Individual Differences Approach Lecture
-
Upload
nimisha-beri -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Individual Differences Approach Lecture
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
1/36
THE INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
1
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
2/36
We are not all the same..
n Lots of research looksat the typical or
average personn But what about unusual
people?
n Psychologists ofindividual differencesstudy what makespeople DIFFERENT
2
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
3/36
What makes us unique?
n PERSONAL QUALITIES
n Personality
n Intelligencen Moral values
n Mental health
n GROUP IDENTITIESn Race
n Culture
n Gender 3
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
4/36
Meaning of individual difference
n According to the dictionary of education: Individual
differences stand for the variation or deviations
among individuals in regard to a single characteristic
or number of characteristics.
n It stand for those differences which in their totality
distinguish one individual from another.
n So we can say that individual differences is the
differences among humans that distinguish orseparate them from one another and makes one as a
single unique individual.
4
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
5/36
Individual difference
n Individual differences
are the variations from
one person to another
on variables suchas self esteem, rate
of cognitive
development or degree
of agreeableness.
5
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
6/36
Individual difference
n Individual differences are the
differences in personality, attitudes,
physiology, learning or perceptualprocesses, etc., that account for
variation in performance or behavior.
6
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
7/36
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
n Following are the types of individual differences
n Differences in Interest
Interest may refer as a motivating force that impels us to attend
to a person, a thing, or an activity. So in educational field
differences in interest means you observe some students like a
particular subject, teacher, hobby or profession than other.
n Difference in Attitude
Difference in attitude is psyche related to some thing. Few
learners have positive attitude towards a specific topic, subject,
and profession than other. The role of education in society is to
develop positive attitude.
n Difference in Values Values are the things that are given importance by an individual.
Some learners value materialist life style other moral or religious
life style etc. So education must mould the mind of young
generation to have a balance values between materialism and
spiritualism.7
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
8/36
n Study Habits
It is clearly observable that some students markedly differ from
other students in study habits. Some students are studious and
study all the subjects with interest but other may not. Some study in
isolation and some in group.
n Difference in Psychomotor Skills
This is a type of individual differences Psychomotor Skill is related
to some skill acquisition. Some students differ in this area also.
Some students like football, other cricket, etc. Some students easily
learn operating a machine and some may not. A wise teachershould diagnose students psychomotor skills abilities and
encourage them in that direction.
n Difference in Self Concept
Difference in self concept is the totality of attitudes, judgment, and
values of an individual relating to his behavior, abilities, andqualities. So some students have positive self concept than boost
their confidence level and perform better against those who have
negative self image.
8
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
9/36
CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
n The followings are the main causes of individual differences:
n 1. Hereditary (Nature)
n Individuals have various endowments, abilities, and capacities
provided by hereditary. Hereditary also put limits upon
individuals growth and development in various dimensions.
Hereditary also contributes to sex, intelligence, and other
specific abilities.
n 2. Environment (Nurture)
n Environment also plays key role in individual differences.
Individual differences occur on the basis of simulation received
by individual from his or her internal and external environment.
This may include family set up, peer group, economic status,
education etc.
9
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
10/36
Why Individual Differences
Are Important?
n Individual differences have a direct effect on
behavior
n People who perceive things differently behave
differently
n People with different attitudes respond differently to
directives
n People with different personalities interact differently
with others.
10
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
11/36
Dimensions of individual
differencen Self concept
n Intelligence
n Personality
n Abilities
n
Personal values and ethics
11
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
12/36
Self Concept
n The term self-concept is a general term
used to refer to how someone thinks
about or perceives themselves.n The self concept is how we think about
and evaluate ourselves. To be aware of
oneself is to have a concept of oneself.
12
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
13/36
Definition
n Baumeister (1999) provides the
following self conceptdefinition: "the
individual's belief about himself orherself, including the person's attributes
and who and what the self is".
13
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
14/36
Lewis (1990) suggests that development of a
concept of self has two aspects: -
(1) The Existential Self
This is the most basic part of the self-scheme or self-
concept; the sense of being separate and distinct
from others and the awareness of the constancy of
the self(Bee 1992).
The child realizes that they exist as a separate entity
from others and that they continue to exist over time
and space
14
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
15/36
(2) The Categorical Self
Having realized that he or she exists as a separate
experiencing being, the child next becomes aware
that he or she is also an object in the world.
15
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
16/36
Carl Rogers(1959) believes that the self
concept has three different components:
The view you have of yourself (Self image)
How much value you place on yourself
(Self esteem or self-worth)
What you wish you were really like (Idealself)
16
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
17/36
INTELLIGENCE
Dictionary definition
The ability to use memory, knowledge, experience,
understanding, reasoning, imagination and
judgement in order to solve problems and adapt to
new situations. AllWords Dictionary, 2006
The ability to learn, understand and make judgments
or have opinions that are based on reason
Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary, 2006
17
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
18/36
n Psychologist definitions
n Intelligence is not a single, unitary ability, but
rather a composite of several functions. Theterm denotes that combination of abilities
required for survival and advancement within
a particular culture. A. Anastasi
n An intelligence is the ability to solve
problems, or to create products,that are
valued within one or more cultural settings.
H. Gardner [ 18
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
19/36
n The ability to carry on abstract thinking. L.
M. Terman
n A global concept that involves an individuals
ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and
deal effectively with the environment. D.
Wechsler
19
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
20/36
Is a single definition possible?
If we scan through the definitions pulling out
commonly occurring features we find that intelligence
is:
A property that an individual agent has as itinteracts with its environment or environments.
Is related to the agents ability to succeed or profit
with respect to some goal or objective.
Depends on how able to agent is to adapt todifferent objectives and environments.
20
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
21/36
Personality
The term personality is derived from the
Latin word persona meaning a mask.
Personality is a patterned body ofhabits, traits, attitudes and ideas of an
individual as these are organized
externally into roles and statuses and asthey relate internally to motivation, goals
and various aspects of selfhood.
21
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
22/36
Definition
According to Robert Park and Earnest
Burgess Personality is the sum and
organization of those traits which determinethe role of the individual in the group.
Personality is the dynamic organization
within the individual of those psychophysicalsystems that determine his unique
adjustments to the environment. (1937)
Allport22
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
23/36
Summarization of definitions
In brief it can be said:
Personality is not related to bodily structure alone. It
includes both structure and dynamics.
Personality is an indivisible unit.
Personality is neither good nor bad.
Every personality is unique
Personality refers to persistent qualities of theindividual. It expresses consistency and regularity.
Personality is acquired.
Personality is influenced by social interaction. It is
defined in terms of behavior. 23
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
24/36
ABILITIES
n Abilities = stable and enduring
"hardware" which enable people to be
successful at some skills andunsuccessful at others :visual acuity,
body configuration, IQ (verbal vs.
numeric),reaction, speed, manualdexterity, kinesthetic, sensitivity.
24
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
25/36
Abilities Versus Skills Abilities are not skills
Abilities are genetically determined, unmodified bypractice, few in number, underlie skill
Skills developed by practice, modified by practice,
many in number, depend on abilities
abilities plus practice > abilities orpractice
25
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
26/36
Definition
Ability is a persons existing capacity to perform the
various mental or physical tasks needed for a given
job. It includes relevant knowledge and skills.
Intellectual Ability is the capacity to do mentalactivities. Intelligence contains four subparts:
cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural. Groups of
Mental abilities (L.L.Thurston)
26
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
27/36
Factors Verbal factor (V)-Comprehension of verbal relations,
words and ideas.
Spatial factor (S)-Involved in any task in which the
subject manipulates an object imaginatively in space.
Numerical factor (N)-Ability to do numericalcalculations rapidly and accurately.
Memory factor (M)-Involves the ability to memorize
quickly.
27
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
28/36
Word fluency factor (W)-Involved whenever the
subject is asked to think of isolated words at a rapid
rate.
Inductive reasoning factor (RI)-The ability to draw
inferences or conclusions on the basis of specific
instances.
Deductive reasoning factor (RD)- is the ability to
make use of generalized results.
Perceptual factor (P)- is the ability to perceive objects
accurately.
Problem solving ability factor (PS)- is the ability to
solve problem with independent efforts.28
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
29/36
Physical Abilities- The capacity to do tasks demanding
stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
Nine Physical Abilities are: Strength factor
Dynamic- Ability to exert muscle force repeatedly over time.
Trunk- Ability to exert muscular strength using the trunk muscles.
Static-Ability to exert force against external objects.
Flexibility factor
External-Ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far aspossible.
Dynamic-Ability to make rapid, repeated flexing movements.
Body coordination-Ability to coordinate the simultaneous actions
of different parts of the body.
Balance-Ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling offbalance.
Stamina- Ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged
efforts over time.
29
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
30/36
Definition of Ethics
Ethics: Deciding what is right (or what is more
right) in a particular situation: determining what
ought to be; deciding what is consistent with
ones personal or organizational value system.
Some definitions would include:
Deciding what is right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust
Making decisions which are consistent with ones value system
and the value system of the organization.
When encountering the many grey areas in which it is difficult
to distinguish right from wrong, there is always an answer that is
more right than the others. This is an ethical answer.
30
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
31/36
n The Five Ps of Ethical Power
n 1. Purpose: Your objective or intention; a goal.
n 2. Pride: The sense of satisfaction you receive from
your accomplishments, and those individuals ofwhom you care.
n 3. Patience: Trust the process!
n 4. Persistence: Maintaining your commitment and
making your actions consistent with your guidingprinciples.
n 5. Perspective: The capacity to see what is REALLY
important in any situation.
31
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
32/36
n What is an Ethical Decision
n One that is related to a specific content; in the same situation, there
may be business ethics, educational ethics and personal ethics (one
or more of these may be in conflict)n One that is best for the organization rather than for the leaders; one
that is not self-serving.
n One that is made in the clear and is consistent with full disclosure.
n One that is honest and based on facts and is consistent with the
spirit of rightness and fair play.n One that is consistent with the values and principles for which the
organization and institution stand.
n One that can be defended and supported by ones peers and
superiors.
n One that is made in good faith.
n One that you could tell your others you honestly feel good about
making.
32
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
33/36
VALUES
n Values are the principles & priorities which help us
make decisions on a daily basis.
If you truly value honesty, you will choose to be honest in
interactions. If you value family strongly, you will make timein your life for family. If growth is a top value for you, you will
make decisions which encourage personal development.
n Values are constantly changing & developing
throughout our lives
33
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
34/36
Personal Values
n Personal values are the beliefs, principles or ideas
that are important to you in your life.
n Personal values are important because they provide us
with a road map for the kind of life we aspire to
lead. The more our choices line up with our values, the
better we generally feel about ourselves.
Our personal values should play an important role in relationship
decisions and actions. They may guide your decisions about...
...the type of partner you want.
...or the types of behaviors you're comfortable with in a
relationship.
34
http://www.wire.wisc.edu/YourSelf/selfreflectknowyourself/Your_Self_Worth.aspxhttp://www.wire.wisc.edu/YourSelf/selfreflectknowyourself/Your_Self_Worth.aspx -
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
35/36
Personal Values
n Personal values are those standards that you
set for yourself to live by. Since these values
vary by individual, they are "personal" andcan include many things. Religion, morals,
and ethics play a part in personal values.
n All personal values are tools to make the
individual feel good about his conduct. Thereis a fine line between ethics and values.
35
-
7/27/2019 Individual Differences Approach Lecture
36/36
Values are very much personal while ethics is very much
societal
Ethics is guidelines or rules that are set for a society or an
organization rather than for an individual.
Values are guiding principles in life and every person has his
own value system which helps him in his behavior and action
throughout his life. On the other hand, ethics are moral codes of
conduct that decide what is wrong and what is right about the
behavior of an individual or a group in a society.
Values can be universal as well as personal and are actually
beliefs a person has that help him behave in a particular manner
all his life.
Ethics are unwritten code of conduct that are to be followed by
an individual or employees in an organization.36