1 :

1.

2. 2.1.

2.2.

3. 3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

4.

;

:

,

:

/ /

( / ) /

/ /

(C, N, P, S)

. . (. )

. . (. )

:

. . (. )

:

/ /

/

/

( CO2)

CO2, ,

(C, N, P, S)

1.

97% (1,37 x 109 km3) , ~ 20% / (12% )

(2%)

, 0.003%!!!

(106km3) (%) 1400 96,96 50 460 890 43,4 2,97 15,3 1,05 0,125 0,009 0,0017 0,0001 0,065 0,0045 0,0155 0,001 0,002 0,0001

1459 100

1.

" "

1.

1.1.

" "

,

...

1.

1.1.

...

!!!

: , , ( , ) ...

" "

1.

1.1.

1.

1.2.

=

425x103 km3/yr1,38x109 km3

= =

3.250

2.

2.1.

105

( ) ( ).

( )

H20

2.

2.1.

H2O

2.

2.1.

H2O

:

:

:

2.

2.1.

fractal

2.

2.2.

-

4 C

.

(9% ) 0 C

()

( )

2.

2.2.

-

- 10 cm

:

, .. 0,1 C, , 1 cm

2.

2.2.

( )

2.

2.2.

1 g -

1 g -

2.

2.2.

-

540 cal/g 100 oC

, .. 20 oC, (585 cal/g)

2.

2.2.

-

80 cal/g 0 oC

2.

2.2.

2.

2.2.

.

. .

.

.

. .

. 4 ( -1,90).

. , .

.

, .

. .

. , .

. .

. .

3.

3.1.

, 6 99%

5 0,9%

~90 0,1%

:

(50 750 )

(0,05 50 )

(0,05 50 nM)

3.

3.1.

g/Kg % Cl- 18,980 55,04 Na+ 10,556 30,61 SO2- 2,649 7,68 Mg2+ 1,272 3,69 Ca2+ 0,400 1,16 K+ 0,380 1,10 CO32- 0,140 0,41

Br- 0,065 0,19 H3BO3 0,026 0,07

Sr2+ 0,013 0,04 F- 0,001 0,00

34,482 99,9

3.

3.1.

3.

3.1.

3.

3.1.

:

:

: .

: .

:

3.

3.1.

( Marcet)

William Dittmar HMS Challenger (1872-1876)

( ) ( ) ( ),

:1. 2. 3. 3. 4.

3.

3.2.

:

;

:

!!!

3.

3.2.

(1909)

(g) 1 kg ,

S = 1.805 Cl + 0.030

S = 35 Cl = 19.374

S = 1.8154 Cl

(g) 1 kg (ppt)

3.

3.3.

(1978)

S = 0,0080 0,1692 R151/2 + 25,3851 RT +14,0941RT3/2 7,0261 RT2 + 2,7081 RT5/2 + S

:

S = [(T = [(T - 15) / (1 + 0,0162(T 15))] + 0.005 15))] + 0,005 0,0056 RT-1/2 0,0066 RT 0,0375 RT3/2 + 0,636 RT2 0,0144 RT5/2

RT = C (S, T, 0) / C (KCl, T, 0)

C (S, T, 0) , C (KCl, T, 0) KCl 32,4356 g 1 kg .

: 2 S 42

3.

3.3.

: ( )

:

3.

3.3.

:

: , ,

: , : , , , ,

,, , , ..

3.

3.3.

3.

3.3.

3.

3.3.

/

33-38

10 (brackish) 42 (hypersaline)Great Salt Lake 280 330 39

3.

3.3.

;

3.

3.3.

:

3.

3.3.

:

(34,6 34,9 )

3.

3.3.

3.

3.3.

!!!

,

!!!

3.

3.3.

:1. ( ) 2. ( )

:1. ( )2.

3.

3.3.

3.

3.3.

: ( ) ( )

=

3.

3.3.

3.

3.3.

:

(1,16%) (30,61%), ( ) ;

:

. , .. :

(Fe) (Al) ~100 (Ca) ~1.000.000 (Na) (Cl)

4.

.

.

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