Let it Flow! Culvert Design 101 – Basic Hydraulics, Culvert Location & End Treatments

1© 2015 Armtec LP • Confidential & Proprietary

Patrick Biro, P.Eng.Region Engineer

ArmtecDrainage Solutions

Roger GoobieSales Representative

ArmtecDrainage Solutions

FRIDAY NOVEMBER 20, 2015 / 9AM PST / 11AM CST / 12PM EST

TECHNICAL WEBINAR

CULVERT DESIGN 101 BASIC HYDRAULICS, CULVERT LOCATION & END TREATMENTS


YOUR HOST

Janine YetkeDirector of Marketing Armtec, Drainage Solutions

LinkedIn: ca.linkedin.com/in/janineyetke/enEmail: [email protected]


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Armtec is one of Canada’s largest infrastructure company supplying precast, corrugated steel and HDPE products and solutions. Every day, our proven products, engineered solutions and dedicated people are counted on to support construction and infrastructure projects in communities everywhere. With a national presence and a local focus on exceptional customer service, we are dedicated to building excellence.

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5© 2015 Armtec Infrastructure Inc. • Confidential & Proprietary

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LET IT FLOW! - CULVERT DESIGN 101

LET IT FLOW - CULVERT DESIGN 101


YOUR SPEAKERS

Patrick Biro P.Eng.Region EngineerArmtec, Drainage [email protected]

Roger GoobieSales RepresentativeArmtec, Drainage [email protected]


AGENDA

Let it Flow! – Culvert Design 101 – Basic Hydraulics, Culvert Selection, Placement and End Treatments

1. Basic Hydraulics

2. Culvert Placement

3. Durability

4. Culvert Types & Applications

5. End Treatments


Let it Flow! – Culvert Design 101 –Basic Hydraulics, Culvert Location & End Treatments

BASIC HYDRAULICS


VOLUMETRIC FLOW

• Culvert capacity is measured by flow rate, Q• Flow rate is a function of:

• Cross section area, A• Water velocity, V


𝑄 (𝑚3/ 𝑠)=𝐴𝑉

A (m2)

V (m/s)

• Volumetric flow:


OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

• Velocity of water in a culvert is a function of:• Pipe slope, S• Cross section area, A• Wetted perimeter, WP• Pipe roughness, n


𝑉=𝑅23𝑆

12

𝑛

• Manning’s Equation:

A (m2)

SWP where ( )


CONVEYANCE

• Culvert capacity can be compared using one term, conveyance, K:


𝐾=𝐴𝑅

23

𝑛where (

A1 A2 = 1.3 A1

K1 K2 = 1.4 A1

Arched Pipe (same periphery)

Round Pipe

• Arched pipe has greater conveyance at the same water elevation in an equivalent round pipe


PIPE ROUGHNESS


BP (400

x150

)

MP (152

x51)

CSP (125

x25)

CSP (68x

13)

Ultra F

lo

Concre

te

BOSS 2000

0.0000.0050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.040

0.034 0.033

0.0250.021

0.013 0.013 0.012

Manning's n

Conveyance, K

, increases


INLET CONTROL

• Shallow, high velocity flow• Water can flow through and out faster than it can enter• Discharge not influenced by roughness and length


• Factors that affect discharge, Q:1. End area2. Inlet geometry3. Headwater

elevation


INLET CONFIGURATION

• Inlet geometry affects entrance loss:


Projec

ting e

nd

Bevell

ed en

d

Square

head

wall

End se

ction

Bevell

ed rin

g0.000.200.400.600.801.00 0.90

0.700.50 0.50

0.25

Entrance Loss ke


OUTLET CONTROL


• Deep, low velocity flow• Water can flow into the culvert faster than it flow through

and out• Discharge influenced by energy loss• Factors that affect

discharge, Q:1. Tailwater elevation2. Inlet geometry3. Slope4. Roughness5. Length


SPECIAL HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS


• Uplift forces at the inlet end can cause buoyancy type failure during high flows• Can be avoided by anchoring the inlet

• Piping caused by seepage along the barrel wall can cause culvert and/or embankment failure• Can be prevented by protecting ends with end

treatment or clay seals• Can also be

prevented by using anti-seepage collars

FRP anti-seepage collar.


END TREATMENT

• One of the major causes of culvert failure is scouring or piping at the inlet/outlet

• Proper end treatment protects the pipe and embankment• End treatment can also improve hydraulics of inlet/outlet• Can be in the form of armouring and/or funnelling

Various failed or failing culverts.




CULVERT PLACEMENT


BURIED CULVERTS


TRAFFIC LOADING

CORRUGATED METAL PIPE

DIA.

SOIL COVER (H)

LIVE LOAD

DEAD LOAD


MINIMUM COVER


TRAFFIC LOADING


D

Min. COVER (Hmin)

• Minimum cover is required to:

• Keep bending moments small enough to be safely neglected• Prevent soil wedge upheaval

H𝑚𝑖𝑛=𝐷6

*or 300mm; whichever is greater; for culverts <3000mm dia.


MINIMUM SPACING



D

Min. SPACING

(Smin) S𝑚𝑖𝑛=𝐷2

• Minimum spacing depends on shape, size, and type of backfill materials

*or 300mm min. to 900mm max.; for round culverts up to 3000mm dia.


CULVERT ALIGNMENT

1. Minimize impact to natural alignment

2. Provide stream with direct entrance and exit

3. Avoid course change near exit



CULVERT ALIGNMENT

• Culverts buried below natural streambed can lose anticipated waterway depth


• Ideal grade should:• Minimize length• Account for settlement• Account for sediment• Ideal grade should not:• Produce sediment• Induce excessive

velocity• Cause scour


CULVERT ALIGNMENT

• Skewed culverts require balanced fill• Warped embankment or full head walls may be required


𝑑=1.5(𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒+𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 )


FISH-BEARING STREAMS

• Fish-bearing streams may require a natural stream bed• Can be achieved with embedded culverts or open-

bottom arches• Some regulations require minimum embedment• Sensitive streams may require undisturbed stream bed


Arched PipeRound Pipe Open-Bottom Arch

20% embedded40% embedded

Natural or undisturbed stream bed



DURABILITY


COATINGS


Galvanized. ALT2.

Polymer-laminated (TRENCHCOAT). Polymer-coated (Strata-CAT).


COATINGS – pH AND RESISTIVITY


• pH and Resistivity (Ohm-cm) can be used to determine the life of a steel culvert

• Resistivity is a function of CaCO3 and Cl concentration


COATINGS – pH AND RESISTIVITY


Vinegar – 3 pHOrange Juice – 4 pH

Coffee – 5 pH

8 pH - Toothpaste9 pH – Hand Soap11 pH – Ammonia

1000 ppm – Brackish35000 ppm - Seawater

City Water – 100 ppmFresh Water < 1000 ppm

Soft Water < 60 ppmMod. Hard 61-120 ppm

121-180 ppm Hard Water> 180 ppm Very Hard

Non-Aggressive 2000-8000 Ohm-cm

*Soft water + high resistivity poses risk to galv. coating


PIPE DURABILITY

Galvanized

• 43 µm zinc coating

• Hard water

• 50 yrs.- Non-aggressive

Aluminized

• 43 µm aluminum coating

• Soft water• Mildly acidic water

• 75 yrs.- Non-aggressive

Polymer Laminated / Coated

• 12.0 mil (0.30mm) coating

• Soft water• Acidic water• Almost brackish

• 75-100 yrs.



HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE / STEEL-REINFORCED POLYETHYLENE

• Polyethylene pipe or polyethylene encapsulated steel

• Anything but jet fuel

• 100 yrs.

PIPE DURABILITY



BENEFIT/COST

Cost Comparison

Galv. C

SP

ALT2 C

SP

Poly-La

m. CSP

BOSS 2000

SRPE

Galv. M

ulti-P

late

Strata-

CAT Mult

i-Plat

e0.01.02.03.04.0

1.0 1.21.9 1.6

4.0

2.0

4.0Relative Cost ($/m)

Durability



GOOD CULVERT DESIGN

1. Properly takes care of water, bed-load, and floating debris2. Accommodates increased runoff from anticipated

development3. Inlet and outlet resists undermining and washout4. Avoids detrimental change in flow pattern above and

below structure5. Non-erosive flow within right-of-way and below the culvert6. Will function properly after fill has caused settlement7. Anticipates future sediment8. Minimum cover and balance of fill9. Material/coating meets design service life



RESOURCES


www.cspi.ca www.ncspa.org

http://www.cspi.ca/

http://www.ncspa.org/



CULVERT TYPES & APPLICATIONS



Corrugated Steel Pipe - (100-3600 mm)Corrugation types: 38 x 6.5 mm 68 x 13 mm 76 x 25 mm 125 x 25 mm Ultra FloCoatings: Galvanized Aluminized Type 2 Polymer Laminated AluminumApplications: Forestry Roads Highways Storm Sewers




Boss 2000 HDPE Pipe 210 or 320 kPa 100 mm – 900 mm diameter Dual wall Manning’s “N”--.012 PH Range—1.25—14 Plain End, Clip Bell or Bell & Gasket

Applications: Storm Sewers Drainage Forestry Roads




Multi Plate 152 mm x 51 mm Corrugation 3 mm – 7 mm thickness Variety of Shapes & Sizes Galvanized or Polymer-coated Modular Lengths, 610 mm

Increments Stackable, Nestable PlatesApplications: Culverts Underpasses Conveyor Tunnels Bridges Caissons Mine Portals

LET IT FLOW - CULVERT DESIGN 101Hearts Content Barrens, NL



Bridge Plate 400 mm x 150 mm Corrugation 4.3 mm – 8 mm Thickness 4 - 18 m Standard Spans Variety of Standard Shapes and

Sizes Custom Applications Modular Lengths, 1200 mm

Increments Galvanized or Polymer-CoatedApplications: Bridges Culverts Pedestrian Tunnels Mine Portals Stockpile Tunnels

LET IT FLOW—CULVERT DESIGN 101



Aluminum Structural Plate 229 mm x 64 mm Corrugation Marine Grade Aluminum Corrosion and Abrasion Resistance Ideal for Salt Water applications

Applications: Small Bridges Culverts Underpasses


Lawrencetown, N.S.


STRUCTURAL PLATE - BENEFITS

• Segmental plate structures economically shipped to remote or international locations via containers.

• Ease of installation w/o large cranes. They are readily available & can be field assembled with unskilled labour.

• Less design & construction time is required, allowing earlier project completion.


• Wide range of loading conditionsa) Deep bury.b) Heavy live loads (haul trucks,

track vehicles).c) Typically have reserve

capacity for overload conditions.

d) Seismic forces.


STRUCTURAL PLATE - BENEFITS

• Eliminates bridge decks & icy deck problems.• No bridge deck deterioration problems.• Eliminates constant maintenance of bridge approaches and painting

of superstructure.• Permits the use of a constant roadway section in the vicinity of the

structure.


• The roadway is easily widened by simply extending the ends.

• Environmentally preferred since they permit the natural appearance of earth slope & vegetation to be utilized.

• Economical



END TREATMENTS


END TREATMENTS - CSP

• Round CSP with Large Armour Stone/ Small Cobble

• Used mainly in Highway and Forestry road crossings

• Driveway Culverts• Projected Ends

LET IT FLOW—CULVERT DESIGN 101



Arched Alzd Type 2 c/w Large Armour Stone

Arch CSP used where low road profiles exist but specific end areas are required

Used mainly in large stream crossings

Projected Ends

Higher flow rate with Arched pipe


TCH, Port Blandford, NL



Wooden plank used to create Headwall

Custom End Treatments can be installed to blend product to make it aesthetically appealing

Used in areas such as Parks and Historic Sites


Catamaran Park, NL


END TREATMENTS - BOSS 2000

Boss 2000 with backfill Pipe is sometimes left longer to

compensate for road slope


Pine Pond Forest Access Road, NL



Cast in Place Concrete Headwall

Allows length of culvert to be shortened

Protects roadway from erosion and pipe undermining


Gander, NL



Pro-Eco-Lite Composite Headwall

Helps funnel water into culvert

Aesthetically appealing in neighborhood areas

Can be equipped with Trash Racks and Safety Grates


Corner Brook, NL


END TREATMENTS - STRUCTURAL PLATE

Tunnel Liner used as Reline

Beveled end c/w Concrete Wing walls

Scour protection


Terra Nova National Park, NL



Armour Stone protection and Concrete Scour Wall

Minimum roadway protection during storm conditions


Deadman’s Bay, NL



Welded Wire Walls

Wall shaped to structure in field

Allows Structure Length to be shorter

Easy installation

Structure and Wall can be backfilled simultaneously


Fleur D’Lys, NL



Concrete Headwall

Good protection in floodwater conditions

Trench-Coat CSP


Sydney Mines, NS



Concrete Headwalls c/w Gabion Basket Wingwalls

Aluminum Box Culvert

Retain lower fill heights and is aesthetically appealing


Old Perlican, NL



Welded Wire Wall c/w Concrete Headwall and Scour protection

Better protection during floodwater conditions


Heart’s Content Barrens, NL



Green Mira Mesh Wall c/w Concrete Collar

Aesthetically Appealing appearance


Suncor, Fort McMurray, AB



Bridge Plate Headwall c/w Bin Wall Wing Walls

Used in higher fill areas

Holding Tank Area

Access Roads were elevated in case of spills


LNG Canada, Saint John, NB


END TREATMENT


Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE)

Fabric-wrapped wall. Geocell wall.


END TREATMENT


Precast Panel Walls

RECO wall. Lock + Load wall.


END TREATMENT

Lock + Load Walls




Aluminum Headwall c/w Aluminum Wing Walls

Marine Grade Aluminum

Used in Salt or corrosive areas

Prefabricate design to suit structure design

Ease of installation


English Harbor, Trinity Bay, NL


CASE STUDIES

Case Studies available on-line for many applications

Contact your local Armtec Representative


Terra Nova National Park, NL


UPCOMING WEBINARSKeep it Flowing! – Culvert Design 201 – Structural Design, Durability & Installation

Friday, December 11th 2015

Presenters: Randy McDonald P.Eng.Frank Klita

For more info please visit www.armtec.com/events

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Roger [email protected]

Let it Flow! Culvert Design 101 – Basic Hydraulics, Culvert Location & End Treatments

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Transcript of Let it Flow! Culvert Design 101 – Basic Hydraulics, Culvert Location & End Treatments