Kingdom FungiKingdom FungiEukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophicEukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic

Used to be classified in the plant kingdom, but because Used to be classified in the plant kingdom, but because they lack chlorophyll (don’t photosynthesize), lack they lack chlorophyll (don’t photosynthesize), lack roots, stems, or leaves -they are now in their own roots, stems, or leaves -they are now in their own kingdomkingdom

““myc” – word part refers to a fungusmyc” – word part refers to a fungus

Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment, reproduce using sporesenvironment, reproduce using spores

Over 70,000 fungal species have been identifiedOver 70,000 fungal species have been identified

1.5 million fungal species are estimated to exist on 1.5 million fungal species are estimated to exist on earthearth

Kingdom Fungi is very diverse – 4 phylaKingdom Fungi is very diverse – 4 phyla

1.1. Primitive Fungi (Phylum Chytridiomycota)Primitive Fungi (Phylum Chytridiomycota)- Chytrid fungiChytrid fungi- Mostly aquaticMostly aquatic- Spores are flagellatedSpores are flagellated- Some are decomposers, some are parasitic (some Some are decomposers, some are parasitic (some

scientists suspect frog populations are dropping scientists suspect frog populations are dropping worldwide because of chytrid fungi)worldwide because of chytrid fungi)

2.2. Sac Fungi (Phylum Ascomycota)Sac Fungi (Phylum Ascomycota)- yeasts, certain molds (yeasts, certain molds (PenicilliumPenicillium), morels and truffles, ), morels and truffles,

mildews, ergotsmildews, ergots- yeast used in baking, alcohol productionyeast used in baking, alcohol production- Penicillin – antibiotic produced by Penicillin – antibiotic produced by PenicilliumPenicillium- Dutch Elm Disease – kills elm treesDutch Elm Disease – kills elm trees- Ergot – produces LSD (nickname – “acid”)Ergot – produces LSD (nickname – “acid”)

3.3. Bread Molds (Phylum Zygomycota)Bread Molds (Phylum Zygomycota)- Rhizopus Rhizopus – common bread mold– common bread mold- Most species are decomposersMost species are decomposers- Symbiotic species – mycorrhizae form mutualistic Symbiotic species – mycorrhizae form mutualistic

partnerships with plant roots, help plants fix partnerships with plant roots, help plants fix nitrogen nitrogen

4.4. Club Fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota)Club Fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota)- Club-shaped fruiting bodiesClub-shaped fruiting bodies- Include mushrooms, puffballs, bracket (shelf) Include mushrooms, puffballs, bracket (shelf)

fungi, rusts, smutsfungi, rusts, smuts

Questions 1-2, p599Questions 1-2, p5991.1. How do fungi contribute to balance of an ecosystem?How do fungi contribute to balance of an ecosystem?

- Fungi contribute to the balance of an ecosystem by Fungi contribute to the balance of an ecosystem by decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients.decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients.

2.2. What are three reasons lichens are useful to humans?What are three reasons lichens are useful to humans?- Lichens produce oxygenLichens produce oxygen- They also grow in unfavorable environments, which They also grow in unfavorable environments, which

then allow other organisms to grow.then allow other organisms to grow.- They are also indicators of air qualityThey are also indicators of air quality- are important decomposers that return nutrient into are important decomposers that return nutrient into

the soil.the soil.- They are used to produce antibiotic compoundsThey are used to produce antibiotic compounds- Their pigments are used as dyes.Their pigments are used as dyes.

3.3. Draw a Venn Diagram comparing lichens and Draw a Venn Diagram comparing lichens and mycorrhizae. Include terms such as roots, mycorrhizae. Include terms such as roots, photosynthesis, and mutualism.photosynthesis, and mutualism.

- lichens: algae, photosynthesislichens: algae, photosynthesis- mycorrhizae: roots, surface areamycorrhizae: roots, surface area- Common to both: mutualism, fungusCommon to both: mutualism, fungus

4.4. Some antifungal medications can damage the patient’s Some antifungal medications can damage the patient’s tissues. Why doesn’t this occur with antibiotics?tissues. Why doesn’t this occur with antibiotics?

- Antibiotics affect prokaryotes whereas fungi and humans are Antibiotics affect prokaryotes whereas fungi and humans are eukaryoticeukaryotic

5.5. A peach farmer is faced every year with a A peach farmer is faced every year with a outbreak of peach scab, a fungal disease outbreak of peach scab, a fungal disease of peaches. Every year he sprays his of peaches. Every year he sprays his crop carefully with fungicide, but each crop carefully with fungicide, but each time these seem less effective than the time these seem less effective than the year before. Why might this be?year before. Why might this be?

- Fungi that survived the initial spraying may Fungi that survived the initial spraying may have conferred resistance to later have conferred resistance to later generations. Over time, the population of generations. Over time, the population of fungicide-resistant fungi could increase.fungicide-resistant fungi could increase.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeMulticellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic (make their Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic (make their own food through photosynthesis)own food through photosynthesis)

Plants contain chlorophyll – light absorbing Plants contain chlorophyll – light absorbing pigment that give them their green colourpigment that give them their green colour

Plants evolved from green algae (earliest plant Plants evolved from green algae (earliest plant fossils date back more than 450 million years ago).fossils date back more than 450 million years ago).

Plants are the start of many terrestrial (land) food Plants are the start of many terrestrial (land) food chainschains

Plants supply the earth with much needed oxygen Plants supply the earth with much needed oxygen and pump carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and pump carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere (reduces global warming).(reduces global warming).

# of plant species – low estimate at 300,000!# of plant species – low estimate at 300,000!

The world’s rainforests – are being destroyed at The world’s rainforests – are being destroyed at a rapid rate – many plants species are a rapid rate – many plants species are becoming extinct even before we know they becoming extinct even before we know they exist!exist!

Majority of the medicine’s pharmaceutical drugs Majority of the medicine’s pharmaceutical drugs and anti-cancer drugs come from plant speciesand anti-cancer drugs come from plant species

Without plants, we wouldn’t be here!Without plants, we wouldn’t be here!

Land plants have adaptations :Land plants have adaptations : Retain moisture – Retain moisture – cuticlecuticle (waxy covering) on (waxy covering) on

leaves, leaves, stomatastomata – holes on underside of leaves – holes on underside of leaves control water loss.control water loss.

Vascular system: possess by vascular plants – Vascular system: possess by vascular plants – help transport materials within plant – allow help transport materials within plant – allow plant to grow upright towards the lightplant to grow upright towards the light

Ability to grow upright because of Ability to grow upright because of ligninlignin – – hardens cells walls to give the plant strength hardens cells walls to give the plant strength and rigidity (so the plant can grow upright and rigidity (so the plant can grow upright towards the sun)towards the sun)

Reproduction – some plants produce spores, Reproduction – some plants produce spores, others produce pollen and seeds. Seeds and others produce pollen and seeds. Seeds and spores are a storage mechanisms that protects spores are a storage mechanisms that protects plant embryoplant embryo

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeMulticellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophicMulticellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic

2 major categories:2 major categories: Non-vascular plantsNon-vascular plants Vascular plantsVascular plants

Non-Vascular plants:Non-Vascular plants: liverworts, hornworts and mossesliverworts, hornworts and mosses Short structure because of a lack of a vascular Short structure because of a lack of a vascular

system (can’t carry material very far)system (can’t carry material very far) Reproduce using water (swimming sperm! … in a Reproduce using water (swimming sperm! … in a

plant? Yes!)plant? Yes!)

Vascular plants:Vascular plants: Posses a vascular system that transports materials Posses a vascular system that transports materials

(series of tubes or plumbing)(series of tubes or plumbing) Also live in moist areas because reproduce with Also live in moist areas because reproduce with

swimming spermswimming sperm 2 main types:2 main types:

Spore producers (seedless)Spore producers (seedless)

Seed producersSeed producers Spore Producers:Spore Producers:

Using spores for reproductionUsing spores for reproduction

Club mossesClub mosses

Whisk FernsWhisk Ferns

HorsetailsHorsetails

FernsFerns

Seed PlantsSeed Plants Reproduce by seedsReproduce by seeds Can live in dryer environments (don’t need water Can live in dryer environments (don’t need water

to reproduce)to reproduce) 2 groups:2 groups:

GymnospermsGymnosperms ““naked seed” – seeds not enclosed in a fruitnaked seed” – seeds not enclosed in a fruit Conifers – spruce, pine, fir, cedar, etc.Conifers – spruce, pine, fir, cedar, etc. CycadsCycads Ginkgos – Ginkgos – Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba – health supplement – health supplement

AngiospermsAngiosperms Flowering plantsFlowering plants Commonly what we think of “a plant”Commonly what we think of “a plant” 2 types: 2 types:

Monocots – grasses, corn, cereal crops etc…Monocots – grasses, corn, cereal crops etc…

Dicots – common tree species, vegetables, etc…Dicots – common tree species, vegetables, etc…

Questions 1-3, page 622Questions 1-3, page 622

1.1. What are the habitat requirements for What are the habitat requirements for seedless nonvascular plants?seedless nonvascular plants?

- Environment where water and nutrients can Environment where water and nutrients can be absorbed directly into the plant bodybe absorbed directly into the plant body

- Must have free-standing water for Must have free-standing water for reproductionreproduction

2.2. What are the evolutionary advantages of What are the evolutionary advantages of a vascular system?a vascular system?

- Allows plants to grows higher off the ground, - Allows plants to grows higher off the ground, which can mean better access to sunlightwhich can mean better access to sunlight

3-4, page 6223-4, page 6223.3. What are the evolutionary advantages of What are the evolutionary advantages of

seeds?seeds?- Seeds allow an embryo to remain dormant Seeds allow an embryo to remain dormant

until the environmental conditions are right for until the environmental conditions are right for growthgrowth

4.4. In what type of environment might you find In what type of environment might you find nonvascular plants, seedless vascular nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants growing together? plants, and seed plants growing together? Explain.Explain.

- Moist environments, because all seedless plants - Moist environments, because all seedless plants require free-standing water for reproductionrequire free-standing water for reproduction

5-6, p6225-6, p6225.5. Consider the characteristics of pollen grains. Why do people Consider the characteristics of pollen grains. Why do people

with pollen allergies find it difficult to avoid exposure to pollen?with pollen allergies find it difficult to avoid exposure to pollen?

- Pollen grains are tiny (only two cells) and they are blown - Pollen grains are tiny (only two cells) and they are blown around by the wind. When pollen counts are too high around by the wind. When pollen counts are too high outdoors, it is difficult to avoid exposure unless you stay outdoors, it is difficult to avoid exposure unless you stay inside.inside.

6.6. According to the fossil record, seed plants date back to 360 According to the fossil record, seed plants date back to 360 million years ago, when the Earth’s climate was becoming million years ago, when the Earth’s climate was becoming hotter and drier. What role did this global climate change hotter and drier. What role did this global climate change likely play in the evolution of seed plants?likely play in the evolution of seed plants?

- As the climate became drier, there was less standing water As the climate became drier, there was less standing water in which seedless plants could reproduce. Plants that in which seedless plants could reproduce. Plants that could reproduce without free-standing water had an could reproduce without free-standing water had an adaptive advantage in this situation, and they became more adaptive advantage in this situation, and they became more and more common.and more common.

Questions 1-3, p627Questions 1-3, p6271.1. What adaptations give flowering plants a reproductive advantage What adaptations give flowering plants a reproductive advantage

over gymnosperms?over gymnosperms?- Animal pollination is more efficient than wind pollination, Animal pollination is more efficient than wind pollination,

flower ovaries protect gametes and seeds, and fruit protects flower ovaries protect gametes and seeds, and fruit protects seeds and helps disperse them.seeds and helps disperse them.

2.2. What are the primary difference between monocots and dicots?What are the primary difference between monocots and dicots?- monocots: one cotyledon per seedmonocots: one cotyledon per seed- Dicots: two cotyledons per seedDicots: two cotyledons per seed

3.3. Name three ways in which flowering plants can be categorized.Name three ways in which flowering plants can be categorized.- By number of cotyledons – monocot or dicotBy number of cotyledons – monocot or dicot- By stem type – woody or herbaceousBy stem type – woody or herbaceous- By lifespan – annual, biennial or perennialBy lifespan – annual, biennial or perennial

Q 4-5, p627Q 4-5, p6274.4. In what ways does pollination in In what ways does pollination in

gymnosperms differ from pollination in gymnosperms differ from pollination in angiosperms?angiosperms?

5.5. How would you take plant lifespan type into How would you take plant lifespan type into account when planting a garden?account when planting a garden?

- Annuals will need to be replanted every year. Annuals will need to be replanted every year. - Biennial plants will not flower the first year if Biennial plants will not flower the first year if

planted from seed, and they will need to be planted from seed, and they will need to be replanted after the second year of growth.replanted after the second year of growth.

- Perennial plants will grow back every spring.Perennial plants will grow back every spring.

Question 6, p627Question 6, p627

6.6. The fossil record reveals amass extinction at The fossil record reveals amass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Discuss why the end of the Cretaceous Period. Discuss why mass extinctions are commonly followed by mass extinctions are commonly followed by periods of adaptive radiation, in this case of periods of adaptive radiation, in this case of flowering plants.flowering plants.

- A mass extinction leaves open niches and unused A mass extinction leaves open niches and unused abiotic resources. Surviving organisms may be able abiotic resources. Surviving organisms may be able to adapt to these niche, expanding their range and to adapt to these niche, expanding their range and possibly radiating into new species over many possibly radiating into new species over many generations.generations.

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaHeterotrophic (ingest their food)Heterotrophic (ingest their food)

EukaryoticEukaryotic

Multicellular, cells lack a cell wallMulticellular, cells lack a cell wall

More than 1 million species have been described so More than 1 million species have been described so farfar

2 major groupings:2 major groupings: Invertebrates:Invertebrates:

lack a backbonelack a backbone

More than 95% of animal species are invertebratesMore than 95% of animal species are invertebrates VertebratesVertebrates

possess a backbonepossess a backbone

Less than 5% are vertebrate speciesLess than 5% are vertebrate species

9 Animal Kingdom Phyla9 Animal Kingdom Phyla8 Invertebrate Phyla:8 Invertebrate Phyla: Sponges (Phylum Porifera)Sponges (Phylum Porifera) Cnidarians (Phylum Coelenterata)Cnidarians (Phylum Coelenterata) Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida)Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida) Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca)Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca) Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata) Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

1 Vertebrate Phylum:1 Vertebrate Phylum: Chordates (Phylum Chordata)Chordates (Phylum Chordata)

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

Lack tissuesLack tissues

Lack symmetryLack symmetry

Marine (live in salt water), freshwater Marine (live in salt water), freshwater species too!species too!

Sessile (don’t move around – stay in one Sessile (don’t move around – stay in one place)place)

Water pulled in through pores – bring in Water pulled in through pores – bring in oxygen and food and as water is removed oxygen and food and as water is removed takes carbon dioxide and wastes with it.takes carbon dioxide and wastes with it.

Cnidarians (Phylum Coelenterata)Cnidarians (Phylum Coelenterata)Corals, jellyfish (sea jellies), sea anemones, Corals, jellyfish (sea jellies), sea anemones, hydrashydras

Radially symmetrical (no front or back)Radially symmetrical (no front or back)

Marine speciesMarine species

Some are sessile – corals, sea anemones Some are sessile – corals, sea anemones and hydrasand hydras

Some are motile (move around) – sea jelliesSome are motile (move around) – sea jellies

One opening for food and wastesOne opening for food and wastes

Sea jellies can be very poisonous! Sea jellies can be very poisonous!

Flatworms (Phylum PlatyhelminthesFlatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes))

Tapeworms, flukes and planariansTapeworms, flukes and planarians

MotileMotile

Flat body planFlat body plan

Have a mouth and an anus (two openings)Have a mouth and an anus (two openings)

Most are parasites!Most are parasites!

Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)

Terrestrial species Terrestrial species

Mostly parasitic but have numerous free Mostly parasitic but have numerous free living speciesliving species

Commonly found in soil, make up an Commonly found in soil, make up an important part of soilsimportant part of soils

Guinea worm, hookworm and pinworm – Guinea worm, hookworm and pinworm – are parasitesare parasites

Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca)Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca)

Aquatic species, both marine and Aquatic species, both marine and freshwaterfreshwater

Shellfish (clams, oysters, etc), octopus, Shellfish (clams, oysters, etc), octopus, squid, snailssquid, snails

Octopus – considered the smartest Octopus – considered the smartest invertebrateinvertebrate

Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida)Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida)

Earthworms, leechesEarthworms, leeches

Terrestrial and aquatic speciesTerrestrial and aquatic species

Segmented body planSegmented body plan

Leeches – parasitesLeeches – parasites

Earthworm – free-living decomposer, Earthworm – free-living decomposer, hermaphroditichermaphroditic

Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

Most numerous phylum!Most numerous phylum!

Have an exoskeletonHave an exoskeleton

Jointed legsJointed legs

Crustaceans – crabs, lobsters, shrimp, Crustaceans – crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfishcrayfish

Insects – bees, ants, grasshopper, etc.Insects – bees, ants, grasshopper, etc.

Arachnids – spiders, mites, ticks, scorpionsArachnids – spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions

Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)

““Spiny skin”Spiny skin”

Radial symmetryRadial symmetry

Marine speciesMarine species

Sea stars, sea urchins, feather stars, sea Sea stars, sea urchins, feather stars, sea lilies, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea lilies, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, etc.cucumbers, etc.

Predatory species commonly foundPredatory species commonly found

Can regenerate lost body parts!Can regenerate lost body parts!

Chordates (Phylum Chordata)Chordates (Phylum Chordata)Main group – sub-phylum VertebrataMain group – sub-phylum Vertebrata

Possess a notochord, gill slits, and a hollow Possess a notochord, gill slits, and a hollow nerve cordnerve cord

Seven classes of vertebrates:Seven classes of vertebrates: Bony fish – trout, goldfish, etc.Bony fish – trout, goldfish, etc. Jawless fish – lampreys, hagfish etc.Jawless fish – lampreys, hagfish etc. Cartilaginous Fish – sharks, rays, etc.Cartilaginous Fish – sharks, rays, etc. Amphibians – frogs, toads, salamandersAmphibians – frogs, toads, salamanders Reptiles – snakes, lizards, turles, crocodiles, etc.Reptiles – snakes, lizards, turles, crocodiles, etc. Birds – sparrow, crow, hawk, etc.Birds – sparrow, crow, hawk, etc. Mammals – whales, bats, humansMammals – whales, bats, humans