Lab 1Intro to Physics Labs and 1D Kinematics 1Intro to... · SP211 Lab: One ! Introduction to Lab...
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Transcript of Lab 1Intro to Physics Labs and 1D Kinematics 1Intro to... · SP211 Lab: One ! Introduction to Lab...
SP211 Lab: One ! Introduction to Lab and 1D Kinematics Version: August 15, 2013
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Physics
Lab 1
SP211
IntroductiontoPhysicsLaboratoryand1DKinematics
I. Introduction
A. SincePhysicsisthestudyofhowtheworldaroundusworks,manyScientistshaveconductedexperimentsandanalyzedthedatatodeterminethemathematicalrelationshipsthatdescribedthephenomenontheyobserved.
B. Inthedigitalage,theuseofacomputertoobtainandrecordthedataismostadvantageous.Adevicethatcommunicatesbetweenthedataacquisitionmoduleandthelaptopiscalledaninput/output(IO)interface(orinterfaceforshort).SometimesitisjustcalledanIOdevicetoo.
C. InallofthePhysicsLabsforbothSP211andSP212,theLab-ProinterfacedeviceisoftenusedtocommunicatewithvarioussensorsanddisplaytheiroutputgraphicallyintheLogger-Proprogram.
D. Graphicalanalysisisawidelyusedtechniqueinphysicstoconveyinformationvisually.Asaconsequence,itisimportantthatthestudentbecomesveryfamiliarwithgraphsingeneral;inparticularduringthelabs,howtomanipulatetheLogger-Proprogramtodisplayaccurategraphsthatconveymeaning.
E. Themainpurposeofthislaboratory,besidesfamiliarizationwithlabequipmentandprocedures,istocreateanduseagraphicalrepresentationof1Dmotiontoreinforcethe1DKinematicsconceptswithinanexperimentalstudy.
PositionGraphofaBouncingBall
Logger-Proprogram
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II. Objectives
Attheendofthisactivity,youshould:
1.HavetheLogger-Proprograminstalledonyourpersonallaptop.
2.BeabletoconnectsensorstotheLab-ProinterfaceandfindthemintheLogger-Proprogram(calibrationofadevicewillbeshowninfuturelabs.)
3.Beabletocreateandfullylabelaposition,velocity,andaccelerationgraphsintheLogger-Proprogram(ifnecessary,beabletodeleteexistingand/oraddadditionalgraphs.)
4.Beabletodiscusstherelationshipbetweentheposition,velocity,andaccelerationgraphs.
5.Beabletore-scaleagraph(bothauto-scaleandmanually.)
6.Beabletouse“LinearFit”and/or“Statistics”functionsinLoggerProandunderstandwhyandwhentouseeach(i.etohelpdescribephenomenasuchasslope.)
7.Understandwhen“CurveFit”isappropriateandfitaquadraticcurvetoyourdata.
8.(TimePermitting)BeabletodiscussuncertaintyanddiscusshowuncertaintycalculationsareconductedduringPhysicsLaboratories.BefamiliarwithUncertaintyandtheuncertaintyassociatedwithLoggerProandbeabletodiscusshowitpertainsto1DKinematics.
9.(TimePermitting)Beabletoexecuteanyotherfunctionyourparticularinstructordeemsessentialtocompletingassignedlaboratoriesthissemester.
Note:AnyoftheObjectivesnotcompletedduringthislabwillbediscussedasusedinfuturelaboratories.
III. NeededEquipment
A. Laptop,Logger-ProInstallationprocedurehandout,PrinterInstructionHandout,LabProInterface(includingUSBcable),PASCOMotionSensorII,PASCOForceSensor,Uncertainty“rulesofthumb”handout,a12inchruler,ameter-stick,a“rubberball”,andapencil/pen.
IV. TurninyourPre-lab/homeworkproblemifassigned.
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V. Procedure
A. DownloadandinstalltheLogger-Prosoftwarefollowingtheinstructionshandoutgiventoyoubyyourinstructor.
1. Note:Itisimportanttofollowtheinstructionasexplicitlywritteninordertooptimizetheinstallationprocess.
2. Note:NEVER try to run the install any software directly from the USNA Software Downloads page! It not only will bog down the network, but might also lead to unforeseen errors. Download it to your desktop first.
3. Notifyyourinstructorifyoureceiveanyerrorsduringtheinstallationprocess.
4. Donotproceedtothenextstepuntilallerrorsareresolved.
B. Ifnoerrorswerereceivedduringtheinstallationprocess,startthelogger-proprogrambydoubleclickingontheLogger-Pro3.8.5.1icon.
1. Whatyoushouldseeisagenericxvs.ygraphandcolumnsfordatasetslabeledxandy.Directlyabovethedatasetcolumnsyoushouldnoticeitsays“Nodeviceconnected.”Thisisbecausewehavenotyetconnectedtheinterface.
2. NowconnecttheLabProinterfaceasshownbelow.
a. UsetheUSBconnectionnexttotheEthernetport.ThisconnectionoptimizesthecommunicationbetweentheLabProinterfaceandtheLogger-Proprogram.
USBconnectionnearEthernetPort
PlugintoOutlet
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b. Aniconoftheinterfacedeviceshouldappearwherebeforeitsaid“Nodeviceconnected.”MostinterfaceswillnowhaveaflashinggreenLEDtosignifythatthedeviceisworkinganditisactivelysearchingforasensortocommunicatewith.
3. Connectingasensor:
a. NextwewillconnectthePASCOMotionSensorII.
1) ConnectthemotionsensortotheLabProdeviceasshownbelow.UseDig/Sonic2port.(Wearepurposelyinstallingthedeviceintothenon-defaultportsothatyouwillbeforcedtotelltheinterfacewhichportyouarepluggedinto.)Forfuturelabs,youmaychoosetoplugintothedefaultportunlessyourinstructororthelabinstructionstellyoudifferently.
2) Notice:ThegreenLEDonthemotionsensorisnotyetlit.Thisisbecausethesensorandtheinterfacearenotyetcommunicating.WemustnowsetupthesensorinLogger-Prosothattheinterfacedeviceknowswhatsensorisconnectedandwheretolookforit.
4. “SetUpSensors”
a. NowmoveyourcursoroverandclickonthewordExperimentinthetopleftcornerofthescreen.Youshouldseeatableexpand.Nowslidedownto“SetUpSensors.”Anotherexpandedtableshouldappear.Select“ShowAllInterfaces.”
b. YoushouldnowseeapictureoftheLabProdevice(mostlikelyoppositelyorientedfromyours).Itisspecificallyshowingyoualltheports.Thereare4analogconnectionportslabeledCH-1throughCH-4.InadditiontherearetwodigitalconnectionportslabeledDig/Sonic1andDig/Sonic2.ItalsoshowsyoutheOperatingSystem(OS)versionandtellsyouthestatusofyourbatteryintheinterface.Onthefarleftandrightitshowsyouthemanydifferentsensorsofeachtypethatyoucouldpossiblyconnect.
Dig/Sonic2
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c. Toconnectourmotiondetector,leftclickonthearrownexttoDig/Sonic2.Anexpandedtableshouldpopupwith“ChooseSensor”displayed.Slidethemouseoveranddownandselectbyleftclickingon“MotionDetector.”
d. ThegreenLEDonthemotiondetectorshouldstartflashingimmediatelyandyoumighthearanaudibleclickingsound.Thisdevicedetectspositionthroughanovelapplicationofthesametechnologyfoundonourmostsophisticatedsubmarines:soundrangingorSONAR.(Ofcourse,inthecaseofsubmarines,thesoundtravelsthroughwaternotair.)Soundpulsesareemittedthroughthegold-coloredmembraneonthefrontofthesensor.Thesepulsestravelthroughtheairuntiltheycomeintocontactwithanobject.Whenasoundpulsebouncesofftheobjectandreturnstothemotionsensor(MS),thesystem(computer/LoggerPro,LabPro,andMS)comparestheemittedandreceivedpulsesandcalculatesthepositionoftheobjectrelativetothesensor(theorigin).
• Note:WhentheMSsuccessfullylocksontarget,thetinygreenlightonthefrontoftheMSilluminates.
e. Positiondeterminationiscarriedoutfrequently(20times/secondbydefault)sothatthepositioncanbemeasuredatcloselyspacedtimeintervals.Consequently,displacement,velocity,andaccelerationcanbecalculatedfromthechangeinposition,changeinpositionvstime,andchangeinvelocityvstime,respectively.Wewillstudythesequantitiesinlaterlabs.
f. OnthetopoftheMSisasmall,blackswitchthatenablesyoutochoosebetweenanarroworwidesonarbeam.ThesesettingsaredescribedonthebackoftheMS.Useofthenarrowbeamreducesclutterbuthasashortrangeofabout2meters.Thewide(orstandard)settinggiveslong-rangedetectionouttoabout8metersbutis,ofcourse,moresusceptibletounwantedsignals(reflections).Thedialonthesideofthedeviceallowsonetorotatethedetectorupanddown.
• Note:TheMSwilldetectanythinginitsrange.Itisimportanttokeepthepathtotheobjectofinterestclear,i.e.,keepbooks,otherpeople,etcoutofthepathofthebeamoftheMS.
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5. Addinganadditionalsensor:
a. Althoughwearenotgoingtospecificallyusetheforcesensorintoday’slabweneedtobeabletoconnectadditionalsensorsfromtimetotimeinourphysicslabs.Todaywewilladdtheforcesensorsothatweknowhowtoaddadditionalsensors.
b. AddtheforcesensorbyfirstconnectingitintoCH-3port(Again,wearepurposelyinstallingthedeviceintothenon-defaultportsothatyouwillbeforcedtotelltheinterfacewhichportyouarepluggedinto.)Forfuturelabs,youmaychoosetoplugintothedefaultport(unlessyourinstructororthelabinstructionstellyoudifferently.)
c. Ifthe“ShowAllInterfaces”screenisnolongeronthescreen,moveyourcursoroverthewordExperimentinthetopleftcornerofthescreen.Youshouldseeatableexpand.Nowslidedownto“SetUpSensors.”Anotherexpandedtableshouldappear.Select“ShowAllInterfaces.”
d. Toconnectourforcesensor,leftclickonthearrownexttoCH-3.Anexpandedtableshouldpopupwith“ChooseSensor”displayed.Slidethemouseovertwiceanddownovertheword“Force”thenoveranddownandselectbyleftclickingon“DuelRangeForce.”
e. Closethe“ShowAllInterfaces”screenbyclickingonthe“RedX”.
6. Youshouldnoticethatyouhave3graphsonyourscreen:Position,Velocity,andForce.SincewearenotgoingtobeusingtheforcesensortherestofthislabdisconnectthesensoratthistimebyremovingtheplugfromCH-3.
a. Thenrightclickontheforcegraphandselectdelete.
b. Asyoucanseeyoucandeletegraphsthatyoudonotdesire.
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7. Nowwewanttoverifythatweunderstandalltheprocessesdiscussedabove.Sogouptothelefthandportionofthescreenandselect“File”thenslidedownandselect“New.”DONOTSAVEanything.
a. Addthemotionsensoraspreviouslydiscussedinsection4.Closethe“ShowAllInterfaces”screenbyclickingonthe“RedX”.
b. Oneshortcuttogettothe“ShowallInterfaces”screenistoclickontheiconoftheLabProabovethe“LatestData”columns.
c. Sothatwecanlearnhowtoinstalladditionalgraphs,manuallydeletethevelocitygraphbyrightclickingonitandselectingdelete.
8. InsertingAdditionalGraphs:
a. Toaddadditionalgraphsclickon“Insert”intheupperleftofthescreen.Slidedownto“Graph”andselect.
b. Thegraphthatappearsonthescreenisanaccelerationgraph,butwewantavelocitygraph.Tochangethetypeofgraph,placeyourcursoroverthewordAccelerationandthenleftclick.Selectthetypeofgraphyouwant.InthiscasewewantaVelocitygraph.Toarrangethegraphsnicely,goupto“Page”nearthetopmiddleofthescreen.Select“Page”thenslidedownandselect“AutoArrange.”
9. Sometimes,yourinstructormightchoosetousepre-loadedtemplatesinwhichallthesetupworkisalreadycompletedsothatstudentscanjumprightintotakingdata.
Ifinstructedbyyourinstructor,downloadthetemplatesfromtheIRC’sUSNASoftwareDownload’spagewhereyoudownloadedtheLoggerProprogram.PlacetheminafolderlabeledSP211Labsonyourdesktop.
ExtensionCMBLisafilethatcanbedoubleclickedontoopenLoggerProandthetemplateatthesametime.
ExtensionXMBLisafileformatthatcanonlybeopenedfromtheLoggerProprogram.
Note:WhenusingLoggerPro,pleasedonotsaveoveranyofthepreprogrammedexperimentfiles.Ifitwouldbeusefultosavethedata,choosetheSAVEASoptionundertheFilemenuandsavethedataunderanewfilename.(Forexample,useyourlastnameandthedate.)Whenclosingexperimentfiles,youwillbeaskedifyouwouldliketosavethechangestothefile.AlwaysclickonNO.
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C. Recurringsteps:UsingLoggerProtoprogramtheLabPro:Knownasthe“ThreeSteps”
!Experiment->SetUpSensors->ShowallInterfaces:Makesurealltherightsensorsshowupinalltherightholes.
!Experiment->DataCollection:Setthelengthoftimedataistobetakenandtherateatwhichdataistobetaken.
!File->Settingsfor...:CheckthecheckboxtoShowZeroonToolbar,andmakesurenumberofpointsforDerivativeandSmoothingareboth7.
D. Askyourinstructorwhichexperimentsheorshewouldlikeyoutoconducttodayandthenproceedtothoseapplicablestepsasappropriate.
E. Experiment1:WalkingToandFro:PositionandVelocity
1. FollowtheThreeStepsinLoggerProtoprogramtheLabPrototakedataforpositionandvelocityasfunctionsoftimeappropriatelyforthisexperiment.
Note:TheMSwilldetectanythinginitsrange.Itisimportanttokeepthepathtotheobjectofinterestclear,i.e.,keepbooks,otherpeople,etcoutofthepathofthebeamoftheMS.
2. Takedataforthepositionofyourownbodyasyou:
a. PlacetheMSontheedgeofthelabtableandsettheselectorswitchtoStandard(thewidebeam).PointtheMSintoanaisleorsomeareathatwillgiveyouoryourlabpartnerroomtowalk.
b. Thepersonbeingtheexperimentwillstandabout12inchesfromthedetectorandwhentoldbythedatacollector(afterthedatacollectorclicksonthegreen“Collect”buttonnearthetopmiddleofthepage)she/hewillwalkawayfromthedetectorandbacktowardthedetector.Tryfortoday’slabtowalkatasteadypace.
c.Standmotionlesslyforasecondortwo,then
d.WalkslowlyawayfromtheMotionDetectoratasteadyspeed,then
e.Standmotionlessforasecondortwo,then
f.WalkrapidlytowardtheMDatasteadyspeed,andthen
g.Finallystandmotionlesslyforasecondortwo.
Ifyouarenotsatisfiedwithyourgraphyoumightchoosetotakeafewpracticetries.
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3. Scalingaplot:
a. Therearetwowaystoscaleaplot,automaticallyandmanually.
b. Toscaleautomatically,rightclickontheaxisofyourchoiceandthenslidedownto“Autoscale,”youwillbegiventhechoiceof“Autoscale”or“AutoscaleFrom0.”Autoscalefromzeroisfrequentlythecorrectchoice,butclearlynotalways;whichyouchoosedependsontheexperimentyouareconductingorthemeaningyouaretryingtocommunicatetoyourreader.Tryeachandseetheireffectonyourgraph.
c. Toscale“Manually,”rightclickonanaxisandselect“GraphOptions”thenselectthe“AxesOptions”tab.Makechangestoitemsonthistabandseetheiraffectstoo.
d. Itisimportanttolabelthegraphwiththeinformationthatitrepresents.Thebestwaytolabelthegraphistomodifyitstitle.Thiscanbedonemanydifferentways,buttheeasiestistorightclickonthegraph,andselect“GraphOptions”thenselectthe“GraphOptions”tab.Youwilleasilyfindthetitlearea.Titleyourgraphappropriately.
3. InthePositionvsTimegraph,findtheaveragevelocityforeachofthetimeperiodsa-eabove.UseAnalyze->LinearFittodothis.
4. IntheVelocityvsTimegraph,findtheaveragevelocityineachofthesameregions.UseAnalyze->Statistics.
5. Annotate,print,and,inashortparagraph,comparethetwodifferentmethodsofmeasuringtheaveragevelocityinthisexperiment.Dotheyagree?Explain.
F. Experiment2.WalkingToandFro:VelocityandAcceleration
1. UsethesamedatafromExperiment1,above.ClosealltheStatisticsandLinearFitboxes.ChangetheverticalaxesfromPositionandVelocitytoVelocityandAcceleration.
2. IntheVelocityvsTimegraph,findtheaverageaccelerationforeachofthefivetimeperiodsinPartsB.2.c-g.UseAnalyze->LinearFit.
3. IntheAccelerationvsTimegraph,findtheaverageaccelerationineachofthesameregions.UseAnalyze->Statistics.
4. Annotate,print,and,inashortparagraph,comparethetwodifferentmethodsofmeasuringtheaverageaccelerationinthisexperiment.Dotheyagree?Explain.
5. Whendoweuse"LinearFit"tofindtheaverageofanobservable,andwhendoweuse"Statistics?"
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G. Experiment3.UniformlyAcceleratedMotion
1. Raiseoneendofthetracksothatyouhavearamp.MakesureyouhaveLoggerProsettoshowgraphsfortheposition,velocityandaccelerationofthecart.
2. Holdthecartstill.Starttakingdata.Waitasecond;thenlaunchthecartuptherampasyourinstructordemonstrates.Takedatawhilethecartstartsuptheramp,slowstoastop,thanacceleratesbackdowntheramp.Becareful!Thesecartscost$80!!
3. In the Position vs Time graph, use Analyze -> Curve Fit to fit a quadratic to your data, and find the cart's average acceleration.
4. IntheVelocityvsTimegraph,useAnalyze->...whichoneshoulditbe?...tofindthecart'saverageacceleration.
5. IntheAccelerationvsTimegraph,use...whichone????...tofindthecart'saverageacceleration.
6. Annotate,print,and,inashortparagraph,comparethethreemethodsoffindingaverageaccelerationinthisexperiment.Dotheyagree?Explain.
H. Experiment4.Position,velocity,andaccelerationforaBouncingBall
1. EitheryouoryourlabpartnerholdstheMSaboutchestheightandensuretosettheselectorswitchtoStandard(thewidebeam).PointtheMSdowntowardtheground.
2. Withyourotherhand,afteryoucoordinatewithyourlabpartnertostartcollectingdatainLogger-Pro(Labpartnerpressescollectandgivesyouthegosignal),releasetherubberballandallowittogentlyfalltotheground.Trytomaintainthemotionsensorovertheball,butyouDONOThavetotracktheballintheupanddowndirection,onlyiftheballmovesleftorright.
3. In the Position vs Time graph, use Analyze -> Curve Fit to fit a quadratic to your data, and find the ball's average acceleration. Remember your position graph will have opposite coordinates than the graph on the first page of this procedure due to how you are holding the motion sensor.
4. IntheVelocityvsTimegraph,useAnalyze->...whichoneshoulditbe?...tofindtheballs'saverageacceleration.
5. IntheAccelerationvsTimegraph,use...whichone????...tofindtheball'saverageacceleration.
6. Annotate,print,and,inashortparagraph,comparethethreemethodsoffindingaverageaccelerationinthisexperiment.Dotheyagree?Explain.
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4. Printingaplot(ifdirectedtobyyourinstructor,manyinstructorspreferthatyouprintyourlabreportsinyourBarrackssothatyoucantaketimetoproperlylabeltheaxis,etc.):
a. Followtheinstructionsontheprinterinstructionshandouttomaptheprinterforthelabroom.
b. Ifyoureceiveanyerrors,immediatelynotifyyourinstructorsothattheymayberesolved.
c. Ifnoerrors,thenprintyourgraphtoensurethatyouwillbeabletoprintforfuturelabs.Saveyourgraphasitmightbeausefulreferencenextweek.
Askyouinstructorifshe/hewantsyoutocontinuewiththeLABorproceedtosectionVIII(cleanup).
VI. (TimePermitting)UncertaintyandRegressionLines
A. ReadtheHandoutfromyourinstructoraboutuncertaintyandanswerthefollowingquestions:
1. Measurethedeskusinga12inchruler.Recordthemeasurementincludingtheuncertainty.
2. Nowmakethesamemeasurementusingameterstick.Recordthemeasurementincludingitsuncertainty.
3. Nowdeterminetheareaofthetable.Recordeachmeasurementandshowthecalculationforareaincludingitsuncertainty.Hint:Howdoestheuncertaintyofeachmeasurementaffecttheareauncertainty?
4. Asyoucanimagine,calculationscangetmorecomplicatedthansimplemultiplication.Readthehandoutandthendiscusshowyouwouldusetheuncertaintiesofeachmeasurementtodeterminethedensityofabrasscylinder.Discussnowhowyouwouldcompareyourcalculatedanswertothatoftheactualknowndensityofbrasstoseeifyouwereaccurateand/orpreciseorneither.
5. Askyourinstructorifshe/hewantsyoutocontinuewiththeLABorproceedtosectionVIII(cleanup).
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B. CalculatetheslopeofyourpositiongraphbyhandandthenhaveLoggerProdoitforyou.Inordertohavethecomputercalculatetheslope,youfirstselecttheportionofthecurvetobeanalyzedbyclickinganddraggingthemousefromlefttorightsothatthecursorintheLoggerProwindowtraversesthedatatobefit.Ifyouaresuccessful,ashadedareawillcoverthedatatobeanalyzedonthecomputerscreen.Afterselectingtheportionofthedatatobefit,clickonAnalyzeinthemenuoftheLoggerProwindow.Fromthemenuthatappears,chooseLinearfitandthe“leastsquares,”best-fitstraightlineshouldappearontheLoggerProwindowalongwiththeslopeandintercept.
1. Theuncertaintyintheslopeisnotquiteaseasytoestimateastheuncertaintyinasinglemeasurement.Oneapproachistoestimatewhatthelargestandsmallestpossibleslopesarebyeye.Alternatively,thecomputercangiveanestimateoftheuncertainty.Itcancalculatethestandarddeviationoftheslopeandtheintercept,andforthepurposeofthiscourse,onecanusetheseastheuncertainties.Tohavethecomputerdisplaytheuncertainties,double-clickontheboxshowingthefitparametersforthegraphintheLoggerProwindow.LinearFitOptionswillappear.Selecting"ShowUncertainty"forboththe"Slope"and"Y-Intercept,"andthenclickingtheOKbuttonwilldisplaytheseparameters.
2. Askyourinstructorifshe/hewantsyoutocontinuewiththeLABorproceedtosectionVIII(cleanup).
C. Atthistime,yourparticularinstructormightpresenttoyouotherfunctionsinLogger-Prothatareessentialtocompletingfuturelabsinyourclass.Seekguidancefromyourinstructoronwhichprocessestocompleteatthistime.IftherearenootherprocessestobediscussedproceedtosectionVIII(cleanup).
VII. LabReporttoHandIn(onlygraphsasassignedbasedonyourinstructor’sinput)
A. GraphfromPartE,Experiment1,annotatedandwithdiscussion.
B. GraphfromPartF,Experiment2,annotatedandwithdiscussion.
C. GraphfromPartG,Experiment3,annotatedandwithdiscussion.
D. GraphfromPartH,Experiment4,annotatedandwithdiscussion.
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VIII. Clean-Up
A. GoldenRule:“Dountoothersasyoudesirethemtodountoyou.”
ThisappliesasmuchhereinthelabasitdoesintheFleet.AsfutureNavalOfficers,howcanyouexpectyourenlistedsailorstomaintainacleanworkareaifyourstateroom,workareas,messarea,etcisa“pigsty?”SoasofficersitisimperativethatwecleanupafterourselvesnotonlytofollowtheGoldenRule,butalsotoleadbyexamplefortheenlistedpersonnelunderourcharge.
1. EndofLabCheckout:Beforeleavingthelaboratory,pleasetidyuptheequipmentattheworkstationandquitallrunningsoftware.
2. Thelabstationshouldbeinbetterconditionthanwhenyouarrivedandmoreimportantly,shouldbeofanappearancethatyouwouldbePROUDtoshowtoyourlegalguardiansduringa“ParentsWeekend.”
3. HaveyourinstructorinspectyourlabstationandreceivetheirpermissiontoleavetheLabRoom.
YouSHALLfollowthisprocedureduringeverylabforSP211andSP212
ManythankstoDr.Huddle,Dr.Ertel,Dr.Mikulski,andDr.FontanellafortheirassistanceinproducingthisLaboratoryprocedure;specificreferencescanbesuppliedonrequest.LCDRTimothyShivok