Lecture 5 Higher Cells
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Transcript of Lecture 5 Higher Cells
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 1
bio 1.0
Online bioscience course for grades 6-12
Fall 2009
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 2
bio 1.0
Class mechanics…
• Attend the online Office Hour on Tuesdays at 3 PM via tokbox-Discuss previous week’s video lecture• Online video lecture e-mailed every Wednesday-view lecture and prepare to discuss the following Tuesday• Comment on video lecture using website discussion board• Online Final Exam given 12/9/2009
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 3
bio 1.0
Lecture 5: Higher cells
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 4
bio 1.0
Take Homes:
I. Higher cells are very complex, highly compartmentalized and not streamlined…II. The DNA genome of higher cells is packaged in linear chromosomes…III. The genes of higher cells are in pieces IV. Higher cells move in ways mediated via their cytoskeletons…V. Higher cells communicate via small molecules and proteins which regulate their behaviors…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 5
bio 1.0
The basic structure of higher cells (eukaryotes):
plant
animal
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 6
bio 1.0
Eukaryotic animal cell structure:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 7
bio 1.0
Tour of an animal cell:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXbv95P3uhI
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 8
bio 1.0
Eukaryotic plant cell structure:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 9
bio 1.0
Tour of a plant cell:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMVQ-INMSVw
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 10
bio 1.0
Compartmentalization of the eukaryotic cell…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 11
bio 1.0
Compartmentalization of the eukaryotic cell nucleus…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 12
bio 1.0
Endocytosis:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 13
bio 1.0
Cell membrane, exocytosis and endocytosis:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7yku3sa4Y8
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 14
bio 1.0
Amoeba Feeds! An example of endocytosis:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 15
bio 1.0
Higher cells also have an internal cytoskeleton:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 16
bio 1.0
Actin and Tubulin proteins in the cytoskeleton in higher cells:
nucleus
nucleus
microtubules(made of tubulin)
microfilaments(made of actin)
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 17
bio 1.0
Tagging a gene with GFP:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 18
bio 1.0
The cytoskeleton is dynamic in higher cells:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DA8DvDE_nZo
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 19
bio 1.0
The cytoskeleton controls movement inside higher cells:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDWoOOd_VHo
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 20
bio 1.0
DNA in higher cells is packaged in linear chromosomes:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 21
bio 1.0
Higher cell chromosome structure:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OStI5pniHPA
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 22
bio 1.0
Take Home I
From their complex membrane structure, their internal cytoskeleton to their chromosomal DNA, higher cells are extremely complex and versatile…
Higher cells are very complex, highly compartmentalized andnot streamlined…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 23
bio 1.0
Genes in higher organisms are in pieces-introns and exons:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 24
bio 1.0
Chromosomes, Chromatids, Chromatin, etc…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9HPNwXd9fk
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 25
bio 1.0
The ends of linear chromosomes (telomeres) cause a problem:
unlike bacterial circular chromosomes, linear chromosomes shorten with each round of DNA replication because of the way DNA polymerase works…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 26
bio 1.0
Telomeres and telomerase:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJNoTmWsE0s
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 27
bio 1.0
Mitosis:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 28
bio 1.0
Mitosis-animation:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 29
bio 1.0
The centriole:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 30
bio 1.0
GFP tagged tubulin-role of microtubules in mitosis:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBfFJlKMyPA
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 31
bio 1.0
The cell cycle:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 32
bio 1.0
Take Home II
Unlike bacterial chromosomes, which are circular, the chromosomes of higher cells are divided-up into collections of single linear DNA molecules…this created unique challenges in replication…and the chromosomes interact with the cytoskeletal microtubules during cell division…cell division is controlled by a clock-like mechanism called the cell cycle…
The DNA genome of higher cells is packaged in linear chromosomes…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 33
bio 1.0
Introns splices from mRNAs, often generating alternative products:
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 34
bio 1.0
Gene expression in higher cells…:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7PW1FKMTI
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 35
bio 1.0
Take Home III
Genes in higher cells are often broken-up into exons and introns, with the introns being spliced-out of RNA before it is translated by the ribosomes…genes in turn are controlled by DNA binding regulatory proteins…
The genes of higher cells are in pieces and are highly regulatedand processed…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 36
bio 1.0
Movement in higher cells-pseudopodia:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 37
bio 1.0
Role of actin in cell movement via pseudopodia:
http://dictybase.org/Multimedia/motility/motility.htm
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 38
bio 1.0
Mechanism behind pseudopodia :
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 39
bio 1.0
Movement in higher cells-flagella and cilia:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 40
bio 1.0
Structure of higher cell flagellum :
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 41
bio 1.0
Take Home IV
Actin, myosin, tubulin and a number of other protein components of the cellular cytoskeleton effect the movement of cells via several different mechanisms…
Higher cells move in ways mediated via their cytoskeletons…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 42
bio 1.0
Higher cell communication I:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGd5kg9JqoM
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 43
bio 1.0
Higher cell communication II:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12QHDoSiEWM
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 44
bio 1.0
Take Home V
Small molecules such as cyclic AMP and proteins such as growth factors regulate cellular activities and behaviors through the regulation of genes…
Higher cells communicate via small molecules and proteins which regulate their behaviors…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 45
bio 1.0
Next Week:
Organs, tissues and organisms
How higher cells interact and cooperated to form the tissues and organs of organisms…
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04/13/23 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 46
bio 1.0
instructorMark E Minie PhD