Lesson XVII

Lesson XVII

Future and Perfect of “sum”Translating infinitives

arma, armorum (n.)

arms, weapons

auxilium, auxili (n.)

aid, help

bellum, belli (n.)

war

concordia, concordiae (f.)

harmony

nuntius, nunti (m.)

messenger

causa, causae (f.)

cause, reason, case

dominus, domini (m.)

master

oppidum, oppidi (n.)

town

populus, populi (m.)

people

aequus, aequa, aequum

even, just, calm

latus, lata, latum

wide

publicus, publica, publicum

public

verus, vera, verum

true, real, not false

debeo, debere, debui, debitus

ought, owe

maturo, maturare, maturavi, maturatus

hasten

quis

who?

quid

what??

ubi

where? when?

?

-ne

(used to introduce yes-or-no questions)

?

nonne

(used to introduce questions expecting a “yes” answer)

?

“SUM”

• “Sum” is the “to be” verb.• Like other languages, including English, “sum”

is an irregular verb in Latin.• SUM, ESSE, FUI, FUTURUS: to be

Future Tense of “Sum”: EROtext p. 127 (1st chart)

Singular Plural

ero I will be erimus we will beeris you will be eritis y’all will beerit he/she/ it will be erunt they will be

These are stand-alone words, not

endings.

“ERO” in action!

• Nauta ero.• Erit servus.• Eris agricola bonus.

• Erunt laeti (happy).• Numerus erit parvus.

• Victoria erit grata.

• I will be a sailor.• He will be a slave.• You will be a good

farmer.• They will be happy.• The number will be

small.• Victory will be pleasing.

Perfect Tense of “Sum”: FUItext p. 127 (2nd chart)

Singular Plural

fui I have been,was fuimus we have been, were

fuisti you have been, were fuistis y’all have been, were

fuit he/she/ it has been, was fuerunt they have been, were

sum, esse, fui, futurus: to beDrop the “i” and add the perfect endings like

we learned for other verbs.

“FUI” in action!

• Nauta fui.

• Fuit servus.

• etc.

• I have been (was) a sailor.

• He has been (was) a slave.

Things to Take Away With You…

• The verb “to be” has future and perfect tenses.

• Future tense: “ero” (already learned in class)• Perfect tense: “fui” (uses perfect tense

endings already learned in class) • Learn both charts!

Infinitivesp. 128 text

• An infinitive is a verb with the word “to” in front of it

• to carry, to tell, to love, to hurry…• Remember: “TO infinity (-ive)…”

Using Infinitives

• In Latin, infinitives are the 2nd principal part of the verb.

• Infinitives end in –re.• amo, amare: to love• porto, portare: to carry• doceo, docere: to teach

Using Infinitives

• Infinitives can be used as subjects.• Docere est gratum. To teach is pleasing.• Habere amicos est bonum. To have friends is

good. (It’s good to have friends.)

Using Infinitives

• Infinitives can be used as objects.• Puella pupas portare amat. The girl likes to

carry dolls.• Cibum parare debet. He ought to prepare

food.

Things to Take Away With You…

• Infinitives are translated “to (verb)”• Infinitives are the 2nd part of a Latin verb.• Latin infinitives are recognized by their –re

ending.