large scale cosmic ray anisotropy and possible...
Transcript of large scale cosmic ray anisotropy and possible...
Paolo DesiatiRasha Abbasi and Juan Carlos Díaz-Vélez
May 1st, 2009University of Wisconsin - Madison
large scale cosmic ray anisotropyand possible interpretations
1
cosmic ray isotropy
• cosmic rays below the knee are originated in the Galaxy
• cosmic rays below 1018 eV are predominantly galactic
• cosmic rays are expected to be isotropic
2
5⋅10-5 pc10 AU
5⋅10-4 pc100 AU
5⋅10-2 pc104 AU
5 pc106 AU
500 pc108 AU
2⋅104 pc4⋅109 AU
0.05 TeV 0.5TeV 50 TeV 5 PeV 500 PeV 20 EeV
in 1 μG
Size of the Galaxy
cosmic ray anisotropy• Compton-Getting effect : relative motion of observer wrt CR plasma
• local structure of interstellar magnetic field
• helio-magnetic sphere and helio-magnetic tail
• nearby young sources of high energy cosmic rays
3
Heliospheric termination shock
Heliospheric magnetic tail
Boundary to Local Interstellar Cloud
Nearby sources of CR ?
5⋅10-5 pc10 AU
5⋅10-4 pc100 AU
5⋅10-2 pc104 AU
5 pc106 AU
500 pc108 AU
2⋅104 pc4⋅109 AU
0.05 TeV 0.5TeV 50 TeV 5 PeV 500 PeV 20 EeV
in 1 μG
anisotropy discovered
• anisotropy of arrival direction of cosmic rays observed since 80’s
• 10’s GeV-100’s TeV in μ detector, surface arrays and ν detectors
• observed anisotropy of about 10-3
‣ originally measured as solar diurnal variation ofmuon count rate with a seasonal modulation
‣ atmospheric daily/seasonal temperature variation‣ Compton-Getting effect due to Earth’s motion
around the Sun
4
compton-getting effect• apparent anisotropy due to relative motion of observer wrt
cosmic ray plasma
• motion of solar system around GC: v ~ 220 • 103 m/s
➡ maximum effect ~ 3.5 • 10-3
➡ sidereal diurnal variation of arrival directions with (~10%) yearly modulation
Compton and Getting, Phys. Rev. Vol. 47 (11) pp. 817 (1935)
!I
< I >= (2 + !)
v
ccos"
5
compton-getting effect• apparent anisotropy due to relative motion of observer wrt
cosmic ray plasma
• motion of Earth around the Sun: v ~ 29.78 • 103 m/s
➡ maximum effect ~ 5 • 10-4
➡ solar diurnal variation of arrival directions (with yearly modulation)
!I
< I >= (2 + !)
v
ccos"
6
temperature effects• the average atmospheric temperature changes during the day :
day-night (solar diurnal) variations
➡ ~ O(1) % ≫ GC effect
➡ null at the South Pole : SP-day = SP-year
• seasonal modulation over the year
➡ ~ O(1) %
➡ ~ 20 % at the South Pole
7
IC22 IC40
measuring the anisotropy• measure sidereal variations @ sparse latitudes
• cosmic rays energy ~ 60-400 GeV (≲ 90 AU, if 1 μG)
• amplitude and phase change with latitude
• North-South asymmetry
Nagashima et al., Journ. Geophys. Res., Vol 103, No. A8, Pag. 17,429 (1998)
8
measuring the anisotropy• measure sidereal variations @ sparse latitudes
• cosmic rays energy ~ 60-400 GeV
• amplitude and phase change with latitude
• North-South asymmetry
➡ tail-in modulated in time : max in Dec and min in Jun➡ from heliomagnetic tail
Nagashima et al., Journ. Geophys. Res., Vol 103, No. A8, Pag. 17,429 (1998)
9
measuring the anisotropyNagashima et al., Journ. Geophys. Res., Vol 103, No. A8, Pag. 17,429 (1998)
proper motion of solar system
relative motion to ISM
10
measuring anisotropy
• measure sidereal variations @ different latitudes (THN - two hemisphere network)
• cosmic rays energy ~ 140-1700 GeV (≲ 380 AU, if 1 μG)
• amplitude and phase change with latitude
• North-South asymmetry
Hall et al., Journ. Geophys. Res., Vol 103, No. A1, Pag. 367 (1998)
Tail-In max. shifts earlier in the south!
11
measuring the anisotropy
12
what’s the deal with the heliosphere ?
heliosphere• solar system moves wrt ISM at 26 km/sec
• solar wind (400-800 km/sec) diverts interstellar plasma
• when solar wind pressure ~ interstellar pressure the termination shock forms ~ 100 AU = 0.0005 pc (gyroradius @ 0.5 TeV)
• the heliopause separates solar from interstellar material and magnetic field ~ 150-200 AU ~0.001 pc (gyroradius @ 1 TeV)
• interstellar wind forms the heliotail that could extend to 20,000-40,000 AU ~ 0.1-0.2 pc (gyroradius @ 100-200 TeV)
Izmodenov et al., arXiv:astro-ph/0308211
13
heliosphere
Lallement R. et al., Science Vol 307, page 144714
• solar system moves wrt ISM at 26 km/sec
• solar wind (400-800 km/sec) diverts interstellar plasma
• when solar wind pressure ~ interstellar pressure the termination shock forms ~ 100 AU = 0.0005 pc (gyroradius @ 0.5 TeV)
• the heliopause separates solar from interstellar material and magnetic field ~ 150-200 AU ~0.001 pc (gyroradius @ 1 TeV)
• interstellar wind forms the heliotail that could extend to 20,000-40,000 AU ~ 0.1-0.2 pc (gyroradius @ 100-200 TeV)
• cosmic compass
recent measurementsSuper-K
• data from 1996-2001• 1662 days• 2.1•108 events with res < 2º• median energy ~ 10 TeV (~2,200 AU)
Guillian et al., arXiv:astro-ph/0508468
15
recent measurementsSuper-K
16
recentmeasurementsTibet ASγ
• data from 1997-2005• 1874.8 days in total• 3.7•1010 events with res ~ 0.9º• modal energy ~ 3 TeV
Amenomori et al., Science Vol 314, Pag. 439 (2006)
Amenomori et al., arXiv:astro-ph/0505114
4 TeV0.004 pc880 AU
6.2 TeV0.007 pc1,400 AU
12 TeV0.01 pc
2,600 AU
50 TeV0.06 pc
11,000 AU
300 TeV0.3 pc
66,000 AU
17
interstellar magnetic fieldLallement R. et al., Science Vol 307, page 1447 (2005)
26 km/sec
29 km/secVela
Geminga
Local Interstellar Cloudpartly ionized~6000 ºK ~ 0.5 eV
helio tail
18
Priscilla Frisch, University of Chicago
interstellar magnetic fieldLallement R. et al., Science Vol 307, page 1447 (2005)
26 km/sec
29 km/secVela
Geminga
Local Interstellar Cloudpartly ionized~6000 ºK ~ 0.5 eV
helio tail
18
19
+
+
=
+90o
-90o
0h 24h
Amenomori et al., ICRC 2007, Mérida, México (2007)
interstellar magnetic field
Amenomori et al., ICRC 2007, Mérida, México (2007)
5 TeV0.006 pc1,000 AU
20
residual skymap
interstellar magnetic field≲1 TeV≲0.01 pc≲200 AU
recent measurementsMILAGRO
• data from 2000-2007• 9.6•1010 events with res < 1º• median energy ~ 6 TeV (~ 1,300 AU)
Kolterman et al., ICRC 2007, Mérida, México (2007)Abdo et al., arXiv:0806.2293
21
recent measurementsMILAGRO
• data from 2000-2007• 2.2•1011 events with res < 1º• median energy ~ 1 TeV (~ 200 AU)• resolve ≲10º structures
• fractional excess highest in winter lowest in summer
Abdo et al., arXiv:0801.3827
22
recent measurementsMILAGRO Abdo et al., Phys.Rev.Lett.101:221101,2008, arXiv:0801.3827
Amenomori et al., ICRC 2007, Mérida, México (2007)
23
5 TeV
1 TeV
direction of Geminga
• Salvati & Sacco (arXiv:0802.2181)
• heliospheric acceleration scenario excluded• Geminga SN (~340,000 yr old, ~170 pc, 0633+1746)• burst of CR injected with ~ 1049 erg (1% of SN output)• Geminga radial velocity ~ 160 km/sec
• Drury & Aharonian (Astrop.Phys.29:420-423,2008, arXiv:0802.4403)
• magnetic highway between Geminga and us !
nearby source of cosmic rays ?
10o
nearby sources of CR ?Chang et al., Nature, Vol. 456 Pag. 362 (2008)
* AMS△ HEAT
○ BETS╳ PPB-BETS◊ emulsion chambers
ATICelectron energy spectrum
24
Adriani et al., arXiv:0810.4995
Profumo, arXiv:0812.4457
Vela SNR (0835-4510)
25
• formed 10,000-13,000 years ago• ~250 pc away (~230 PeV)• associated to Vela Pulsar (PSR J0835-4510)
• embedded in the Gum Nebula• very bright in x-rays
• cosmic rays from SN exposion• either a faint dipole anisotropy• or totally isotropized
• eventually anisotropy embedded in the observed one
IceCube-22
26Rasha’s analysis
direction of Veladirection of LIMF
conclusions• large scale anisotropy could reveal the structure and intensity of the local IS
magnetic field
• ~1-10 TeV cosmic rays likely to be disturbed by the closer heliospheric structure : helio-tail as cosmic compass
• do HE cosmic ray co-rotate with the Galaxy ? Compton-Getting effect
• nearby sources of cosmic rays influence the anisotropy ?
• search for middle & smaller scale structure : how smaller ?
• correlation between anisotropy and spectral features ?
• how would a young nearby SNR show up ?
• measure anisotropy @ different energies and times of the year
27
spare slides
diurnal variations
29
diurnal variations• at any given time only a fraction of the sky is visible
• it takes 1 solar year to scan the entire visible sky @ given location (with different exposure)
• non uniform sky coverage• diurnal variations from anisotropy
• @ South Pole entire half sky uniformly visible @ any time
• diurnal variation from contingent effects only
30
diurnal variations• @ South Pole entire half sky uniformly visible @ any time
• diurnal variation from contingent effects only
• uniform sky coverage
• no diurnal weather effect
• seasonal weather variation slow ≫ 1 day
• anisotropy visible in right ascension
31
diurnal variationssolar diurnal variation can be represented as(*)
R(t) = 1 + [ A + 2B*cos2π ( t - ƒ2 ) ] * cos2π ( Nt - ƒ1 ) + C*cos2π [ (N+1)t - ƒ3 ]
R(t) = 1 + A*cos2π ( Nt - ƒ1 )
+ B*cos2π [ (N+1)t - (ƒ1 + ƒ2) ] + C*cos2π [ (N+1)t - ƒ3 ]
+ B*cos2π [ (N-1)t - (ƒ1-ƒ2) ]
(*) assume Compton-Getting effect is negligible or included in the solar/sidereal daily variation
solar daily variationseasonal yearly modulation sidereal daily variationatmospheric local effects extra-terrestrial effects
t = time in solar year (i.e. t=1 is one solar year)N = 365.24 cycles / year = solar diurnal frequency
solar diurnal variation
sidereal diurnal variation
spurious sidereal variation true sidereal variation
pseudo-sidereal diurnal variation
Farley and Storey, Proc. Phys. Soc. A67, 996(1954)
Amenomori et al., ICRC 2007, Mérida, México (2007)
toward an interpretation
5 TeV
33
Amenomori et al., ICRC 2007, Mérida, México (2007)
toward an interpretation
5 TeV
33
Amenomori et al., ICRC 2007, Mérida, México (2007)
toward an interpretation
33
gyroradius3 µG
10 µG
2•105 AU
2•104 AU
2•103 AU
2•102 AU
20 AU
2 AU
34