Light Efficency Egypt Case Dec 2004

8/8/2019 Light Efficency Egypt Case Dec 2004

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Energy Conservation By EfficientLighting

World Engineering Meeting Cairo 8-9 Dec 2004

Mohammed Helal, PhDExecutive president Futek Egyptian Micro Electronics

Executive Director FUTEK Lighting Technology Japan


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LIGHTING(Egypt case study)

Lighting is the most commonly used and essential equipment in all theindustries, commercial and residential areas.

The power consumption by the industrial lighting varies between 2 to 10% ofthe total power depending on the type of industry while reaches 35 to 40 % inresidential and up to 45 to 50 % in commercial and office working areas .

Lighting is consuming at least 1/3 of Egyptian total producedelectric energy .

Innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting has given rise

to tremendous energy saving opportunities in this area. Lighting is an area, which provides a major scope to achieve energy efficiency .


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Facts Egypt electricity consumption has reached

> 80000 Million of kW/h during 2003/2004with an annual average growth rate of 7.5 %during the past 5 years that is expected tocontinue with same growth ratio in thecoming years .

To insure sustainable development and toavoid unnecessary needed investments tocover expected future consumption needs ,Political policies , green standards thatfavor Lighting efficiency products of leastnegative environmental impacts is a prioritydemand .

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Basic components of a lighting system

Most of the lighting equipment, composed of the following three

basic components :

Lamp Luminaries Gears


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Definitions

LampLamp is an equipment to produce light.

Luminaries This is an apparatus that distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted

from one or more lamps. The Luminaire also includes, all the partsnecessary for fixing and protecting the lamps, except the lamps themselves.In some cases, luminaries include the necessary circuit auxiliaries, togetherwith the means for connecting them to the electric supply.

Gears The gears used in the lighting equipment are as follows: Ballast A current limiting device, to counter negative resistance characteristics of any

discharge lamps. In case of fluorescent lamps, it aids the initial voltage build-up,required for starting.

Ignitor: Used for starting high intensity Metal Halide and Sodium vapor lamps.


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Functions of lighting

The lighting should fulfill the followingthree functions:

Ensure the safety of the people in the interior

Facilitate performance of visual task

Aid the creation of an appropriate visualenvironment


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Illumination

A lumen is a measure of light output from a lamp (bulb). All lamps are rated inlumens. A 100-watt incandescent lamp produces about 1200 lumens.

The distribution of light on a horizontal surface is called its illumination .

Illumination is measured in foot-candles. One foot-candle of illumination is a lumen oflight distributed over a 1-sq.-ft. area. (0.09-square meter) area.1Lux = 10 fc ( foot/candles)

Ideal illumination is the minimum number of foot-candles necessary to allow a task tobe performed comfortably and proficiently without eyestrain.

According to the Illuminating Engineering Society ( IES ) 30 to 50 foot-candles isadequate for home and office work, while more difficult tasks require 200 to 500 foot-candles.

The ratio of light output from a lamp to the power it consumes is called its efficacy ,

and is measured in lumens per watt ( LPW ).


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Lighting task


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Light color and color rendering

Lamps are assigned a color temperature according to theKelvin temperature scale, based on their "coolness" (blue-green) or "warmness" (red). Cool light is preferred for visualand manual tasks because it produces higher contrast thanwarm light. Warm light is preferred for living spaces.

Artificial light sources vary widely in their color-renderingindexes (CRI). The CRI is a measure of a light source's ability torender colors the same as sunlight does. For example,incandescent lamps are rated at a CRI of 100, nearly equal tosunlight, while some high-pressure sodium lamps have a CRIof 22, which means they render colors poorly


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Types of lighting

Four basic types of lighting

incandescent

fluorescent

high-intensity discharge (HID)

low-pressure sodium


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Incandescent

Incandescent lamps are the least expensive to buybut the most expensive to operate. Incandescentlight is produced by a tiny coil of tungsten wire thatglows when heated by an electrical current. Theselamps have the shortest lives of the common lightingtypes, and are relatively inefficient. Common typesof incandescent lights include standard, tungstenhalogen and reflector lamps.


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Incandescent


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Fluorescent Fluorescent light is produced by anelectric current conducted through a

tube containing mercury and inertgases. Fluorescent lighting is usedmainly indoors, both for ambient andtask lighting, and is up to four times asefficient as incandescent lighting.

Fluorescent lamps last about 10 timeslonger than incandescent.

Energy savings can be increased forfluorescent lighting by replacingballasts and replacing fixtures withmore efficient models.


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Comparison of lighting efficiency

Type of Lamp LuminousEfficacy lm/WColorRenderingProperties

Remarks

Incandescent 10 ~ 18 Excellent Poor luminous efficiency

Halogen 20 ~ 22 Excellent Used in flood lighting installationsand in projectors and motor carhead lamps

Fluorescent 60 - 105 Good depending on thefluorescent coating

Popular for indoor lightingGreat opportunity for energy savings

New generations of T5 Ho are used for streetoutdoor lighting

Halo powder CFL 25~ 45 Fair Used in low cost CFL , low efficiency , 40% lightdepreciation within 1000/hours

Compact fluorescent 3C 55 - 75 Very good Tremendous potential for

energy savingsHigh pressure mercury vapor 55 Fair Street lighting, high bay lighting

Metal halide 90 - 100 Excellent High luminous efficiency ( cost 70% lumendepreciation after 2000/h )

High pressure sodium vapor 145 Fair High efficacy & suitable when color renderingis not important

Low pressure sodium vapor 200 Poor High energy saving but poor color rendering


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Chart of Luminous efficiency


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Light generation1) Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps

(CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps.

2) Installation of high frequency (HF) electronicballasts in place of conventional magnetic ballasts

3) Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapor (HPSV)lamps for applications where color rendering is not

critical.4) Installation of metal halide lamps in place ofmercury / sodium vapor lamps


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Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps(CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps.

Compact fluorescent lamps are generally consideredbest for replacement of incandescent lamps.

These lamps have efficacy ranging from 55 to 75lumens/watt.CFL's are highly suitable for places such as Livingrooms, Hotel lounges, Bars, Restaurants, Pathways,Building entrances, Corridors, etc.

The average rated lamp life is > 10,000 hours, whichis 10 times longer than that of a normal incandescentlamp


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CFL Lamps modern shapes


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CFL shape & light efficiencies


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CFL Performance CFL lamps can be of HPF or LPF , LPF

CFL are less expensive than HPF by 10to 12 % .

LPF CFL have an average PF of < 60%and THDi > 115 %

HPF CFL are divided in few categoriesdepending on the level of THDi < 30% or< 20% or < 10 % .


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HIGH POWER FACTOR CFL Wave


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LOW POWER FACTOR CFL lamps Wave


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LOW PF & HPF Comparison


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Power Factor CFL internal electronic ballast is an inverter that can have low

power factor as low as 40 ~ 60 % and Harmonic distortionTHDi of > 85% ~ 180 % ????

Future expected large use of CFL of Low Power Factor is not in favorof energy efficiency and distribution facility

A CFL lamp with 50% power factor is efficient 2 Times only thansimilar Incandescent lamp , while a CFL of HPF of > 95 % isefficient 4 Times

CFL uses high frequency > 20KHz , Correction of Low power Factorof high frequency CFLs is not practically and economically

possible in addition to possible harm to IT equipments ..There is no point to allow damage to happen then spend efforts andresources to cure ( Prevention is better than cure )

High Power factor with low THDi harmonics regulations is a mustmandatory performance to not encourage importers or localproducers to use low quality CFL .


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Environmental aspects

Lamp disposal regulations

Waist disposal of heavy metals

Lamp life Time and relation withdisposal


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2) Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts

New high frequency (20-60 kHz) electronic ballasts have the followingadvantages over the traditional magnetic ballasts:

Energy savings up to 35% Less heat dissipation, which reduces the air conditioning load Lights instantly Improved power factor Operates in low voltage load Less in weight Increases the life of lamp

The advantage of HF electronic ballasts, out weigh the initial investment(higher costs when compared with conventional ballast). In the past thefailure rate of electronic ballast was high. Recently, many manufacturershave improved the design of the ballast leading to drastic improvement intheir reliability. The life of the electronic ballast is high especially when, usedin a lighting circuit fitted with a automatic voltage stabilizer.

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Ballast test performance


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Environmental considerations

Importance of Power Factor ( Generation)

Importance of Light efficiency( L/W)

Lamp disposal and life timerelationEconomical Considerations .


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Conclusion

While the consumer saves watt with any of the compact fluorescent alternatives ,the utility must generate nearly double amount of VA unit to drive those CFL lamps . This effect will cut the environmental benefit by 50 % ..

The answer is to use HPF CFL lamps .

Standards and codes of performance regulations for CFL is indeed necessary tosecure sustainable lighting energy efficiency .

Energy code enforced regulations for CFL is an urgent demand to stop flooding of low quality CFL that damage both economy and environment .

Will be maybe more convenient for the Egyptian government to subsidies energyefficiency projects and products than subsidizing the cost of energy .

Investment in 50 Millions of 23W CFL of HPF will reduce the nationalconsumption by 10 %


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End of first part .

Thank you


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Thak you ..

M.Helal

Light Efficency Egypt Case Dec 2004

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