Latin GrammarThree new vocabulary items:

1. alius, alia, aliud

2. aliquis, aliqua, aliquid and aliquī, aliqua, aliquod

3. ipse, ipsa, ipsum

(Grammar for 4B, pp. 216-18)

alius and aliquis Your book introduces two words together.

1. alius, alia, aliud, which means another or other

2. aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, which means someone, something

Your book presents these words as if they were closely related. In some sense they are; aliquis comes from ali(us) + quis. But, really, they are very different words that should be

considered separate entities.

alius, alia, aliud This is a word that means other. It is declined like multus, -a, um, EXCEPT:

1. The nominative and accusative neuter singular is aliud.

2. The genitive singular for all three genders is alīus (and is rare).

3. The dative singular of all three genders is aliī.

alius, alia, alius By the way, alius, alia, aliud also expresses

the idea of different in Latin.

alium canem uīdī.

I saw another dog

= I saw a different dog.

Words for Other in English English uses the, and a to alter the meaning of other.

the other is often used for groups of two.

Give me the other wrench. another and other and others are usually used for groups of

three or more.

Give me another wrench.

I have other wrenches.

I have others. the other + plural noun or the others means the rest or the

remaining

Give me the other wrenches.

Give me the others.

Words for Other in Latin Latin does not do this. It does not have a word for a or the. Instead, Latin has four words for “other.”

1. alter, altera, alterum is used to refer to the other of two.

2. alius, alia, aliud is used to refer to another or others of a group of three or more.

3. cēterī, cēterae, cẻtera means the rest or the remaining; it usually appears only in the plural.

4. reliquus, -a, -um means the rest or the remaining; it appears in both the singular and plural.

alius, alia, aliud You may remember that when we used the word alter,

sometimes it is used twice in a row to mean the one and the other or the first and the second.

alteram Bacchidem amō et alteram ōdī.

(I love the one Bacchis, and I hate the other

= I love the first Bacchis, and I hate the second)

alius, alia, aliud Similarly, alius, alia, aliud, when used more than once in a

row in the singular, means one…another.

alius ingreditur et alius ēgreditur.

(one man is going in, and another is going out)

When used more than once in a row in the plural, it can mean some…others.

aliī ingrediuntur et aliī ēgrediuntur.

(some people are going in, and others are going out)

alius, alia, aliud in multiple cases.

Latin is very fond of using alius, alia, aliud in different cases in the same sentence.

alii alia uīdērunt.

Different people saw different things.

= one person saw one thing, and another person saw other things.

alius, alia, aliud in multiple cases.

These expressions can occur in the singular or plural and it makes no difference in meaning.

alii alia uīdērunt.

= alius aliud uīdit.

A different person saw a different thing.

= one person saw one thing, and another person saw other things.

alius, alia, aliud’s relatives There are many adverbs related to alius, alia, aliud.

aliās = at another time

alibi = at another place

alius aliās haec facit.

(A different person does this at a different time

= one person does this at one time, and another at another.

alius, alia, aliud’s relatives Watch out for the adjective aliēnus, -a, -um. In Latin, it is used as the possessive of

alius, alia, aliud. It means of another person = someone else’s.

aliēna mala nōn mē uexant.

(the troubles of another person don’t bother me

= I don’t worry about someone else’s troubles) This is one reason the genitive of alius, alia, aliud is rare:

this word is used instead for possesion.

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid / aliquī, aliqua, aliquod In 4B, two important words are introduced.

1. aliquis, aliqua, aliquid This word declines pretty much like quis, quid, with an

ali- up front. It means someone in the masculine and feminine and

something in the neuter.

aliquid uīdī.

cum aliquō colloquēbar.

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid / aliquī, aliqua, aliquod

2. aliquī, aliqua, aliquod This word declines pretty much like qui, quae

quod, with an ali- up front. It means some.

in uiā seruum aliquem semper uidēbam.

WARNING! WARNING!NOT THE PLURAL!

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid! aliquī, aliqua, aliquod!

ipse, ipsa, ipsum A note on -self forms in English We have seen forms like myself, yourself,

himself and so on as reflexives.

I see myself in the mirror.

I hurt myself skiing.

ipse, ipsa, ipsum English –self forms have a second use. They are also intensive pronouns.

I, myself, want nothing to do with that.

They have to solve the problem themselves.

ipse, ipsa, ipsum The Latin intensive is ipse, ipsa, ipsum

haec fecī ipse.

(I did this myself).

mīlitēs ipsī aquam ferunt.

(The soldiers themselves are carrying the water)

(The very soldiers are carrying the water.)

ipse, ipsa, ipsum

singular plural

masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut.

ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa

ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa

ipsīus ipsīus ipsīus ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum

ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

ipse vs. sē Because the English intensive and reflexive

look alike, it’s easy for English-speaking Latin students to confuse the two.

Don’t.

ipse vs. sē One little hint: if you remove an intensive, the

sentence will mean the more or less the same.

I, myself, don’t believe you.

I saw myself in the mirror.

ipse vs. sē

Marcus dicit sē Iuliam amāre.

= Marcus says himself to love Julia.

= Marcus says that he loves Julia.

NOT: Marcus says that he himself loves Julia.

(that would need a form of ipse.)