Lecture+5+Student+Version+ +Summer+2012
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Transcript of Lecture+5+Student+Version+ +Summer+2012
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 5.2a The Internal Organization in Representative Bones
epiphysis
diaphysis
metaphysis
medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow (fat)(hollow in shaft)
spongy (cancellous) bone – filled with red bone marrow (hemopoietic)
compact bone
hyaline cartilage (articular)
periosteum
Epiphyseal growth plate
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.19 Anatomy and Histological Organization of Bone (Part 1 of 2)
spongy bone
compact bone
veinartery
in central canal
concentric lamellae
trabeculae
osteon
perforating canal
central canal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.19 Anatomy and Histological Organization of Bone (Part 2 of 2)
periosteum
canaliculi
osteocytesIn lacunae
matrix
centralcanal
osteon
interlamellarbone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.20 MembranesMucous secretion
Epithelium
Lamina propria(areolar tissue)
Transudate
Mesothelium
Areolar tissue
Epithelium
Areolar tissue
Dense irregularconnective tissue
Articular (hyaline) tissue
Synovial fluid
Capsule
Capillary
Adipocytes
Areolar tissue
Epithelium
Bone
Synovialmembrane
Synovial membranesline joint cavities andproduce the fluid withinthe joint.
The cutaneousmembrane, the skin,covers the outersurface of the body.
Serous membranes linethe ventral bodycavities (the peritoneal,pleural, and pericardialcavities).
Mucous membranesare coated with the secretions of mucousglands. Mucousmembranes line mostof the digestive andrespiratory tracts andportions of the urinaryand reproductive tracts.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.1 Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Epimysium
Muscle fascicle
Endomysium
Perimysium
Nerve
Muscle fibers
Blood vessels
SKELETAL MUSCLE(organ)
MUSCLE FASCICLE(bundle of cells)
Perimysium
Muscle fiber
Endomysium
Epimysium
Blood vesselsand nerves
Endomysium
Perimysium
Tendon
MUSCLE FIBER(cell)
Mitochondria
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
AxonSarcoplasm
Capillary
Endomysium
Myosatellitecell
Nucleus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.22a Histology of Muscle Tissue
Nuclei
muscle fiber
striations
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.22b Histology of Muscle Tissue
nuclei
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
cardiacmuscle
cells
intercalateddisc
striations
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.22c Histology of Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
nucleus
smooth muscle
cell
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.23a Histology of Neural Tissue
Brain
Spinal cord
Cell body
Axon
Nucleus ofneuronNucleolus
Dendrites
Diagrammatic view of a representative neuron
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.1a The Axial SkeletonSKELETAL SYSTEM
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
(see Figure 7.1)
AXIAL SKELETON 80
Skull andassociated
bones
Thoraciccage
Vertebralcolumn
Skull
Associatedbones
Auditoryossicles
Cranium
Face
Hyoid
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
29
25
26
14
24
24
8
6
1
1
1
1
Anterior view of the skeletonhighlighting components of theaxial skeleton; the flowchartindicates relationships amongthe axial components.
126
206
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skull
Ribs
Lumbarvertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the bones of the axial skeleton
Thoracicvertebrae
Cervicalvertebrae
Skull
Ribs
Lumbarvertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sternum
Ribs
Figure 6.1b The Axial Skeleton
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2)
Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull
Parietal bone(2)
Frontal bone(1)
Temporalbone
(2)
Occipital bone
(1)
CRANIAL BONES
Sphenoid bone (1)
Ethmoid bone (1)
E
E
EEE
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull (Part 1 of 2)
Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull
FACIAL BONES
Nasal bone (2)
Lacrimal bone (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible (1)Zygomatic bone (2)
Zygomatic bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.16b The Nasal Complex, Part I
Nasal bone
Ethmoid
Frontal sinuses
Frontal bone
Maxilla(hard palate)
Sphenoid
Superior
MiddleInferior Nasal
conchae
Palatine bones (2)
Palatine bones
Vomer
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18.10b Bones of the Middle Ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Auricle(external
ear)
Middle ear Inner ear
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.18a The Hyoid Bone
Mandible
Hyoid BoneThyrohyoid ligament
Thyroid Cartilage
Temporal bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.20a The Vertebral Column
Sacral
Lumbar – 5 vertebrae
Thoracic
CervicalCervical – 7 vertebrae
Sacral – 5 fused vertebrae
Lumbar
Thoracic – 12 vertebrae
Coccygeal – coccyx 3-5 fused vertebrae(Tailbone)
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5C6
C7T1
T2T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.21a Vertebral Anatomy
Articular processes
Vertebral body
Vertebral body
Vertebral body
Spinous process
Inferior articular process
Transverse process
Superior articular process
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Inferior articular facet
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.21de Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facet
Spinous process
Inferior articular process
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.21de Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facet
Intervertebral foramen
Spinous process
Inferior articular process
Facet joint
Spinal nerves pass through vertebral canal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8b Intervertebral Articulations
Interertebral foramen
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve
End plate
Nucleus pulposis
Anulus fibrosis
Intervertebraldisc
Anulus fibrosis
Nucleus pulposis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.27a The Thoracic Cage
Anterior view of the rib cage and sternum
T11
T12
T1
11
12
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoidprocess
Costal cartilages
Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)
True ribs(ribs 1–7)
False ribs(ribs 8–12)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.27b The Thoracic Cage
Posterior view of the rib cage
True ribs(ribs 1–7)
False ribs(ribs 8–12) T12
T11
T10
T9
T8
T7
T6
T5
T4
T3
T2
T1
C7
1 12 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12L1
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.1 The Appendicular SkeletonSKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON
(see Figure 6.1)
Clavicle 2
2
4
Scapula
Pectoralgirdles
Upperlimbs
Pelvicgirdle
Lowerlimbs
60
60
2
2
2
2
16
10
28
2
2
2
2
2
28
10
14
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpalbones
Metacarpalbones
Phalanges
Hip bones
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsalbones
Phalanges
Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components.The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that typeor category in the adult skeleton.
Posterior view of the skeleton
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Hipbone
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Scapula
Clavicle
206
12680
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Bones of the right pectoralgirdle, superior view
Sternoclavicularjoint
Manubriumof sternum
Clavicle
Scapula
Acromio-clavicular
joint
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4b Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Alterations in the positionof the right shoulder thatoccur during protraction(movement anteriorly) andretraction (movementposteriorly)
Protraction
Retraction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4c Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during elevation (superior movement) and depression(inferior movement). In each instance, note that the clavicle is responsible for limiting the range of motion (see Figure 8.5d,f).
Depression
Elevation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.2a The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Right upper limb, anterior view
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpalbones
Metacarpalbones (I to V)
Phalanges
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist
Scaphoid
Radius
Capitate
Trapezium
TrapezoidHamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
LunateRadius
Ulna
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
III III IV
V III III IV
V
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Ulna
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (Part 1 of 2)
Anterior view
SacrumIlium
Ischium PubisCoccyx
Sacrum
Arcuate line
Pectineal line
AcetabulumCoccyx
Pubic tubercleObturator foramen
Pubic crestPubic
symphysis
Iliacfossa
Iliac crest
Sacro-iliac joint
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Hipbone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.9a The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Right lower limb, lateral view
Hip bone(coxal bones)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges