Grand Canyon University LDR 625 Organizational Cultural & Team Leadership

M7 Red Team CLC Happy Hearth Foundation

Chefs on Wheels Community Project

Danielle Crisp Marcie Jenkins-Williams

Jody Martinez Mohamed Soliman

April 04, 2012

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The Happy Hearth Foundation is a not for profit service organization where we will bring together numerous impoverished families and community volunteers including: chefs, cooks, culinary students, restaurateurs, educators, nutritionists in an effort to combat hunger, and malnutrition through education and volunteerism in effort to build relationships within the family and within communities. The Happy Hearth Foundation will raise money to support it’s first initiative, Chefs on Wheels. Where great chefs, culinary experts, restaurant industry and home cooks will come to the homes of impoverished families with good quality foods, and fresh produce from local growers and community gardens to cook with those families, teach them about food and nutrition, and sit with them to eat the meal they prepared. There will be opportunities to provide information about where to find good quality food from local growers, and tips to prepare healthy, nutritious, good tasting meals. Family members of all ages can learn that eating a home cooked meal can be yummy, fun, and good for the tummy! Parents and care givers can be introduced to produce that they may not be aware from home delivery food services, local farmers, food cooperatives, and community gardens. Food can be just as affordable as unhealthy processed foods.

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Families will also be given information on how to pay forward their knowledge and experience, and to encourage volunteerism in their own community garden. Information and assistance will be provided to match families with other families who can work together to support each other in building a healthy community garden and a healthy community.

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According to 2012 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics and the World Hunger Education Service:

Hunger is a term which has three meanings (Oxford English Dictionary 1971)

the uneasy or painful sensation caused by want of food; craving appetite. Also the exhausted condition caused by want of food the want or scarcity of food in a country. A strong desire or craving.

World hunger refers to the second definition, aggregated to the world level. The related technical term (in this case operationalized in medicine) is malnutrition.1

Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements necessary for human health (Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia).

There are two basic types of malnutrition. The first and most important is protein-energy malnutrition--the lack of enough protein (from meat and other sources) and food that provides energy (measured in calories) which all of the basic food groups provide. This is the type of malnutrition that is referred

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to when world hunger is discussed. The second type of malnutrition, also very important, is micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiency. This is not the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed, though it is certainly very important.

[Recently there has also been a move to include obesity as a third form of malnutrition. Considering obesity as malnutrition expands the previous usual meaning of the term which referred to poor nutrition due to lack of food inputs.2 It is poor nutrition, but it is certainly not typically due to a lack of calories, but rather too many (although poor food choices, often due to poverty, are part of the problem). Obesity will not be considered here, although obesity is certainly a health problem and is increasingly considered as a type of malnutrition.]

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is the most lethal form of malnutrition/hunger. It is basically a lack of calories and protein. Food is converted into energy by humans, and the energy contained in food is measured by calories. Protein is necessary for key body functions including provision of essential amino acids and development and maintenance of muscles.

Number of hungry people in the world… 25 million hungry people in 2010

No one really knows how many people are malnourished. The statistic most frequently cited is that of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, which measures 'undernutrition'. The FAO did not publish an estimate in its most recent publication, 'The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2011' as it is undertaking a major revision of how it estimates food insecurity (FAO 2011 p. 10). The 2010 estimate, the most recent, says that 925 million people were undernourished in 2010 (FAO 2010). As the figure below shows, the number of hungry people has increased since 1995-97.. The increase has been due to three factors: 1) neglect of agriculture relevant to very poor people by governments and international agencies; 2) the current worldwide economic crisis, and 3) the significant increase of food prices in the last several years which has been devastating to those with only a few dollars a day to spend. 925 million people is 13.6 percent of the estimated world population of 6.8 billion. Nearly all of the undernourished are in developing countries.

Number of hungry people, 1969-2010 Source: FAO

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In round numbers there are 7 billion people in the world. Thus, with an estimated 925 million hungry people in the world, 13.1 percent, or almost 1 in 7 people are hungry.

The FAO estimate is based on statistical aggregates. The FAO first estimates the total food supply of a country and derives the average per capita daily food intake from that. The distribution of average food intake for people in the country is then estimated from surveys measuring food expenditure. Using this information, and minimum food energy requirements, FAO estimates how many people are likely to receive such a low level of food intake that they are undernourished.3

Under-nutrition is a relatively new concept, but is increasingly used. It should be taken as similar to malnutrition. (It should be said as an aside, that the idea of undernourishment, its relationship to malnutrition, and the reasons for its emergence as a concept is not clear to Hunger Notes.)

Children are the most visible victims of under-nutrition. Children who are poorly nourished suffer up to 160 days of illness each year. Poor nutrition plays a role in at least half of the 10.9 million child deaths each year--five million deaths. Undernutrition magnifies the effect of every disease, including measles and malaria. The estimated proportions of deaths in which undernutrition is an underlying cause are roughly similar for diarrhea (61%), malaria (57%), pneumonia (52%), and measles (45%) (Black 2003, Bryce 2005). Malnutrition can also be caused by diseases, such as the diseases that cause diarrhea, by reducing the body's ability to convert food into usable nutrients.

According to the most recent estimate that Hunger Notes could find, malnutrition, as measured by stunting, affects 32.5 percent of children in developing countries--one of three (de Onis 2000). Geographically, more than 70 percent of malnourished children live in Asia, 26 percent in Africa and 4 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean. In many cases, their plight began even before birth with a malnourished mother. Under-nutrition among pregnant women in developing countries leads to 1 out of 6 infants born with low birth weight. This is not only a risk factor for neonatal deaths, but also causes learning disabilities, mental, retardation, poor health, blindness and premature death.

Does the world produce enough food to feed everyone?

The world produces enough food to feed everyone. World agriculture produces 17 percent more calories per person today than it did 30 years ago, despite a 70 percent

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population increase. This is enough to provide everyone in the world with at least 2,720 kilocalories (kcal) per person per day according to the most recent estimate that we could find.(FAO 2002, p.9). The principal problem is that many people in the world do not have sufficient land to grow, or income to purchase, enough food.

What are the causes of hunger?

What are the causes of hunger is a fundamental question, with varied answers.

Poverty is the principal cause of hunger.

The causes of poverty include poor people's lack of resources, an extremely unequal income distribution in the world and within specific countries, conflict, and hunger itself. As of 2008 (2005 statistics), the World Bank has estimated that there were an estimated 1,345 million poor people in developing countries who live on $1.25 a day or less.3 This compares to the later FAO estimate of 1.02 billion undernourished people. Extreme poverty remains an alarming problem in the world’s developing regions, despite some progress that reduced "dollar--now $1.25-- a day" poverty from (an estimated) 1900 million people in 1981, a reduction of 29 percent over the period. Progress in poverty reduction has been concentrated in Asia, and especially, East Asia, with the major improvement occurring in China. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people in extreme poverty has increased. The statement that 'poverty is the principal cause of hunger' is, though correct, unsatisfying. Why then are (so many) people poor? The next section summarizes Hunger Notes answer.

Harmful economic systems are the principal cause of poverty and hunger.

Hunger Notes believes that the principal underlying cause of poverty and hunger is the ordinary operation of the economic and political systems in the world. Essentially control over resources and income is based on military, political and economic power that typically ends up in the hands of a minority, who live well, while those at the bottom barely survive, if they do. We have described the operation of this system in more detail in our special section on Harmful economic systems.

Conflict as a cause of hunger and poverty.

At the end of 2005, the global number of refugees was at its lowest level in almost a

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quarter of a century. Despite some large-scale repatriation movements, the last three years have witnessed a significant increase in refugee numbers, due primarily to the violence taking place in Iraq and Somalia. By the end of 2008, the total number of refugees under UNHCR’s mandate exceeded 10 million. The number of conflict-induced internally displaced persons (IDPs) reached some 26 million worldwide at the end of the year . Providing exact figures on the number of stateless people is extremely difficult But, important, (relatively) visible though it is, and anguishing for those involved conflict is less important as poverty (and its causes) as a cause of hunger. (Using the statistics above 1.02 billion people suffer from chronic hunger while 36 million people are displaced [UNHCR 2008])

Hunger is also a cause of poverty, and thus of hunger.

By causing poor health, low levels of energy, and even mental impairment, hunger can lead to even greater poverty by reducing people's ability to work and learn, thus leading to even greater hunger.

Climate change

Climate change is increasingly viewed as a current and future cause of hunger and poverty. Increasing drought, flooding, and changing climatic patterns requiring a shift in crops and farming practices that may not be easily accomplished are three key issues. See the Hunger Notes special report: Hunger, the environment, and climate change for further information, especially articles in the section: Climate change, global warming and the effect on poor people such as Global warming causes 300,000 deaths a year, study says and Could food shortages bring down civilization?

Progress in reducing the number of hungry people:

The target set at the 1996 World Food Summit was to halve the number of undernourished people by 2015 from their number in 1990-92. (FAO uses three year averages in its calculation of undernourished people.) The (estimated) number of undernourished people in developing countries was 824 million in 1990-92. In 2010, the number had climbed to 925 million people. The WFS goal is a global goal adopted by the nations of the world; the present outcome indicates how marginal the efforts were in face of the real need.

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So, overall, the world is not making progress toward the world food summit goal, although there has been progress in Asia, and in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Micronutrients

Quite a few trace elements or micronutrients--vitamins and minerals--are important for health. 1 out of 3 people in developing countries are affected by vitamin and mineral deficiencies, according to the World Health Organization. Three, perhaps the most important in terms of health consequences for poor people in developing countries, are:

Vitamin A Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and reduces the body's resistance to disease. In children Vitamin A deficiency can also cause growth retardation. Between 100 and 140 million children are vitamin A deficient. An estimated 250,000 to 500 000 vitamin A-deficient children become blind every year, half of them dying within 12 months of losing their sight. (World Health Organization)

Iron deficiency is a principal cause of anemia. Two billion people—over 30 percent of the world’s population—are anemic, mainly due to iron deficiency, and, in developing countries, frequently exacerbated by malaria and worm infections. For children, health consequences include premature birth, low birth weight, infections, and elevated risk of death. Later, physical and cognitive development are impaired, resulting in lowered school performance. For pregnant women, anemia contributes to 20 percent of all maternal deaths (World Health Organization).

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) jeopardize children´s mental health– often their very lives. Serious iodine deficiency during pregnancy may result in stillbirths, abortions and congenital abnormalities such as cretinism, a grave, irreversible form of mental retardation that affects people living in iodine-deficient areas of Africa and Asia. IDD also causes mental impairment that lowers intellectual prowess at home, at school, and at work. IDD affects over 740 million people, 13 percent of the world’s population. Fifty million people have some degree of mental impairment caused by IDD (World Health Organization).

(Updated December 4, 2011)

Footnotes

1. The relation between hunger, malnutrition, and other terms such as under-

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nutrition is not 'perfectly clear,' so we have attempted to spell them out briefly in "World Hunger Facts."

2. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary (1971 edition) has 'insufficient nutrition' as the only meaning for malnutrition.

3. For discussions of measuring hunger see Califero 2011, Headey 2011 and Masset, in press.

4. The table used to calculate this number.

Region % in $1.25 a day poverty Population (millions) Pop. in $1 a day poverty (millions) East Asia and Pacific 16.8 1,884 316 Latin America and the Caribbean 8.2 550 45 South Asia 40.4 1,476 596 Sub-Saharan Africa 50.9 763 388 Total Developing countries 28,8 4673 1345 Europe and Central Asia 0.04 473 17 Middle East and North Africa 0.04 305 11 Total 5451 1372 Source: See World Bank PovcalNet "Replicate the World Bank's Regional Aggregation" at http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplic.html (accessed May 7, 2010). Also see World Bank "PovcalNet" at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTPROGRAMS/EXTPOVRES/EXTPOVCALNET/0,,contentMDK:21867101~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:5280443,00.html

Bibliography

Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J. "Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?" Lancet. 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2226-34.

Black, Robert E, Lindsay H Allen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Laura E Caulfield, Mercedes de Onis, Majid Ezzati, Colin Mathers, Juan Rivera, for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. (Article access may require registration) The Lancet Vol. 371, Issue 9608, 19 January 2008, 243-260.

Jennifer Bryce, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Kenji Shibuya, Robert E. Black, and the WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group. 2005. "WHO estimates of the causes of death in children." Lancet ; 365: 1147–52.

Cafiero, Carlo and Pietro Gennari. 2011. The FAO indicator of the prevalence of undernourishment FAO

Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004; 80: 193–98.

Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion. June 2004. "How have the world’s poorest fared since the early 1980s?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3341 Washington: World Bank.

de Onis, Mercedes, Edward A. Frongillo and Monika Blossner. 2000. "Is malnutrition

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declining? An analysis of changes in levels of child malnutrition since 1980." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000, : 1222–1233.

Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, World Food Program. 2002 "Reducing Poverty and Hunger, the Critical Role of Financing for Food, Agriculture, and Rural Development."

Food and Agriculture Organization. 2006. State of World Food Insecurity 2006

Food and Agriculture Organization. 2010. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010 http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization. 2011. "The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2011" http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf

Headey, Derek. 2011. “Was the Global Food Crisis Really a Crisis? Simulations versus Self-Reporting”, IFPRI Discussion Paper 01087.

International Food Policy Research Institute. 2010. 2010 Global Hunger Index

Masset, Edoardo. 2011 In Press. A review of hunger indices and methods to monitor country commitment to fighting hunger Food Policy.

Oxford University Press. 1971. Oxford English Dictionary. Definition for malnutrition.

Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA Jr, Schroeder D, Habicht JP. The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1995; 73: 443–48.

United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees. 2007. Statistical Yearbook 2006 "Main Findings"

UNHCR 2008 Global Report 2008 "The Year in Review" http://www.unhcr.org/4a2d0b1d2.pdf

World Bank. Understanding Poverty website

World Health Organization Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Childhood and Maternal Undernutition

Learn About Hunger Page Hunger Notes Home Page

References

www.worldhungerord. Retrieved April 1, 2012 from http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger% 20facts%202002.htm

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The Happy Hearth Foundation will build collaborative relationships with several local and multinational organizations to roll out the Chefs on Wheels initiative. According to experts, “Complex social problems - global poverty, racial inequality, and environmental degradation, for example… involve sets of interconnected problems that resist simple solutions by independent organizations…. Cross-sector strategies are increasingly assumed to be superior to – or more desirable than – independent approaches when it comes to working on the public agenda…. There is a growing perception that [collaboration is] necessary for the effective resolution of social ills…. Collaboration refers to ‘the linking or sharing of information, resources, activities, and capabilities’” (Knapp & Siegel, 2009, p. 38-9).

References

Knapp, J. C., & Siegel, D. J. (2009). The Business of higher education. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group

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Due to the need around the world to meet our goals, there must be a leadership structure and style that is focused on building teams around the world in several communities who best know how to meet the needs of their stakeholders. These teams can share best practices that they’ve learned over the way with new leaders and new communities that the organization will spread to. The organization must establish connections with those interested in becoming volunteers. Leaders must do the leg work in finding local growers, cooperatives, and food manufacturers who are interested in supporting the effort to bring healthy, nutritious food to impoverished members of the community who have had limited access to good food. The number of employees will be limited to those who can fundraise, collaborate, and bring volunteers together with families in need. Employee roles will be in clusters of communities around the world and will include: Board of Directors Executive Director Fundraising Manager Budget & Finance Manager

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Public Relations Manager Advertising & Marketing Manager Office Manager Web Master Events Manager Human Resources Manager Volunteer Coordinators Intake Coordinators Community Advisors Development Nutrition Accounting Drivers

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Organizational Plan for Happy Hearth Foundation and Chefs on Wheels

Chefs on Wheels is a nonprofit organization committed to reducing hunger among poor families in America and around the World. Its primary goals are to provide free or low cost food to needy families, to educate family members about nutrition and to bring families and the community together over healthy and affordable meals.

Leadership will include the Director and a governing board. The board of Chefs on Wheels will be made up of volunteers who are committed to the vision and mission and are collaborative partners in achieving the goals of the project. Each board member will serve as head of a committee made up of volunteers. These committees will include such things as volunteer services, finance, physical resources, family contact, and project evaluation. The Board will do a feasibility study to determine needs of the community, explore available resources and develop a data base of eligible families. An important step will be to contact other service organizations to determine currently available services (find a need-fill it) The board will explore possible free services/donations such as facilities, food, transportation, printing, nutritionists, medical personal, drivers, 6

etc. to develop a pool or human and physical resources available to move the project forward.

Once the need has been established, the next step is to explore possible sources of funding such as grants, donations, sponsorships or service organizations. The finance committee will be formed to determine project services and costs and develop a budget based on needs and available funds.

A human resources committee will canvas for volunteers to support the organization and develop a data base of volunteers’ time and expertise as well as determining the number necessary to provide services. This committee will be responsible for coordinating eligible families with services provided. They will determine how many members in the family, what are their dietary requirements, how often will food services be provided, how will families be connected to community gardens and volunteer chefs.

A committee will plan ways to advertise the service – pamphlets, brochures, letters, etc. that can be mailed or placed in clinics and hospitals. This committee will also develop a survey to determine clients’ satisfaction and get feedback on services, quality of food, timeliness, etc.

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According to Cornell Education: A non-profit organization is a group organized for purposes other than generating profit and in which no part of the organization's income is distributed to its members, directors, or officers. Non-profit corporations are often termed "non-stock corporations." They can take the form of a corporation, an individual enterprise (for example, individual charitable contributions), unincorporated association, partnership, foundation (distinguished by its endowment by a founder, it takes the form of a trusteeship), or condominium (joint ownership of common areas by owners of adjacent individual units incorporated under state condominium acts). Non-profit organizations must be designated as nonprofit when created and may only pursue purposes permitted by statutes for non-profit organizations. Non-profit organizations include churches, public schools, public charities, public clinics and hospitals, political organizations, legal aid societies, volunteer services organizations, labor unions, professional associations, research institutes, museums, and some governmental agencies. Non-profit entities are organized under state law. For non-profit corporations, some states have adopted the Revised Model Non-Profit Corporation Act (1986). For non-profit associations, a few states have adopted the Uniform Unincorporated Non-Profit Association Act (See Colorado §§ 7-30-101 to 7-30-119). Some states exempt non-profit

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organizations from state tax and state employment programs such as unemployment compensation contribution. Some states give non-profit organizations immunity from tort liability (see Massachusetts law giving immunity to a narrow group of non-profit organizations) and other states limit tort liability by enacting a damage cap. State law also governs solicitation privileges and accreditations requirements such as licenses and permits. Each state defines non-profit differently. Some states make distinctions between organizations not operated for profit without charitable goals (like a sports or professional association) and charitable associations in order to determine what legal privileges the respective organizations will be given. For federal tax purposes, an organization is exempt from taxation if it is organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, public safety, literary, educational, prevention of cruelty to children or animals, and/or to develop national or international sports. Social security tax is also currently optional although 80 percent of the organizations elect to participate.

References Non-profit organizations: an overview. Retrieved April 01, 2012 from http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/Non-profit_organizations

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According to Hunger Action Center:

Child Hunger

Although the United States is the wealthiest nation in the world, millions of children in our nation are food insecure, meaning they are either currently hungry or nearing hunger. Children who are undernourished are at greater risk for serious health, social, and educational problems. Today, many public food-assistance programs and private organizations strive to meet the nutritional needs of vulnerable children, but more needs to be done to fight child hunger.

The Impact of Child Hunger Child hunger affects many aspects of children’s lives, from physical and mental development to emotional well being. Below are some of the issues associated with childhood hunger.

Health Risks Associated with Undernourishment Children from many poor families receive less than 70 percent

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of the recommended daily intake of major nutrients. This deficiency translates into increased risk for serious and costly health problems, including anemia, impaired cognitive development, and stunted growth. Children suffering from hunger or near hunger are also less likely to have access to sufficient medical care. Behavioral and Social Development Food insufficiency also hinders children’s social development. Studies show that child hunger may be linked to behavioral problems, delayed social development, anxiety, and other emotional problems. Education For emotional, cognitive, and physical reasons, a hungry or undernourished child faces significant educational challenges. School attendance and academic performance both suffer due to student undernourishment. Food insufficiency—often caused by missed breakfast—diminishes a child’s ability to retain knowledge, concentrate, and develop language and math skills.

Policy Recommendations to Fight Child Hunger Ending childhood hunger is an important battle. The challenges our children face today impact how well they’re able to achieve their full potential. Below are some of the ways we’re fighting to end hunger for America’s children:

Ensure that Children Have the Nutrition They Need at School Children need nutrition to help them grow and learn. Established in 1946, the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the School Breakfast Program were designed to help fill this need. These programs play critical roles in providing quality nutritious meals to millions of children every day for free or at a reduced cost. Children from families at or below 130 percent of the poverty level qualify for free meals, and children from families between 130 and 185 percent of the poverty level qualify for meals at a reduced price. Unfortunately, many children from working poor families often cannot even afford the reduced rate. While nearly 18 million children qualified for free or reduced-price meals in 2007, just over 8 million of these children participated in the School Breakfast Program. The old adage is true: breakfast is the most important meal of the day, especially for children. Some schools do not offer the School Breakfast Program, and in others logistical

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barriers, such as bussing schedules, don’t allow enough time for children to eat breakfast before the school day begins. To reach more children, the level of reimbursement for the School Breakfast Program should be increased to encourage more schools to participate. Expand Access to Quality Nutrition in the Summer Food pantries, soup kitchens, and other charitable food assistance organizations report seeing an increased need for food assistance for children during summer months. While nearly 18 million children participated in the free or reduced-cost school meal programs in 2007, only 2 million received daily assistance through the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP). One of the largest barriers to serving more children in the summer is that there are not enough organizations willing to sponsor the program. The administrative and policy barriers to this program should be streamlined to encourage more agencies to participate, bringing meal service to more children in communities nationwide. Improve Access to Nutrition Afterschool For too many children, access to complete nutritious meals is limited to what children receive at school. This leaves evenings, weekends, and vacations where children may be lacking adequate nutrition. In 2007, the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) provided congregate snacks and meals to over 3 million children and seniors in daycare homes, centers, and afterschool care. There are currently only 14 states that receive supper reimbursement for service to children through the CACFP At-Risk Afterschool program. In other states, afterschool programs, like Kids Cafes, are often serving complete meals to children, but only being reimbursed at the snack rate. Improvements can be made to reach more children outside of school hours by expanding the number of states that can serve meals to children in these “at-risk” areas.

References

Hunger Action Center. Feeding America. Retrieved April 01, 2012 from http://hungeractioncenter.org/issues.aspx

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According to Jamie Oliver Celebrity Chef and Foundation Head “we need a Food Revolution”:

We're losing the war against obesity in the US. It's sad, but true. Our kids are growing up overweight and malnourished from a diet of processed foods, and today's children will be the first generation ever to live shorter lives than their parents. It's time for change. It's time for a Food Revolution.

"Since I've been working in America, I've been overwhelmed by the number of people who have come out to support the Food Revolution. More than 630,000 people have signed the petition, over 300,000 of you subscribe to our newsletter and thousands of you have written to me. The only message I keep hearing is that you believe your kids need better food, and that you want help to keep cooking skills alive. That's why this Food Revolution matters."

The problem stems from the loss of cooking skills at home and the availability of processed foods at every turn, from the school cafeteria to church function halls, factories and offices. This Food Revolution is about saving lives by inspiring everyone: moms, dads, kids, teens and cafeteria workers to get back to basics and start cooking good food from scratch.

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Jamie's ambition

A national movement to change the way America eats

Jamie wants to mobilize the huge response to the Food Revolution so far and turn it into a movement for change in which America leads the world. It will bring together millions of people and inspire the nation to fight obesity with better food. At its heart is a powerful strategy to get people cooking again. Here are some of the ways we'll be doing that:

More cooking at home

A nationwide network of community kitchens where anyone can go to learn basic home cooking

Jamie's home cooking course

Freshly cooked meals at school

An activist program to support parents who want better food in their child's school

A community website to encourage grass-roots activities for change all over the US

Cooking in the community

The Food Revolution truck, a mobile food classroom and flagship center for the Food Revolution

A cooking course available in church halls, community and healthcare centers and the workplace

Schools and Communities - to inspire and educate parents, carers, young adults and children through:

Freshly cooked meals in schools and colleges

Cooking lessons for kids at school

Lessons teaching basic food skills to healthcare and social care professionals

Cooking classes for the public in the community

Corporations - to promote culture change and encourage community investment on several levels:

Food industry - help to tackle obesity by producing better food products and labeling products in a more honest way

Healthcare sector - investing in future health means cost savings down the

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line

Employee health - provide better food for employees in company canteens and provide cooking classes for employees to give them the skills they need to be healthy

Jamie Oliver Foundation FIFTEEN The flagship Restaurant, Fifteen London, established in 2002 with two other locations following the same inspirational model: Fifteen Amsterdam (in 2004), Fifteen Cornwall (in 2006). At the heart of the business is the desire to enable young people to believe in themselves and persuade them the future is theirs to create. Every year, each restaurant takes on unemployed and under-qualified young people and trains them to become qualified chefs through a unique Apprentice Programme. They are taught to love and respect food and its provenance – taking in everything from traditional bakery and butchery, to the finest pastry skills. The name 'Fifteen' comes from the original group of 15 apprentices who joined the London programme in 2002. Since then, more than 220 young people have graduated across all the restaurants, with some of them now running their own restaurants, starring on TV or working in top-class kitchens from London to New York to Sydney. Jamie's School Dinners / Feed Me Better (established 2003) The 2005 TV show, Jamie's School Dinners, uncovered the appalling quality of food served in school dining halls across the UK and subsequently Jamie started the Feed Me Better campaign, a petition to demand government intervention, funding and training for dinner ladies to address the problem. Jamie received 271,677 signatures and in response the government established the School Food Trust whose mission is "to transform school food and food skills, promote the education of health of children and young people and improve the quality of food in schools.“ Jamie's Ministry of Food (established 2008) Ministry of Food is all about getting people cooking again. Jamie wants to show us that anyone can learn to cook – and that it's fun, cool, can save you money and help you, your family and friends to live a healthier life. It also promotes the idea of Pass It On, to encourage people to share their cooking skills with other people and teach

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their friends what they have learnt. Kitchen Garden Project We teach primary school children the joys of growing and cooking their own food in the hope that it will plant a seed for positive eating habits that will last a lifetime. We believe it is absolutely vital to teach children about food and practical cooking skills from a young age in order to have any long term affect. Jamie's Food Revolution (established 2010) Jamie's Food Revolution combines the ambitions of both Jamie's Ministry of Food and Jamie's School Dinners and exists to tackle the obesity epidemic in America. The campaign seeks to educate people about food and cooking, address the quality of the food served in school lunch halls and inspire food retailers to provide good quality, fresh, local food to their customers. The campaign is funded solely by donations made from the USA. http://www.jamieoliver.com/us/foundation/jamies-food-revolution/why

References

Jamie Oliver Foundation. Retrieved April 01, 2012 from http://www.jamieoliver.com/foundation/

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According to Nancy Gibbs (2006) there is a great importance of sharing a family meal:

Close your eyes and picture Family Dinner. June Cleaver is in an apron and pearls, Ward in a sweater and tie. The napkins are linen, the children are scrubbed, steam rises from the green-bean casserole, and even the dog listens intently to what is being said. This is where the tribe comes to transmit wisdom, embed expectations, confess, conspire, forgive, repair. The idealized version is as close to a regular worship service, with its litanies and lessons and blessings, as a family gets outside a sanctuary.

That ideal runs so strong and so deep in our culture and psyche that when experts talk about the value of family dinners, they may leave aside the clutter of contradictions. Just because we eat together does not mean we eat right: Domino's alone delivers a million pizzas on an average day. Just because we are sitting together doesn't mean we have anything to say: children bicker and fidget and daydream; parents stew over the remains of the day. Often the richest conversations, the moments of genuine intimacy, take place somewhere else, in the car, say, on the way back from soccer at dusk, when the low light and lack of eye contact allow secrets to surface. 10

Yet for all that, there is something about a shared meal--not some holiday blowout, not once in a while but regularly, reliably--that anchors a family even on nights when the food is fast and the talk cheap and everyone has someplace else they'd rather be. And on those evenings when the mood is right and the family lingers, caught up in an idea or an argument explored in a shared safe place where no one is stupid or shy or ashamed, you get a glimpse of the power of this habit and why social scientists say such communion acts as a kind of vaccine, protecting kids from all manner of harm.

In fact, it's the experts in adolescent development who wax most emphatic about the value of family meals, for it's in the teenage years that this daily investment pays some of its biggest dividends. Studies show that the more often families eat together, the less likely kids are to smoke, drink, do drugs, get depressed, develop eating disorders and consider suicide, and the more likely they are to do well in school, delay having sex, eat their vegetables, learn big words and know which fork to use. "If it were just about food, we would squirt it into their mouths with a tube," says Robin Fox, an anthropologist who teaches at Rutgers University in New Jersey, about the mysterious way that family dinner engraves our souls. "A meal is about civilizing children. It's about teaching them to be a member of their culture.“

The most probing study of family eating patterns was published last year by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University and reflects nearly a decade's worth of data gathering. The researchers found essentially that family dinner gets better with practice; the less often a family eats together, the worse the experience is likely to be, the less healthy the food and the more meager the talk. Among those who eat together three or fewer times a week, 45% say the TV is on during meals (as opposed to 37% of all households), and nearly one-third say there isn't much conversation. Such kids are also more than twice as likely as those who have frequent family meals to say there is a great deal of tension among family members, and they are much less likely to think their parents are proud of them.

The older that kids are, the more they may need this protected time together, but the less likely they are to get it. Although a majority of 12-year-olds in the CASA study said they had dinner with a parent seven nights a week, only a quarter of 17-year-olds did. Researchers have found all kinds of intriguing educational and ethnic patterns. The families with the least educated parents, for example, eat together the most; parents with less than a high school education share more meals with their kids than do parents with high school diplomas or college degrees. That may end up acting as a generational corrective; kids who eat most often with their parents are 40% more likely to say they get mainly A's and B's in school than kids who have two or fewer family dinners a week. Foreign-born kids are much more likely to eat with

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their parents. When researchers looked at ethnic and racial breakdowns, they found that more than half of Hispanic teens ate with a parent at least six times a week, in contrast to 40% of black teens and 39% of whites.

Back in the really olden days, dinner was seldom a ceremonial event for U.S. families. Only the very wealthy had a separate dining room. For most, meals were informal, a kind of rolling refueling; often only the men sat down. Not until the mid--19th century did the day acquire its middle-class rhythms and rituals; a proper dining room became a Victorian aspiration. When children were 8 or 9, they were allowed to join the adults at the table for instruction in proper etiquette. By the turn of the century, restaurants had appeared to cater to clerical workers, and in time, eating out became a recreational sport. Family dinner in the Norman Rockwell mode had taken hold by the 1950s: Mom cooked, Dad carved, son cleared, daughter did the dishes.

All kinds of social and economic and technological factors then conspired to shred that tidy picture to the point that the frequency of family dining fell about a third over the next 30 years. With both parents working and the kids shuttling between sports practices or attached to their screens at home, finding a time for everyone to sit around the same table, eating the same food and listening to one another, became a quaint kind of luxury. Meanwhile, the message embedded in the microwave was that time spent standing in front of a stove was time wasted.

But something precious was lost, anthropologist Fox argues, when cooking came to be cast as drudgery and meals as discretionary. "Making food is a sacred event," he says. "It's so absolutely central--far more central than sex. You can keep a population going by having sex once a year, but you have to eat three times a day." Food comes so easily to us now, he says, that we have lost a sense of its significance. When we had to grow the corn and fight off predators, meals included a serving of gratitude. "It's like the American Indians. When they killed a deer, they said a prayer over it," says Fox. "That is civilization. It is an act of politeness over food. Fast food has killed this. We have reduced eating to sitting alone and shoveling it in. There is no ceremony in it.“

Or at least there wasn't for many families until researchers in the 1980s began looking at the data and doing all kinds of regression analyses that showed how a shared pot roast could contribute to kids' success and health. What the studies could not prove was what is cause and what is effect. Researchers speculate that maybe kids who eat a lot of family meals have less unsupervised time and thus less chance to get into trouble. Families who make meals a priority also tend to spend more time

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on reading for pleasure and homework. A whole basket of values and habits, of which a common mealtime is only one, may work together to ground kids. But it's a bellwether, and baby boomers who won't listen to their instincts will often listen to the experts: the 2005 CASA study found that the number of adolescents eating with their family most nights has increased 23% since 1998.

That rise may also reflect a deliberate public-education campaign, including public-service announcements on TV Land and Nick at Nite that are designed to convince families that it's worth some inconvenience or compromise to make meals together a priority. The enemies here are laziness and leniency: "We're talking about a contemporary style of parenting, particularly in the middle class, that is overindulgent of children," argues William Doherty, a professor of family social science at the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis and author of The Intentional Family: Simple Rituals to Strengthen Family Ties. "It treats them as customers who need to be pleased." By that, he means the willingness of parents to let dinner be an individual improvisation--no routine, no rules, leave the television on, everyone eats what they want, teenagers take a plate to their room so they can keep IMing their friends.

The food-court mentality--Johnny eats a burrito, Dad has a burger, and Mom picks pasta--comes at a cost. Little humans often resist new tastes; they need some nudging away from the salt and fat and toward the fruits and fiber. A study in the Archives of Family Medicine found that more family meals tends to mean less soda and fried food and far more fruits and vegetables.

Beyond promoting balance and variety in kids' diets, meals together send the message that citizenship in a family entails certain standards beyond individual whims. This is where a family builds its identity and culture. Legends are passed down, jokes rendered, eventually the wider world examined through the lens of a family's values. In addition, younger kids pick up vocabulary and a sense of how conversation is structured. They hear how a problem is solved, learn to listen to other people's concerns and respect their tastes. "A meal is about sharing," says Doherty. "I see this trend where parents are preparing different meals for each kid, and it takes away from that. The sharing is the compromise. Not everyone gets their ideal menu every night.“

Doherty heard from a YMCA camp counselor about the number of kids who arrive with a list of foods they won't eat and who require basic instruction from counselors on how to share a meal. "They have to teach them how to pass food around and serve each other. The kids have to learn how to eat what's there. And they have to

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learn how to remain seated until everyone else is done." The University of Kansas and Michigan State offer students coaching on how to handle a business lunch, including what to do about food they don't like ("Eat it anyway") and how to pass the salt and pepper ("They're married. They never take separate vacations").

When parents say their older kids are too busy or resistant to come to the table the way they did when they were 7, the dinner evangelists produce evidence to the contrary. The CASA study found that a majority of teens who ate three or fewer meals a week with their families wished they did so more often. Parents sometimes seem a little too eager to be rejected by their teenage sons and daughters, suggests Miriam Weinstein, a freelance journalist who wrote The Surprising Power of Family Meals. "We've sold ourselves on the idea that teenagers are obviously sick of their families, that they're bonded to their peer group," she says. "We've taken it to an extreme. We've taken it to mean that a teenager has no need for his family. And that's just not true." She scolds parents who blame their kids for undermining mealtime when the adults are co-conspirators. "It's become a badge of honor to say, 'I have no time. I am so busy,'" she says. "But we make a lot of choices, and we have a lot more discretion than we give ourselves credit for," she says. Parents may be undervaluing themselves when they conclude that sending kids off to every conceivable extracurricular activity is a better use of time than an hour spent around a table, just talking to Mom and Dad.

The family-meal crusaders offer lots of advice to parents seeking to recenter their household on the dinner table. Groups like Ready, Set, Relax!, based in Ridgewood, N.J., have dispensed hundreds of kits to towns from Kentucky to California, coaching communities on how to fight overscheduling and carve out family downtime. More schools are offering basic cooking instruction. It turns out that when kids help prepare a meal, they are much more likely to eat it, and it's a useful skill that seems to build self-esteem. Research on family meals does not explore whether it makes a difference if dinner is with two parents or one or even whether the meal needs to be dinner. For families whose schedules make evenings together a challenge, breakfast or lunch may have the same value. So pull up some chairs. Lose the TV. Let the phone go unanswered. And see where the moment takes you.

References

Gibbs, N. (2011). The Magic of the family meal. Time Inc. Retrieved April 01, 2012 from http://www.time.com/ time/magazine/article/0,9171,1200760,00.html

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The characteristics of the organization such as its purpose and structure, social economic help determine the role of the leader. These variables are situational influences in leadership that operates in a subtle and maybe ignored intentionally. Leadership consists of the relationship between leadership, its followers, and the organization. Leaders that function between organizational relationship and situation expectations should collaborate/be clear.

A person over the age of 65 is at an amazing rate of being hunger. Senior hunger in America is a monumental problem. Today, there are more than 7.5 million seniors in the United States facing the threat of hunger. These numbers are very alarming but the fuel that ignites the flame should motives action that will stomp how hunger for seniors. The growing number of seniors demands constant focus on the demands to manage and control the increasing rate of hunger seniors worldwide. MOWAA's four pillars outline our comprehensive approach to ending senior hunger (Meals, 2012).

The Vision and Mission of Meals on Wheels (MOW) is; to end senior hunger by 2020; Our Mission is to provide national leadership to end senior hunger. On September 1, 2009, the MOWAA Board of Directors approved a new vision for the 11

Meals On Wheels Association of America: to end senior hunger by 2020. In order to turn this 2020 vision into a reality, a national movement to end senior hunger by recruiting 6 million people who are willing to stand up and pledge to do what it takes to end senior hunger (Meals, 2012).

The Services Initiatives

The 2007 research shows close to 6 million seniors’ battles hunger. The greatest impact is to eliminate senior’s hunger by decreasing the numbers with a commitment to raising the number of volunteers that pledge to assist with MOW in America by 2020. There have been several different events held annually that brings awareness to senior hunger worldwide. March is the month each year that the Mayors for Meals are held to increase awareness and get volunteers and raise funds. Another event is Meals for Moms mother’s day meals and e-cards to make homebound senior mothers feel special (Mayor, 2006).

MOWAA have several major constituents that donate funds to maintain the operations of the organization. 1) Wal-Mart Foundation - MOWAA Building the Future Grants Program, 2) We are Meals On Wheels National Multi-Media Public Awareness Campaign, 3) Wal-Mart Foundation Institute for Senior Nutrition Education, and 4) MOWAA State-Affiliate Training Wheels Program. Homebound seniors can better understand health information through health literacy, Rutgers University and the University of Maryland has established food safety practices among both MOW programs and homebound seniors. Feelgoodfood is an organization that provides home-delivered meals and telephone reassurance to seniors upon their discharge from hospitals and other inpatient facilities, helping to substantially reduce post-discharge readmissions and other healthcare costs (Meals, 2012).

Guidance of Leadership

The fund raises is based on the Four Pillars of the MOWAA to eliminate senior hunger. The National Campaign for Community Impact helps member programs serve more meals, maintain and repair needed equipment, allows seniors to live independently, in their own homes.

MOWAA empowers leaders in the senior nutrition field with training, skills and knowledge. There are five critical training areas: nutrition, leadership, development, communication, and volunteer management. Money is still needed for the

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educational purpose. The National Response conducts research and provides a better understanding of the extent of senior hunger, identifying emerging trends and raising awareness. The leadership believes in transparency and understands the important of avoiding waste, and ensuring efficient and dedicated action (Meals, 2012).

References

Mayors Unite Across the USA to Deliver Meals to Homebound Citizens; Mayors For Meals Initiative to Raise Awareness of the Serious Problem of Senior Hunger in America. PR Newswire, New York. March 22, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2012 from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/docview/451208604?accountid=7374

Meals On Wheels Association of America (2012). Retrieved April 1, 2012 from http://www.mowaa.org/page.aspx? pid=212

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According to Meals On Wheels: The Meals On Wheels Association of America is the oldest and largest national organization composed of and representing local, community-based Senior Nutrition Programs in all 50 U.S. states, as well as the U.S. Territories. All told, there are some 5,000 local Senior Nutrition Programs in the United States. These programs provide well over one million meals to seniors who need them each day. Some programs serve meals at congregate locations like senior centers, some programs deliver meals directly to the homes of seniors whose mobility is limited, and many programs provide both services. While remarkable, the one million meals per day figure underestimates the size and shape of our network and its reach and influence in communities across America. In addition to the hundreds of thousands of seniors who receive meals, there are many thousands of professionals employed at the various local Senior Nutrition Programs across the U.S. More notable than that is the virtual army of volunteers who also "work" for these programs. It is said that this group, numbering between 800,000 and 1.7 million individuals, is the largest volunteer army in the nation.

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The Pledge A groundbreaking research study found that as of 2007, there were nearly 6 million seniors facing the threat of hunger. Our goal is to match that number – with 6 million people who are willing to stand up and take the Pledge to end senior hunger in America by the year 2020. March For Meals & Mayors For Meals March For Meals is an annual national campaign, held in March of every year, and designed to increase public awareness, recruit new volunteers and increase funding for Members of MOWAA. The Rural Initiative While Senior Nutrition Programs across the United States share problems common to all of them—such as a growing aging population and limited resources—Senior Nutrition Programs in rural areas face unique challenges such as time, distance, cost and labor.

References

Mayors Unite Across the USA to Deliver Meals to Homebound Citizens; Mayors For Meals Initiative to Raise Awareness of the Serious Problem of Senior Hunger in America. PR Newswire, New York. March 22, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2012 from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/docview/451208604?accountid=7374

Meals On Wheels Association of America (2012). Retrieved April 1, 2012 from http://www.mowaa.org/page.aspx? pid=212

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According to Research, “The most important factors when forming collaborations are partners with whom one shares objectives… having a personal relationship with the IT leader… having institutional missions that are like one’s own… and share services and development projects” (ECAR, 2007, p. 49). “Collaborations with shared objectives accepted by all participants enjoy more efficient decision making” (ECAR, 2007, p. 49).

References

ECAR Research Study. (2007). Forming and managing collaborations. Educase Center for Applied Research. Retrieved April 1, 2012 from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ers0704/rs/ers07046.pdf

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According to the ACGA website:

The Mission of the American Community Gardening Association is to build community by increasing and enhancing community gardening and greening across the United States and Canada.

The American Community Gardening Association (ACGA) is a bi-national nonprofit membership organization of professionals, volunteers and supporters of community greening in urban and rural communities. The Association recognizes that community gardening improves people’s quality of life by providing a catalyst for neighborhood and community development, stimulating social interaction, encouraging self-reliance, beautifying neighborhoods, producing nutritious food, reducing family food budgets, conserving resources and creating opportunities for recreation, exercise, therapy and education.

ACGA and its member organizations work to promote and support all aspects of community food and ornamental gardening, urban forestry, preservation and management of open space, and integrated planning and management of developing urban and rural lands.

The Association supports community gardening by facilitating the formation and expansion of state and regional community

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gardening networks; developing resources in support of community gardening; and, encouraging research and conducting educational programs.

References

ACGA Website. Bringing People Together. Retrieved April 01, 2012 from http://www.communitygarden.org/

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According to Local Harvest, “The best organic food is what's grown closest to you. Use our website to find farmers' markets, family farms, and other sources of sustainably grown food in your area, where you can buy produce, grass-fed meats, and many other goodies. Want to support this great web site? Shop in our catalog for things you can't find locally!”

References Bringing People Together Retrieved April 01, 2012 from http://www.localharvest.org/

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According to volunteer match: VolunteerMatch strengthens communities by making it easier for good people and good causes to connect. The organization offers a variety of online services to support a community of nonprofit, volunteer and business leaders committed to civic engagement. Our popular service welcomes millions of visitors a year and has become the preferred internet recruiting tool for more than 81,000 nonprofit organizations”

Does Your Nonprofit Fight Hunger?

With support from the Walmart Foundation, our new initiative provides free tools and trainings specifically for organizations that involve volunteers in the fight against hunger.

Grow Your Employee Volunteer Program

Our newest service, VolunteerMatch Consulting, helps companies of all sizes develop programs to successfully engage volunteers.

References Bringing People Together Retrieved April 01, 2012 from http://www.volunteermatch.org/

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Thank You from the LDR 625 M7 Red Team CLC!

Danielle Crisp Marcie Jenkins-Williams

Jody Martinez Mohamed Soliman

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