BTLEW Lesson 14 – Mercy at Appomattox Part Four ENTER.

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Lesson 14 – Mercy at Appomattox

Part FourPart Four

ENTER

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I. Word Study

II. Phrases and Expressions

III.Word Building

IV. Grammar

Language Language StudyStudy


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I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:

1. append

2. aristocratic

3. beckon

4. bind

5. conciliate

6. doubt

13. hound

14. momentous15. outnumber

16. resolve

17. spare

18. successive

7. designate

8. disperse 9. dissolve

10. dwindle

11. enlist

12. havoc


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I.I. Word StudyWord Study

1. append

v. to add or join (esp. something written or printed) to a piece of paper


addattach affix join

Synonyms

detachAntonymExamples:

They appended their signatures to the statement. appendix n. 附录；阑尾

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2. aristocratic

a. belonging to or typical of the highest social class, who traditionally have a lot of land, money and power

Examples:

an aristocratic family

her aristocratic manners

aristocracy n. 贵族，上层社会，知识界杰出分子

aristocrat n. 贵族


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3. beckon


v. to call, order, or signal with a movement of the head, hand, etc.

gestureinvitemotion signal

Synonyms

Examples:

I could see her beckoning (to) me from the

other side of the room.

I’d like to stay—but work beckons, you

know.

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study 4. bind

v. to form a strong emotional or economic connection between two people, two countries, etc.

Examples:Commerce binds the two countries together.The welfare of the individual is bound up with the welfare of the community.binding a. 有约束力的The statement is unofficial and not binding on either country.


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v. to win the support or friendly feelings of (someone), removing the anger or distrust they felt before

5. conciliate


alleviatemoderatesoothe

Synonyms

alienate

estrange

Antonyms

Examples:The explorers tried to conciliate the natives with presents.The government ignored the union’s attempts at conciliation (n. 安抚；调和 ).conciliatory a. 安抚的，和好的a conciliatory gesture/ attitude

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6. doubt

v. a. to be uncertain about; not trust or have confidence in

b. to consider unlikely

Examples:

I doubt his honesty.

I doubt that she will get the job.

I doubt if/whether we will make a profit out of it.


Usage

To be continued on the next page.

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In negative statements doubt is followed by

that:

• I don’t doubt that he’s telling the truth.

In other statements doubt is often followed

by if or that, though some people feel

whether is the only correct form here:

• I doubt whether he’s telling the truth.


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v. a. to choose or name for a particular job or

purpose

b. to point out of call by a special name

7. designate


appointindicatenominatespecify

Synonyms

Examples:The Town Hall has been designated (as) an emergency feeding center in the event of an enemy attack.These crosses on the drawing designate all the possible entrances to the castle.

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study8. disperse

v. a. to scatter or spread in different directions, so as to be no longer present

b. to place at different points

Examples:

Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.

Groups of police were dispersed all along

the street where the Queen was to pass.


distributescatter spread

Synonyms

collect

gather

Antonyms

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She dissolved in tears.

Dissolve the tablets in warm water.

The vision dissolved before her eyes.

The military government dissolved the country’s parliament.


9. dissolvev. a. to make or become liquid by putting

into liquidb. to (cause to) end or break upc. to lose one’s self-controld. to disappear

c

d

b

a


Decide themeaning of “dissolve” according to a, b, c and d.

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study10. dwindle

v. to become steadily fewer or smaller

Examples:

The number of people who live on the island

is rapidly dwindling.

Membership has dwindled to only 25.


declinedecreasediminishlessenshrink

Synonyms

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11. enlist

v. a. to (cause to) join the armed forces b. to join a course of study


enroll join

Synonyms

Examples:

He enlisted when he was 18.

enlisted man 士兵

I’ve enlisted in the Women’s Studies course.

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12. havoc


n. widespread damage or serious disorder

Examples:

The earthquake wreaked havoc on the city.

damage destruction devastation ruin wreck

Synonyms

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13. hound


v. to keep following someone and asking them questions in an annoying and threatening way

Examples:

I must finish the work so my boss will stop

hounding me.

He was hounded out of public life by the

persistent attacks of the popular

newspapers.

chase drive hunt press pursue urge

Synonyms

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14. momentous

a. of very great importance or seriousness, esp. because of possible future effects

Examples:

a momentous decision

a momentous occasion

a momentous event


eventful important serious

Synonyms

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v. to be more in numbers than

Examples:

We were completely outnumbered by the enemy.We outnumbered them (by) four to one.

15. outnumber


exceed surpass

Synonyms

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16. resolve

v. a. to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a difficulty

b. to decide firmly


The dispute among them should be

resolved by consultation.

She resolved to study harder.

a

b

Decide the meaning of “resolve” according to the sentences.

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I.I. Word StudyWord Study17. spare

v. a. to treat mercifullyb. to give someone something you

are not using or can do without

c. to avoid doing something difficult, boring, unpleasant etc. for somebodyExamples:

Take my money but spare my life!Can you spare me ten minutes?Use the telephone and spare yourself a visit.

a. 备用的；额外的；空闲的a spare bedroom/pen/tyrespare time/moment


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18. successive

a. following each other closely

Examples:It happened on two successive days.There had been successive waves of invaders.

succession n. 连续；演替The days followed each other in close succession and still no news came.A succession of visitors came to the door.


succeeding following in a row

Synonyms

The end of Word Study.

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List:

1. as a token of

2. in close pursuit

3. dig in

4. drop out

5. exult in

6. inflict on

7. nothing but

8. set in motion

9. touch off

10. tuck in

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions


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something that represents a feeling, fact, event, etc.

Examples:

All the family wore black as a token of their grief.

This old watch was given to me by a French friend of mine as a token of friendship.

1. as a token of



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following close behind

Examples:

The police car raced through the streets in close pursuit of another car.

The pop starts ran from the theater to their car, with dozens of fans in close/hot pursuit.

2. in close pursuit



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3. dig in

a. to dig a hole to protect a soldier in warb. to mix (something) into the soil by

diggingc. to establish (oneself) in a position

Examples: The soldiers were ordered to dig

(themselves) in. We’re digging some fertilizer in the soil. I like my new job but I haven’t had time to

dig myself in yet.


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to stop attending or taking part in

Examples:

He dropped out of college after only two weeks.

Three of the runners dropped out.

4. drop out (of)



“drop” phrases


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Cf.

The guests dropped away one by one.

The soldiers dropped back before the enemy’s attack.

Some friends dropped in to tea.

Sales have dropped off.


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to show that you are very happy and proud, esp. because you have succeeded in doing something

Examples:

The soldiers exulted in/at their victory.

The headmaster exulted in the school team’s victory.

5. exult in



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to make someone suffer something unpleasant

Examples:

We inflicted a fatal blow on the enemy.

Mary has inflicted the children on her

mother for the weekend.

6. inflict on



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(fml.) only

Examples:

Nothing but a miracle can save him.It is nothing but a joke.

7. nothing but



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to start a process

Examples:

The worker set the engine in motion. The machine has been set in motion. At that time it required great courage to set in

motion such a reform.

8. set in motion



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to start a difficult situation or violent event

Examples:

Some slight incident may touch off a

major war.

His remarks touched off a heated

controversy.

9. touch off



“touch” phrases


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Cf.

The plane touched down at 15:25.

(to land)

In her speech she touched on the need for further economies.

(to talk about shortly)

The car’s paintwork needs touching up.

(to improve by making small changes or additions)


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to put the edge of a piece of clothing, paper etc. inside something so that it looks tidier or stays in place

Examples:

He tucked his shirt in.

Tuck your shirt into your trousers.

10. tuck in


The end of Phrases and Expressions.


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III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingList:

1. Prefix—out

2. Root—scribe/script

3. Suffix—ion

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out: out, beyond

outdooutgrowoutlawoutlayoutlineoutlive outpaceoutrivaloutrunoutshineoutwearoutwit

凌驾，胜过生长速度超过被放逐者，罪犯，恶徒开销，支出轮廓；概要生存得比 ······ 更长追过，胜过胜过跑得较快；追过比 ······ 更亮比 ······ 耐用以机智胜过

outnumber; outraceoutnumber; outrace

prefix

III.III. Word BuildingWord Building


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scribble scribble

root

scribe, script : to write

scribe

scrip

script

scripture

ascribe

conscribe

description

inscription

prescription

subscription

抄写者，作家临时股票，代用纸币手迹，脚本经文，经典归因于征兵描写题名规定，处方署名，捐款，订阅


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n. the act, state, or result of

Examples:

reconciliation (=the result of reconciliating)

presentation (=the act of presenting something)

Suffix— -ion

More examples




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dissolve

designate

exhaust

inflict

exult

resolve

disperse

rebel

humiliate

provide

Suffix— -ion

III.III. Word buildingWord building

Give corresponding nouns of the following verbs.

dissolution designation exhaustion infliction exultation resolution dispersion rebellion humiliation provision

The end of Word Building.


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IV.IV. GrammarGrammarAbsolute Construction Absolute Construction

Definition: Absolute constructions consist of a noun and some kind of modifier, the most common being a participle. Because they often come at the beginning of a sentence, they are easily confused with dangling participles. But an absolute construction modifies the rest of the sentence, not the subject of the sentence (as a participial phrase does). You can use absolute constructions to compress two sentences into one and to vary sentence structure as a means of holding a reader’s interest.



Examples

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No other business arising, the meeting was adjourned. The paint now dry, we brought the furniture out on the deck. The truck finally loaded, they said goodbye to their neighbors and drove off. The horse loped across the yard, her foal trailing behind her.

IV.IV. GrammarGrammar



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The formation of these constructions The formation of these constructions falls into five categories.falls into five categories.

Noun/pronoun +

Absolute Construction Absolute Construction




present participle (phrase)

past participle (phrase)

adjective (phrase)

adverb (phrase)

prepositional phrase

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Constructions like these are used more often in writing than in speaking, where it is more common to use a full clause:

When the paint was dry, we brought the furniture out on the deck.

There are, however, many fixed absolute constructions that occur frequently in speech:

The picnic is scheduled for Saturday, weather permitting.

Barring bad weather, we plan to go to the beach tomorrow.

All things considered, it’s not a bad idea.





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On April 2nd, his railroad lifeline cut by the

North, Lee retreated. (4)

noun +

past participle phrase





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… he gave word for his successive brigades to

pass us with the same position…, honor

answering honor. (14)

noun +

present participle phrase





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… one, symbolizing nobility and the

aristocratic tradition of the old South, and the

other symbolizing the self-made common man

of the new North, Midwest and West. (19)




noun +

present participle phrase

The end of Grammar.

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BTLEW Lesson 14 – Mercy at Appomattox Part Four ENTER.

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