Lecture+14+ +Individual+Differences

8/22/2019 Lecture+14+ +Individual+Differences

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REMINDER:

PLEASETURNOFFYOURPHONES


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PSYCHOLOGYOFEMOTION:

INDIVIDUAL

DIFFERENCES

Wesley G. Moons, Ph.D.

University of California, Davis

Department of Psychology


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INDIVIDUALDIFFERENCES

!Variations in individuals! Can be directly related to outcomes! Can moderate effects

!All kinds of variations:! Personality/Disposition/Traits

! Self-esteem! Extroversion

! Biological differences! Genetics! Disease progression

! Temporary life circumstances! Divorce! Unemployment

! Demographics!Age! Cultural background

change the relationship between cause and effect

some of this is about history, context, personality, ETC.

all of this affects how you engage in different situations!

Twin studies show that DNA does matter in how you see life

Genetics contribute to affective experience!

Talk therapy vs. medication? this is all about what will work better

for the individual

Experiences that change your outlook on life. Things that throw

you on balance, but still changes how you view the worldDemograph

ics

life or death situation approach.


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EMOTIONALINDIVIDUALDIFFERENCES

! Direct measurement of emotional dispositions! PANAS

! Phrased in dispositional way! How often do you usually feel each of these emotions.

! Enthusiastic! Interested! Determined! Excited! Inspired! Alert! Active! Strong! Proud! Attentive

! Scared! Afraid! Upset! Distressed! Jittery! Nervous! Ashamed! Guilty! Irritable! Hostile

1 2 3 4 5Not at all Very much


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! Trait anger! Persistent feelings of anger! Often conflated with hostility


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ANGER& HOSTILITYSCALE

How I Generally Feel:

1. I am quick tempered.

2. I have a fiery temper.

3. I am a hotheaded person.

4. I get angry when Im slowed down by others mistakes.

5. I feel annoyed when I am not given recognition for doing good work

6. I fly off the handle.

7. When I get mad, I say nasty things.8. It makes me furious when I am criticized in front of others.

9. When I get frustrated, I feel like hitting someone.

10. I feel infuriated when I do a good job and get a poor evaluation.


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LERNER& KELTNERANGERSCALE

Indicate the extent to which each statement describes

you by selecting a number from 1 (never) to 6 (always):

1. I am mad at someone or something.

2. I am frustrated by other people.

3. I get mad easily.

4. Other drivers on the road infuriate me.

5. I'd like to tell people how much they frustrate me.

this is more of a hostility item.....


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! Trait anxiety! Persistent anxiety! Measurement of levels in subclinical populations


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SPIELBERGERTRAITANXIETYSCALE

1. I feel pleasant.

2. I feel nervous and restless.

3. I feel satisfied with myself.

4. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be.

5. I feel like a failure.

6. I feel rested.

7. I am calm, cool, and collected.

8. I feel that difficulties are piling up so that I cannot overcome them.

9. I worry too much over something that doesnt really matter.10. I am happy.


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! Trait anxiety! Persistent anxiety! Measurement of levels in subclinical populations

! Trait Pride! Two facets of pride:

!Authentic pride: Based on effort and achievement! Hubristic pride: Based on entitlement and belief in inherent superiority


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AUTHENTICANDHUBRISTICPRIDESCALES

1. I generally feel accomplished.2. I generally feel like I am achieving.3. I generally feel confident.4. I generally feel fulfilled.5. I generally feel productive.6. I generally feel like I have self-worth.7. I generally feel successful.8. I generally feel arrogant.9. I generally feel conceited10. I generally feel egotistical11. I generally feel pompous.12. I generally feel smug13. I generally feel snobbish.14. I generally feel stuck-up.


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TEMPERAMENT

! Definition:! We think of temperament as a set of

hypothetical constructs describing individual

differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

! ~Rothbart & Bates, 2006

! Captures predisposition to respond/react toevents in a certain way.

! He often loses his temper.

! Flip side: It reflects ability or inability toregulate emotional responses

! He never seems to lose his temper.


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SOURCESOFTEMPERAMENT

! Genetic! Negative or positive affect dispositions

! Twin studies show some genetic contributionto persistent positive or negative affect

! Shyness! Differential physiological response to social

interaction

! Persistent tendency to respond withemotional distress

! Extent of experienced distress! Serotonin transporter gene

! Sensation-seeking! Dopamine transporter gene

Short allele: BAD! stressed, etc.

Long allele: GOOD!

Serotonin: happiness

Dopamine: reward seeking


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! Neural! Baseline prefrontal cortex activation asymmetry

!Very early differences in default asymmetry! Persistent tendency to feel approach or avoidance

emotions

! Social anxiety! Described as extreme physiological symptoms

! Heart rate, rushing blood, sweating, feeling warm! No actual difference in physiological response! Cognitive/neural interoception differences

! Structural and functional variation in amygdala! Stress-induced changes early in life

! Institutionalized children can show reduced amygdalasize

!Amygdala size associated with later socialrelationship quality

Right: approach

Left: avoid

Assym: it's good!

It is not the physiology, but it is how

the information is interpreted! You

get a signal, it is hard!!!


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! Behavioral! Life situations and upbringing

! Developmental contributions! Parents emotion explanations enhance child empathy! Modeling of parent behavior/emotion

! Grief-induced depressions! Life events can trigger changes in temperament

! Even throughout adulthood

! Situational effects on motivationor abilityto regulate!

Contexts with zero tolerance policy (e.g., military)! Enhance motivation to regulate emotion

! Biological resources! Intoxication depletes ability to regulate

Go tru the golden Rule shit so that

your kid is sensitive.


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TEMPERAMENTINSTABILITY

!Apparent changes of temperament across time! Why the change throughout life?

! Two main sources:1. Measurement error

! Poor assessment scale, poor reporting, poor observations2. Actual variations

! Genetics:! Changes in gene expression

! Neural:! Synaptic or cognitive changes

! Behavior:! Context/situation changes


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THEEND!

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