Biotechnology Chapter Two Lecture- Cells and Macromolecules
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Transcript of Biotechnology Chapter Two Lecture- Cells and Macromolecules
The Raw Materials of Biotechnology
Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes
Identify the levels of biological organization and explain their relationships
Learning Outcomes
Identify the levels of biological organization and explain their relationships
Describe cell structure and its significance in biotechnology research and product development
Learning Outcomes
Identify the levels of biological organization and explain their relationships
Describe cell structure and its significance in biotechnology research and product development
Discuss the types of organisms researched and the types of cells grown and studied in biotechnology facilities plus the products with which they are associated.
Learning Outcomes
Identify the levels of biological organization and explain their relationships
Describe cell structure and its significance in biotechnology research and product development
Discuss the types of organisms researched and the types of cells grown and studied in biotechnology facilities plus the products with which they are associated.
Distinguish between the cellular organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Learning Outcomes
List the four main classes of macromolecules and describe their structure and function
Learning Outcomes
List the four main classes of macromolecules and describe their structure and function
Define genetic engineering and identify products created with this technology
Learning Outcomes
List the four main classes of macromolecules and describe their structure and function
Define genetic engineering and identify products created with this technology
Explain the Central Dogma of Biology and its importance in genetic engineering
2.1 Organisms and Their Components
• To manufacture biotechnology products, biotechnicians must work with organisms and their components.
2.1 Organisms and Their Components
• To manufacture biotechnology products, biotechnicians must work with organisms and their components.
• These are the “raw materials” of biotechnology.
The Living Condition
• Living things include:• Plants• Animals• Bacteria• Fungi• Protozoans
• Characteristics of life:• Growth• Reproduction• Response to stimuli• Breakdown of food molecules• Production of waste products
The Living Condition
• Living things include:• Plants• Animals• Bacteria• Fungi• Protozoans
• Characteristics of life:• Growth• Reproduction• Response to stimuli• Breakdown of food molecules• Production of waste products
Levels of Biological Organization
• Cells of multicellular organisms are usually grouped into functional units:• Tissues• Organs
• Cells are the smallest units of life. Some cells contain even smaller, nonliving units.
Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures the amount or type of light emitted
Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing
Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms
Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms• Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly
used by biotechnology companies for the development of products
Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms• Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly
used by biotechnology companies for the development of products
• Multicellular – composed of more than one cell
Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms• Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly
used by biotechnology companies for the development of products
• Multicellular – composed of more than one cell• Cytology – cell biology
Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living things
Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living things
Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules with the result of generating energy for the cell
Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules with the result of generating energy for the cell
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules with the result of generating energy for the cell
• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Tissue – a group of cells that function together (eg,
muscle tissue or nervous tissue)
Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules with the result of generating energy for the cell
• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Tissue – a group of cells that function together (eg,
muscle tissue or nervous tissue)• Organ – tissues that act together to form a specific
function in an organism (eg, stomach that breaks down food)
Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules)
Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membrane-bound organelles
Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membrane-bound organelles
• Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista, which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membrane-bound organelles
• Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista, which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
• Organelles – specialized microscopic factories, each with specific jobs in a cell
Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membrane-bound organelles
• Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista, which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
• Organelles – specialized microscopic factories, each with specific jobs in a cell
• Mitochondria – membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for generating cellular energy
Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as “information-carrying molecules”
Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as “information-carrying molecules”
• Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes fats, waxes, steroids, and oils
Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as “information-carrying molecules”
• Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes fats, waxes, steroids, and oils
• Pancreas – an organ that secretes digestive fluids as well as insulin
Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as “information-carrying molecules”
• Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes fats, waxes, steroids, and oils
• Pancreas – an organ that secretes digestive fluids as well as insulin
• Hormone – a molecule that acts to regulate cellular functions
2.1 Review Questions
1. Give an example of a plant that has been produced by biotechnology.
2.1 Review Questions
1. Give an example of a plant that has been produced by biotechnology.
2. Knowledge of what other disciplines of science will improve the understanding of biotechnology?
2.1 Review Questions
1. Give an example of a plant that has been produced by biotechnology.
2. Knowledge of what other disciplines of science will improve the understanding of biotechnology?
3. Describe two characteristics of living things.
2.1 Review Questions
1. Give an example of a plant that has been produced by biotechnology.
2. Knowledge of what other disciplines of science will improve the understanding of biotechnology?
3. Describe two characteristics of living things.
4. Which of the following is considered to be “alive”: organs, molecules, atoms, cells, or organisms?
2.2 Cellular Organization and Process
• Cells produce different molecules.• Hundreds of different molecules can be produced.
The Structure of Cells• Cell walls• Cellulose fibers• Plasma
membrane• Nucleus
Plant cell. Most plant cells contain chloroplasts and a rigid cell wall. Animal cells do not possess cell walls.
Animal cell. Animal cells do not have a cell wall and, thus, do not have a rigid cell boundary. The shapes of animal cells are quite diverse due to the flexibility of the outer membrane and the response when cells touch each other.
The Central Dogma of Biology. DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for proteins (DNA -> mRNA -> proteins). Once scientists had described the Central Dogma, they could propose and test strategies for manipulating protein production by manipulating DNA and RNA codes. Moving genes into cells to produce new proteins is the basic principle in genetic engineering.
Shown in cell culture, these CHO cells are a common mammalian cell line used to manufacture recombinant protein.
Each rod-shaped structure in this electron micrograph is an E. coli cell. E. coli cells are simple prokaryotes with no membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.
Types of Cells Used in Biotechnology
• Plant cells• Animal cells• Bacteria
cells• Fungal cells
Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or algae use light energy to make chemical energy
Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or algae use light energy to make chemical energy
• Chloroplast – the specialized organelle in plants responsible for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or algae use light energy to make chemical energy
• Chloroplast – the specialized organelle in plants responsible for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
• Cytoplasm – a gel-like liquid of thousands of molecules suspended in water, outside the nucleus
Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or algae use light energy to make chemical energy
• Chloroplast – the specialized organelle in plants responsible for photosynthesis (production of chemical energy from light energy)
• Cytoplasm – a gel-like liquid of thousands of molecules suspended in water, outside the nucleus
• Lysosome – a membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste
Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are made
Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around the outer boundary of the cell
Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around the outer boundary of the cell
• Cellulose – a structural polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls
Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around the outer boundary of the cell
• Cellulose – a structural polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls
• Plasma membrane – a specialized organelle of the cell that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around the outer boundary of the cell
• Cellulose – a structural polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls
• Plasma membrane – a specialized organelle of the cell that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell
• Glucose – a 6-carbon sugar that is produced during photosynthesis reactions; usual form of carbohydrate used by animals, including humans
Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy storage molecule
Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA
Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules
Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules• Enzyme – a protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions
Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules• Enzyme – a protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions• Pigments – the molecules that are colored due to the reflection of
specific wavelengths
Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules• Enzyme – a protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions• Pigments – the molecules that are colored due to the reflection of
specific wavelengths• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – a class of RNA molecules responsible for
transferring genetic information from the chromosomes to ribosomes where proteins are made; often abbreviated mRNA
Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds
Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line commonly used in biotechnology studies
Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line commonly used in biotechnology studies
• Vero cells – African green monkey kidney epithelial cells
Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line commonly used in biotechnology studies
• Vero cells – African green monkey kidney epithelial cells• HeLa cells – human epithelial cells
Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line commonly used in biotechnology studies
• Vero cells – African green monkey kidney epithelial cells• HeLa cells – human epithelial cells• Prokaryotic/prokaryote – a cell that lacks membrane-
bound organelles
2.2 Review Questions
1. Which of the following structures are found in prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2.2 Review Questions
1. Which of the following structures are found in prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2. Which of the following structures are found in eukaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2.2 Review Questions
1. Which of the following structures are found in prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2. Which of the following structures are found in eukaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
3. Describe the relationship between chromosomes, mRNA, and proteins.
2.2 Review Questions
1. Which of the following structures are found in prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2. Which of the following structures are found in eukaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
3. Describe the relationship between chromosomes, mRNA, and proteins.
4. Explain how so many cells from the same organism can look so different from each other.
2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many biotechnology products.
2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many biotechnology products.
• Cells are composed of a variety of molecules.
2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many biotechnology products.
• Cells are composed of a variety of molecules.• Many molecules found in cells are much
larger than atoms.
2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many biotechnology products.
• Cells are composed of a variety of molecules.• Many molecules found in cells are much
larger than atoms.• Very large molecules are found in structural
components.
Carbohydrates• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen• Ratio 1:2:1
Carbohydrates• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen• Ratio 1:2:1
Polysaccharides• Excellent structural and energy-storing
molecules• Plants store glucose in starch molecules
Carbohydrates• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen• Ratio 1:2:1
Polysaccharides• Excellent structural and energy-storing
molecules• Plants store glucose in starch molecules
Monosaccharides• Monomer units that cells use to build
polysaccharides• Most well known is glucose; an energy molecule
Structural Formula of Amylopectin. Amylopectin is one form of plant starch, and amylose is another. Plant starch, such as corn starch, is a key ingredient in many foods.
Structural Formula Glucose. Glucose is a 6-carbon sugar (C6H12O5) produced by plants during photosynthesis. Most plants use glucose as an energy source.
Structural Formula of 5-carbon Sugars. Deoxyribose (left) and ribose (right) are structural 5-carbon sugars found in the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, respectively.
Do you see the difference in their structure?
Disaccharides• Produced when enzymes form a bond between two
monosacchrides• Sucrose is made when fructose and glucose are
chemically combined
Disaccharides• Produced when enzymes form a bond between two
monosacchrides• Sucrose is made when fructose and glucose are
chemically combined
Lipids• Often referred to as hydrocarbons• Three groups of lipids
• Triglycerides• Phospholipids• Steroids
Structural Formula of Maltose. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules bound at carbon No.1 and carbon No.4.
When organisms digest maltose, the bond holding the glucose monomers together is broken and energy is released.
Proteins• The most important of the cellular molecules• Nine different categories of proteins
• Structural• Enzyme• Transport• Contractile• Hormone• Antibody• Pigment• Recognition• Toxins
• A typical cell produces more than 2000 proteins• Amino acids are the monomers of proteins• There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins
Nucleic Acids• The fourth major group of
macromolecules• Two types of nucleic acids
• DNA• RNA
Proteins• The most important of the cellular molecules• Nine different categories of proteins
• Structural• Enzyme• Transport• Contractile• Hormone• Antibody• Pigment• Recognition• Toxins
• A typical cell produces more than 2000 proteins• Amino acids are the monomers of proteins• There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins
Polypeptide Strand. A polypeptide strand is made of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds.
A folded, functional polypeptide chain is called a protein. Each protein has a specific amino acid sequence and folding pattern.
Two Nucleotides. A nucleotide is a molecule composed of a nitrogenous base (in pink), a 5-carbon sugar (in yellow), and a phosphate group (in blue).
Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only produced in living things
Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules; organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio
Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules; organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Cytoskeleton – a protein network in the cytoplasm that gives the cell structural support
Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules; organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Cytoskeleton – a protein network in the cytoplasm that gives the cell structural support
• Monomers – the repeating units that make up polymers
Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules; organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Cytoskeleton – a protein network in the cytoplasm that gives the cell structural support
• Monomers – the repeating units that make up polymers• Polymer – a large molecule made of many repeating subunits
Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)
Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar
Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar• Sucrose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose;
also called table sugar
Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar• Sucrose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose;
also called table sugar• Lactose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose;
also called milk sugar
Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar• Sucrose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose;
also called table sugar• Lactose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose;
also called milk sugar• Amylose – a plant starch with unbranched glucose chains
Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains
Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains
Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules
Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules
Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules• Hydrophobic – repelled by water
Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules• Hydrophobic – repelled by water• Triglycerides – a group of lipids that includes animal fats
and plant oils
Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules• Hydrophobic – repelled by water• Triglycerides – a group of lipids that includes animal fats
and plant oils• Ribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in RNA molecules
Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in membranes of the cell
Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water
Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments
Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments• R group – the chemical side-group on an amino acid; in
nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino acids
Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments• R group – the chemical side-group on an amino acid; in
nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino acids
• Ribonucleic acid – the macromolecule that functions in the conversion of genetic instructions (DNA) into proteins
Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments• R group – the chemical side-group on an amino acid; in
nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino acids
• Ribonucleic acid – the macromolecule that functions in the conversion of genetic instructions (DNA) into proteins
• Nucleotides – the monomer units of nucleic acids
2.3 Review Questions
1. Which of the following are monosaccharides: cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or amyolpectin?
2.3 Review Questions
1. Which of the following are monosaccharides: cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or amyolpectin?
2. Which of the following molecules are proteins that function as hormones: estrogen, insulin, human growth hormone, testosterone, or cholesterol?
2.3 Review Questions
1. Which of the following are monosaccharides: cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or amyolpectin?
2. Which of the following molecules are proteins that function as hormones: estrogen, insulin, human growth hormone, testosterone, or cholesterol?
3. What distinguishes one amino acid from another?
2.3 Review Questions
1. Which of the following are monosaccharides: cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or amyolpectin?
2. Which of the following molecules are proteins that function as hormones: estrogen, insulin, human growth hormone, testosterone, or cholesterol?
3. What distinguishes one amino acid from another?
4. How are the terms nucleotide, nitrogenous base, and nucleic acid related to each other?
2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
• The most significant breakthrough came when scientists learned how to move pieces of DNA within and between organisms.
2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
• The most significant breakthrough came when scientists learned how to move pieces of DNA within and between organisms.
• The first genetic engineering occurred in 1973.
2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
• The most significant breakthrough came when scientists learned how to move pieces of DNA within and between organisms.
• The first genetic engineering occurred in 1973.• The first genetically engineered product to reach the
marketplace was human insulin.
2.4 Review Questions
1. What term is used to describe DNA that has been produced by cutting and pasting together pieces of DNA from two different organisms?
2.4 Review Questions
1. What term is used to describe DNA that has been produced by cutting and pasting together pieces of DNA from two different organisms?
2. What organism was the first to be genetically engineered?
2.4 Review Questions
1. What term is used to describe DNA that has been produced by cutting and pasting together pieces of DNA from two different organisms?
2. What organism was the first to be genetically engineered?
3. What was the first commercial genetically engineered product?
Questions and Comments?