Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree BTLEW Part Four ENTER.

Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree

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Part Part FourFour

ENTER


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I. Word Study

II. Phrases and Expressions

III. Word Building

IV. Grammar—Transitional Expressions

Language Language StudyStudy


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I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:

1. assumption

2. contemplate

3. contend

4. crude

5. eliminate

11. resolve

12. restricted

13. self-evident

14. subtlety

15. validity

6. elusive

7. emerge

8. immerse

9. presumably

10. quest


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study1. assumption

Examples:

When historians and anthropologists first began to investigate the issue of pre-patriarchal cultures they made two assumptions.

While the criticisms vary, the underlying assumption is that overall economic growth has been speeding up.

a. assumable

v. assume

Word formationsn. something that you think is true although you have no definite proof


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study2. contemplate

v. a. to have in view as a purpose, intention

Examples:

Have you ever contemplated committing

suicide?

Secondly, we shall need to contemplate the

various options available for disposing of the

company’s properties.

consider

think about/of

toy with the idea of

Word formations


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Examples:

She stood contemplating her figure in the

mirror.

He contemplated her with a faint smile.

b. to look at (with the eyes, or in the mind)

I.I. Word StudyWord Study

a. contemplative

n. contemplation

Word formations


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study3. contend

v. a. to struggle, to be in rivalry b. to argue, to assert

Examples:

I know the charms of my rival are too powerful

for me to contend with.

Three armed groups are contending for power.

Some astronomers contend that the universe

may be younger than previously thought.


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Classify the following

words into 3 groups

according to a, b and c.

crude schemes crude ore

a crude shelter crude remarks

crude manners crude ideas

crude oil/sugar

a

a

c

c

a

b

b

a.

4. crude

a. not finished properly; badly worked out b. (of materials) in a natural state, not

refined or manufacturedc. not having grace, taste or refinement


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v. a. to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted

b. to defeat a team or person in a competition, so that they no longer take part in it

c. to kill someone in order to prevent them from causing trouble

5. eliminate Synonyms

get rid of

abolish

scrap

do away with

eradicate

root outExamples:

The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.Our team was eliminated in the first round.The dictator eliminated anyone who might be a threat to him.


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Examples:

She managed to get an interview with that

elusive man.

She enjoys a firm reputation in this country but

wider international success has been elusive.

For me, the poem has an elusive quality.

6. elusive

ad. elusively

n. elusiveness

v. elude

Word formationsa. a. (of a person) difficult to find or see b. (of result) difficult to achieve c. (of idea or quality) difficult to describe or

understand


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Word formations


v. a. to appear or come out from somewhere b. (of facts, ideas) to appear;to become known c. to come out of a difficult experience

7. emerge

n. emergencea. emergent

Examples:The moon emerged from behind the clouds.New evidence has emerged to contradict earlier claims. Local government has recently emerged as a major issue.She emerged from the divorce a stronger person.


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study8. immerse

v. a. to put sth. under the surface of a liquid b. to involve oneself deeply (in sth.)

Examples:

He immersed the knife in boiling water.

Immerse the cloth in the dye for 20 minutes.

I walked into the study and found Mr. Johnson

immersed in his writing, as usual.

When Alfred inherited his father’s estate, he

immersed himself in pleasure.

Synonyms

be engrossed in

be wrapped up in

be absorbed in

preoccupied


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study9. presumably

adv. used to say that you think something is probably true a. presumable

n. presumption

v. presumeExamples:Presumably there’s a good reason for her absence, as she doesn’t usually stay away from work.Few women, presumably, would want to return to the assumptions on which the old system was based.

Word formations


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study10. questn. a long search for something that is difficult to

find

Examples:

At their roots, both quests originated out of

human inquisitiveness.

World leaders are now united in their quest

for peace.

Foreign powers had long penetrated the area

in quest of wealth or influence, or to counter

the lusts of their adversaries.


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study11. resolve

v. a. to solve or settle a problem or difficulty b. to make a definite decision to do sth.

Examples:

Congressmen called for a third meeting to

resolve the conflict.

I resolved to keep quiet about what I had

heard, since it would only cause trouble.

She resolved that if he couldn’t find the

necessary courage, she would.

n. resolve

Word formations


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study12. restricted

a. a. small or limited in size, area, or amount

Examples:

It’s difficult trying to work in such a restricted

space.

The sale of alcohol is restricted to people over

the age of 18.

There is restricted access to this information

(=only certain people can have it).

v. restrict

n. restriction

a. restrictive

Word formationsb. limited or controlled, especially by laws or

rules


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study13. self-evident

Examples:The facts in this case are self-evident and cannot be denied.Even the principle of democracy, which seems self-evident in the West is challenged elsewhere.It is self-evident that childhood experiences influence our adult behaviour.

a. clearly true and needing no more proof unmistakable

obvious

speak for itself

you can’t miss it

Synonyms


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study14. subtlety

n. a. the quality that sth. has when it has been done in a clever or skilful way, with careful attention to small details

b. a thought, an idea, or a detail that is important but difficult to notice or understand

Examples:

She argued her case with considerable subtlety.

Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in translation.

To appreciate all of this beauty relies upon your noticing its subtleties.

Word formations

a. subtle

ad. subtly


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Examples:

I would question the validity of that statement.

Lawyers are questioning the validity of the city’s new telecom contract.

You don’t know enough about the subject to question the validity of my statements.

15. validityWord formations

a. valid

an. invalid

v. validate

n. state or condition of being valid

The end of Word Study.


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List:

1. at (the) best

2. be relevant to

3. be destined to

4. cannot help but do

5. concern oneself with

6. from a… perspective

7. in the event of

8. read of

9. piece together

10. stem from

11. take… into account

12. to sb.’s disadvantage

13. by way of

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions


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taking the most hopeful view

Examples:

Your mother, as the physician has informed you, is in a most critical condition; at (the) best she cannot be with us longer than a few weeks.

The city was at (the) best an ordinary sort of place.

His answers were at best evasive, at worst very misleading.

1. at (the) best

cf.at its/his… best


持最乐观的看法；充其量

To be continued on the next page


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at its/his/their… best

in the best condition

The garden is at its best in April.

He was at his best yesterday evening and kept us all amused.

Every year, when the peach blossoms are at their best, a festival is held at the Beijing Botanical Garden.

处于最佳状态；处于巅峰状态；在全盛期中


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be relating to, be connected with

Examples:

What experience do you have that is relevant to this position?Kids have to understand how school is relevant to their lives.These issues are directly relevant to the needs of slow learners.

2. be relevant to



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Examples:

We were destined never to meet again.

She was not destined to be a great painter but she had the confidence and luck to be a successful one.

At first their predictions seemed destined to come true.

3. be destined to


Similar expressions

be assured of

can’t go wrong

it’s in the bag

it’s a safe bet

it’s a sure thing

seeming certain to happen at some time in the future


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4. cannot help but do

Examples:

Lee could not help but agree with her.

I couldn’t help but notice the bruise she had under her eye.

Similar expression

can’t help doing

cannot but do

used to say that someone is unable to change their behaviour or feelings, or to prevent themselves from doing something


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to become involved in sth. because you are interested in it or because it worries you

5. concern oneself with


Examples:He loved his wife, and concerned himself with her needs and desires.For several weeks I did not concern myself with any thought of the future.Our country’s leaders must concern themselves with environmental protection.


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looking at sth. from a certain angle

Examples:The novel is written from a child’s perspective.We have to look at everything from an international perspective.If you look at things from a feminist perspective they are, in fact, not equal.from a feminist/Christian/global perspective

6. from a… perspective



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Examples:

It offers vital financial cover in the event of you being permanently disabled in an accident.

The countries involved have pledged to offer mutual assistance in the event of a spill.

7. in the event of Ways of saying “if”


should

had

in case

in case of

in the event of

used to tell people what they should do if something happens


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Example:

I was shocked when I read of his death.

8. read of


“read” phrases

读到，阅悉

to find out information from books, newspapers etc

To be continued on the next page.


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cf.

read as

read off

read out

read sb. a lesson/lecture

read through/over

read up

read sb.’s mind/thoughts

read between the lines

cf.

把 ······ 错误地当作

宣读，很快地读出；读完

宣布开除；朗诵；宣读

训斥某人

从头到尾细读一遍

攻读；熟读

看出某人的心思

体会字里行间的言外之意


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Examples:

Police are trying to piece together his movements before the murder.

Her early life has been pieced together from several different sources.

9. piece together


to use all the information you have about a situation in order to discover the truth about it


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to develop as a result of something else

10. stem from

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions Similar expressions

arise from

result from

be/as a result of

be the product of

come (out) of

consequent

Examples:

His headaches stemmed from vision problems.

It also tries to say that women’s problems stem from either their sexuality or the family.

Much of the friction stemmed from a debate about which technology to use.


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Examples:

These figures do not take into account the changes in the rate of inflation.

A valuation of a smaller company must take account of its potential as a takeover target.

11. take… into account/take account of sth.


“account” phrases

take… into consideration



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cf.

open an account

settle one’s account

give an account of

account for

on one’s account

on this/that account

on no account

take no account of

cf.

开户头

结清欠帐，（喻）报复

描述，叙述

解释；说明；占百分比

为一己的目的和利益

为了这个 / 那个缘故

决不；切莫

对某事物不予考虑


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Example:

Her height will be very much to her disadvantage if she wants to be a dancer.

12. to sb.’s disadvantage


“disadvantage” phrases

giving someone a disadvantage



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be at a disadvantagebe taken at a disadvantageto the disadvantage ofput/keep… at a disadvantageto sb.’s disadvantage

处于不利地位被人乘隙攻击，攻其不备对不利使某人处于不利地位

对某人不利，使某人吃亏

……


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a. through, by route of, viab. as a means of; as a type of; serving as

13. by way of


Examples:

You can get this information by way of the Internet.

He sent her some flowers by way of an apology.

They decided to give a party by way of welcome to the distinguished guests.

The end of Phrases an Expressions.


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III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingList:

1. Prefix—pro-

2. Suffix—-proof

3. Suffix—-able/-ible


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III.III. Word BuildingWord Building

pro-Britishpro-British

prefix

pro-: supporting or approving of sth.

pro-British

pro-America

pro-Chinese

pro-abortion

pro-western

pro-independence

pro-revolutionary

亲英（派）亲美（派）亲华（派）赞成 / 支持堕胎支持西方的赞成独立支持革命的人


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-proof: protecting againstfoolprooffoolproofsuffix


foolproof

waterproof

bulletproof

burglarproof

soundproof

childproof container

tamperproof

flameproof

idiot-proof

不会有差错或误解的防水的防弹的防盗的隔音的防孩子摔坏的容器（机械装置等）可防止乱摆弄的耐火性简单易懂的，容易操作的，可靠的


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a. a. (n.+able) showing the qualities of b. (v.+able) that can be, fit to be

Examples:

fashionable (= showing the qualities of fashion)

eatable (= that can be eaten, fit to be eaten)

Suffix— -able/-ibleMore examples




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regret respect response sense conduct enjoy read imagine think resist corrupt

Suffix— -able/-ible

III.III. Word buildingWord building

Give corresponding adjective form of each

word.

regrettable respectable responsible sensible conductible enjoyable readable imaginable thinkable resistible corruptible

The end of Word Building.


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IV.IV.Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions

Function:Transitional words and phrases show the relationship of one sentence or clause to another and tie together ideas before the reader has a chance to forget them, thus to achieve coherence in writing.


Therefore they often become confused upon discovering that historians often disagree sharply even when they are dealing with the same event. (Para. 1)

E

transitional word: to show result


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1. Words That Signal Addition


Here is a list of commonly used transitional expressions.

and moreover again

next also one… another

besides last finally

furthermore in addition


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2. Words That Signal Time


at first, second, etc

former…latter

soon

afterward before at length

after immediately finally

meanwhile then in the meantime

later until next


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3. Words That Signal Comparison/Contrast


however instead but

on the one hand

yet on the other hand

still in contrast nonetheless

although nevertheless on the contrary


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IV.IV.Grammar-Transitional Grammar-Transitional ExpressionsExpressions

4. Words That Signal Example


for example to illustrate

for instance the following example


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5. Words That Signal Conclusions or Summaries

To be continued on the next page.E

in summary consequently

in conclusion in other words

to conclude thus

therefore as a result


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IV.IV. Grammar—Transitional Grammar—Transitional ExpressionsExpressions

6. Words That Signal Concession


although it is true that

although you could say that

granted of course

naturally


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Now pick out the transitional words or phrases in the following sentences and point out how they each make sentence transition clear. (to add, to contrast, to exemplify, to intensify, to show result, to repeat, to summarize or to conclude, etc.)

1. And presumably, historians who are wrong will have their “facts” wrong. This is seldom the case, however. (Para. 2)

(And: to add; however: to contrast)

2. Rather, they select only those records they deem most significant. (Para. 6)

(Rather: to introduce a fact that is different from what has been mentioned)


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3. At the same time, they would most likely not use evidence that President Woodrow Wilson was dissatisfied with a new hat he bought during the first months of 1917. (Para. 7)

(At the same time: to indicate time)4. In other words, we have to go beyond the

proximate cause and probe further and further. (Para. 11)

(In other words: to explain)5. In the end, you might argue that the ultimate

cause of your being late was the fact that you were born, but obviously this goes too far back to be meaningful. (Para. 11)

(In the end: to conclude; but: to contrast)


The end of Grammar—Transitional Expressions.


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