttafulia, Nadia

Ranaghat - II HIJULI - I Roypara Suktara Clusster Committee

Ranaghat - II HIJULI - I Uttarpara Suktara Clusster Committee

Ranaghat - II HIJULI - I Natungram Suktara Clusster Committee

132

Annexure 10: Observation checklist for

constructionassessment of Two Pit Toilets based on technical

specification Sl.No

Components Observation

Yes / No Specificati

on Remarks Blocks

1 A Twin Pit toilet must have the 5 basic structures:

a Squatting Place/Platform Yes Minimum 3’X3’

Instead of pre-cast Squatting plate, onsite construction is in practice.

All the surveyed blocks

b WC Pan (Rural Pan) If no, check the type of pan and mention in remark column

No (70% urban pan and remaining rural pan)

Pan with greater slope 30 degree

Use of urban pan is preferred by the beneficiaries Lesser slope as pans procured from market.

All the surveyed blocks

c Junction Chamber with proper sealing at the joints.

Yes

Sealed properly All the surveyed blocks

d Drain pipes (Y junction) No 4” pipe

Pipe diameters are as per specification. Proper Y junction is not in place in few blocks. Pipe from the junction chamber goes to one pit. Another pipe from the first pit is connected to the second pit. The pipes between the pits are connected so that the overflow of one will automatically fill the other.

Chakdah and Haringhata Nakashipara, Karimpur I, Karimpur II, Chapra etc.

e 2 Leach Pits (circular in shape) with pit covers.

Yes Minimum 3’ diameter internal

Design error in all the blocks. Two pits - concrete from all sides including bottom – considered as septic tank. Latrine and bathroom constructed on top of the pits and kept a provision for cess pool cleaning. Cleaning of latrine by hiring cess pool from

Single pit in maximum in number at Blocks i.e. Haringhata, Nakshipra, Karimpur I & II and Tehatta I Common in Chakdah and Haringhata

133

Sl.No

Components Observation

Yes / No Specificati

on Remarks Blocks

Municipality is in practice. Pit covered but not properly sealed

Observed in Chakdah Observed in Chakdah In all the surveyed blocks

2 A toilet with 2 symmetrical leach pits at the back of the squatting place with a space of about approx. 12 ft x 12 ft.

No Deviations found. At the most 1Ft to 3 ft distance maintained

Deviations found in all Blocks

a If no, specify the layout of the pits

A height difference of 1 ft has been observed between the two pits. It is done by laying one extra ring in the 1st pit. The concept is as the1st pit gets filled up; the over flow will automatically go into the 2nd pit through the pipe laid.

Specially observed in Chakdah, Haringhata, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip Blocks.

b The connecting pipes should be straight

yes

Maintained In all the surveyed blocks

3 The spacing between the 2 constructed pits should be at least 1 meter (3 ft)

No

Less than1 ft gap In all the surveyed blocks

4 The distance between the 2 outgoing pipes should be 4 inches.

Yes

Maintained In all the surveyed blocks

5 The distance between the pan and the rear wall should be about 8 inches.

yes

4-8’’ distance maintained In all the surveyed blocks

6 The floor has a smooth finish and proper slope towards pan from all directions.

Yes

Maintained In all the surveyed blocks

7 The squatting place should be at a height of 1 ft to 1.5 ft from the ground level.

Yes Plinth level

15’’ height maintained on an average

In all the surveyed blocks

8 No vent pipe. No

Use of vent pipe is in practice.

In all the surveyed blocks

134

Sl.No

Components Observation

Yes / No Specificati

on Remarks Blocks

Beneficiaries put the vent pipe on their own.

Specially at Haringhata and Hanskhali use of vent pipe was rampant

9 Proper pit covers with complete sealing from top.

No Concrete sealing

No proper sealing. 1st Pit cover somehow sealed while 2nd pit cover remained open

In all the surveyed blocks. Observed in Chakdah

10 Super structure must have the following characteristics:

a The super structure is properly closed from all sides to ensure privacy and safety.

Yes Maintained In all the surveyed blocks

b The structure must have two ventilator of appropriate size for light and for cross aeration.

Yes but without appropriate size

In few cases, ventilators are erected on opposite sides of the wall.

Specially observed in Chakdah, Haringhata, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip Blocks.

c Must have a proper roof Yes

Wood and tin roofs are common. In few cases, toilets have been handed over to the beneficiaries without roof.

In all the surveyed blocks Observed in Haringhata

d The fixtures of doors should operate properly and should have lock arrangements.

yes

Maintained In all the surveyed blocks

135

Checklist at the time of construction of Twin pit toilet

Points to remember while surveying a twin pit toilet

S.No Components Observation

Yes / No Remarks

11 The excavation should be extended by 6 inches from all sides than the actual measurements of construction.

Yes Maintained in all Blocks as pointed out by beneficiary/RSM representatives during survey

12 Channel for pipes to be dug up to 9 in to 12 in as per requirement.

Yes In all the surveyed blocks

13 The bottom of the leach pit should not be concrete.

No Mentioned in 1e

14 Check the type of leach pit – concrete rings or brick layer

Precast concrete rings used in all the surveyed blocks.

15 If concrete rings, check the type of concrete rings

N.A.

a Precast rings made of cement concrete Yes Use of Portland cement is common in all the blocks.

b Precast rings made of ferro cement No N.A.

c Height of concrete rings : 1 ft Yes Maintained in all the surveyed blocks

d 8 to 10 holes of 1.5 inch dia No Between each rings, 4 – 5 brick chips are laid for maintaining the gap.

16 If brick layer, the lining of the pit is done in honey comb fashion upto the invert level of the incoming pipe.

Not observed

17 The entire leach pit is lined with 4 inch thick brick wall.

Not observed

18 The very first brick layer should be 9 inch thick to ensure better stability.

Not observed

19 The inner diameter of the entire leach pit should be 32 inches.

Yes Inner diameter maintained on an average 30’’ and pit covers are 32’’ so that pit covers has some extra space.

20 The height of the incoming pipe must be 3 fit from the pit bottom

Yes In all the surveyed blocks

21 The holes should be present in alternate brick layers.

NA

22 The number of holes per layer should be 6 to 8 of 2 inches wide.

Mentioned in 15 d.

23 The pipes should have a minimum gradient of 1:10

Not observed

24 The pipe should project 4 inches inside the pit wall.

Yes 2- 4’’ projected in all Blocks.

- O -