Lecture 2 Cartographic Communication

8/12/2019 Lecture 2 Cartographic Communication

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LECTURE 2

The Map as aCommunication System


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CHANGE Thoughts The future has already begun and were already

late SPEED (Analogue/Digital) I failed therefore what? Komla Dumo (Medicine to

Journalism)

hana/Malaysia/Ja!an" p ocess ? CHANGE " Those who cannot change their mindscannot change anything#$% culture?

!HAT NE"T# &ni'ueness% Talents% ills% *assion%

Intuition% +ate of return% ,alue Addition% -ulfillment%atisfaction $

SPRNG%&ARD


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Mo'el o( Communication

Singh (1966) _______________________

ource " Message .hannel " .on eys the message +eci!ient " +ecei es the message

Elements o( a typical communicationsystem o net)o *#


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+i,u e 2-. Dia, am o( %asic Communication System

Messa,e Recei/esMessa,e

0Recipient1

Me'iumcon/eyin,

Messa,e

REC E3ER

ource" Singh (1966) ; +obinson et al (0123)

CHANNELS&URCE


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+i,- 2-4# The Ca to, aphic Communication System $

CART&GRAPHER5SC&NCEPT &N

REC P ENTMAPREAL!&RLD

ource" +obinson et al (0114)


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+i,- 2- The Ca to, aphic Communication System

Sou ce Enco'e Channel Deco'e Recipient

Si,nal



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Elements o( the Ca to, aphic Mo'el Sou ce is the real world and the cartogra!hic conce!t of it% for e5am!le

water% traffic congestion% !o!ulation distribution and floods$

Enco'e or encoding mechanism is the synthesis of gra!hics on the ma!$

Si,nal is the 67dimensional gra!hic !attern created by the symbols$ Itconsists of the light rays which ma es the message isible$ In s!eech orlanguage% it is the oice mechanism ta ing the thoughts of the source andtransforming them into sound wa es

Deco'e is the eye or mind mechanism of the recipient $ In language it isthe hearing mechanism of the listener transforming the sound wa es bacinto thoughts$

Map is the coded message from the source

Channel is ma!!ing or cartogra!hic s!ace 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

The receiver %decoder and destination are the eyes and mind of the!erci!ient$


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S1

Cartographersmind

L

Cartographiclanguage

M

Map

L

Cartographiclanguage

Map Users

Mind

U1

Cartographers reality

U 2

Map users

Reality

U

REALIT

+i,u e 2-6 A simpli(ie' /e sion o( Kolacny5s 'ia, am o( ca to, aphic communication- 0A(te Kolacny .7891

Mo'els o( Ca to, aphic Communication


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U Total Reality of the Universe

U1 Reality/Universe represented as seen by the(Cartographers Reality)

U2 Reality (the universe as seen by map user)represented as

seen by the artographer (!ap Users Reality)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""

#1 The Cartographer$ Cartographi language (symbols% rules% et )

! &rodu t of artography that is the !ap

#2 Map user or !ercipient ource" Michael *$ *eterson 0114

"o# $2$1 Meta Language o% CartographicCommunication


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%o: -2-2 E:planation to (iel's in +i,u e 2-8

( c 9 e)"re!resents the total geogra!hical en ironment as !ercei ed by man

c" *art of the en ironment correctly !ercei ed$ This is alsoinformation which is mis7concei ed as a result of general incorrect

conce!tion of the en ironment in data collection or resulting from the !oorgra!hic symboli:ation of the information

e ; *art wrongly !ercei edect of study of !art of the en ironment (M) which becomesob>ect of study by the ma! user$M0" Information in the ma! nown to the ma! user alreadyM6" That information content of the ma! which is newly com!rehended bythe user M " That !art of the information in the ma! not !ercei ed by the user$& " An increase in the ma! users nowledge as result of the ma!use% but which was not intended by the cartogra!her% nor has it beensymboli:ed in the ma!$


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REAL T;

Ca to, aphe 5sMin'

Ca to, aphicA


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REAL T;

Ca to, aphe 5sReality Map Use 5s

Reality

Ca to, aphe 5sMin'

A


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Noise in Ca to, aphic Communication

@The cartogra!hic !rocess is disturbed at certain !ointsin an un!lanned way$ This unwanted disturbance iswhat is nown as Noise .

@ It is anything in the signal or channel that disturbs orinterferes with the transmission% such as distractinggra!hic !atterns on the ma! or !oor lighting% whichblurs ma! isibility$

@It may be identified in language as bad oice% static inradio or in T, as distortions on the screen$


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-ig$ 6$6 Diagram of the .artogra!hic .ommunication ystem

Sou ce Enco'e Channel Deco'e Recipient

Si,nal



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B=I C


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C&NCLUS &N >.@ The cartogra!hic communication !rocess can only besuccessfully accom!lished if the sender (cartogra!her)!roduces a signal (the ma!) which is understood by therecei er (the ma! user)

@uccessful cartogra!hic communication is more thandeci!hering and understanding indi idual symbols$ It is alsothe full understanding of

geogra!hical or s!atial conce!ts% distributions and relationshi!s

@C5isting nowledge with the ma! user and the study of thema!% may lead to inter!retations and to information oftenbeyond the content of the ma!$


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C&NCLUS &N >2@ =ne of the re'uirements for achie ing such understanding of

relationshi!s and s!atial distributions is the !ro!er design ofsymbols or gra!hics by the cartogra!her to !ortray information

@ +emember that symbol design is not >ust the ability to designand assign different symbols for each sub>ect or ob>ect to

a!!ear in the ma! it is more im!ortantly% the intellectual process of the design of an harmonious set of symbols that properly portray the type, character and location of the singleor grouped elements in the map

@ At the same time% the ma! !ortrays the total sub>ect matter(grou!ed elements) of the ma! as a well as balanced entitybetween the cartogra!her and the ma! user$


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C&NCLUS &N >4@

Although the arious com!onents of the communicationsystem may be 'uite different from any another elementof the system% the fundamental characteristics of allcommunication systems are similar$

@In order to em!loy any system to the best ad antage% theattributes of each com!onent must be clearly understood(A onto !rs "ospel music#)

@Therefore% unless a ma! is !re!ared so that it iscom!rehensible to the !erson for whom it is intended% itwill not !erform its functionE$


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+C,ICF G&C TI=B Fith reference to illustrati e diagrams discuss the definition of

the ma! as a communication system Account for B=I C in .artogra!hic .ommunication and e5!lain

briefly how can it can arise or be minimi:ed?

Distinguish between the cartogra!herHs reality and the ma!users reality$ Fhat accounts for any such discre!ancies?

$$$$$unless a ma! is !re!ared so that it is com!rehensible tothe !erson for whom it is intended% it will not !erform its

functionE Discuss with reference to cartogra!hiccommunication% .redit will be gi en for any illustrati e diagrams


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Re(e ences

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Lecture 2 Cartographic Communication

Documents

Transcript of Lecture 2 Cartographic Communication