OIL SPILL HAZARD AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

M46GED Concepts and Models of Environmental Hazards

COVENTRY UNIVERSITYDepartment of Geography, Environment and Disaster

Ukueku Kevin

January 2009

Scope of presentationScope of presentation

IntroductionCause and Effect

Concept of Risk

GIS for Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation oil spill hazards

Advantages of GIS use over other methods

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Definition Definition

Oil spill is a technological hazard involving the release of crude oil or its constituents into the environment.

Causes of oil spillCauses of oil spill

Accidents

Operations

Deliberate actions

Effects of oil spillEffects of oil spill

• Marine (Coastal and Deep waters)

• Terrestrial environment

• Humans

• Economy

CONCEPTS OF RISK FOR OIL CONCEPTS OF RISK FOR OIL SPILL HAZARDSPILL HAZARD

RiskRisk is the probability of a is the probability of a hazard occurring and creating hazard occurring and creating losslossandandHazardHazard is a potential threat is a potential threat

After Keith S. (2004).After Keith S. (2004).

Hazard is the occurrence Hazard is the occurrence probabilityprobability

AfterAfter Cole P. (2008) Cole P. (2008)

Quantitatively,Quantitatively,

Risk = Hazard (probability) × Loss

Preparedness (loss mitigation)

Hazard being the occurrence probability can be estimated with the use of a data base.

Part of a data basePart of a data base

Event treeEvent tree

Boyka S. et al (2004)

Since the degree of loss varies between elements, that is some are more vulnerable than others, it is necessary to consider risk in terms of the vulnerability of elements.

Risk in terms of Risk in terms of vulnerability vulnerability isisRisk = Hazard × Vulnerability × Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability × ValueValue

Where,Where, ValueValue is the inventory of an is the inventory of an element(say fish) in a coastal element(say fish) in a coastal environment environment and and

After Cole P. (2008)After Cole P. (2008)

VulnerabilityVulnerability

Vulnerability is the degree of loss to each element should a hazard of a given severity occur

(Cole P. 2008).

The propensity to suffer damage(Kumpulainen S.

2006).

Vulnerability index for coastal environments

(Gundlach and Hayes 1978)

In recent times, vulnerability In recent times, vulnerability Index (Index (VIVI) is known as ) is known as Environmental Sensitivity Environmental Sensitivity Index (Index (ESIESI))

that is;that is;

VI = ESIVI = ESI

3. OIL SPILL HAZARD AND 3. OIL SPILL HAZARD AND GISGIS

GIS is a powerful tool for the Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation of oil spill hazard.

GIS FOR MODELLINGGIS FOR MODELLING

It is mainly used for the modelling of sensitive environments which aids response and prioritisation of clean up activities.

After NOAA (2008)After S.Z. Pourvakhshouri (2006)

HOW?HOW?

It does this by integrating and arranging data of several sources into easy to understand maps.

GIS FOR MONITORING GIS FOR MONITORING

Its integrating ability is a very powerful tool for the effective monitoring of oil spill hazards.

A Bathymetric map of the Norwegian coastline showing the drift of spilled oil within a 6 hour period in different colours

Combination of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and GIS aids proper understanding of the spatio-temporal distribution of oil spills in the marine environment

Characterisation of tanker pollution in the black sea

After A. Y Ivanov (2008)

GIS FOR MITIGATION; GIS FOR MITIGATION;

Areas where chemical dispersants should be applied in the month of April in the event of a spill

In Australia, the combination of OILMAP and GCOM3D models are used to predict the fate of oil spill.

After Trevor G. (1998)

The Australian OSRA OILMAP/GCOM3D output overlaid over a satellite image showing the locations of significant sea bird colonies

After Trevor G. (1998)

Loss estimationLoss estimationestimating the losses and location from the Guimaras oil spill Philippines.

After E. V. Arias et al (2007)

Data needs;Locations of sensitive ecological areas

(ESI maps)Geographic coordinates for positioning

oil skimmer boats and oil containment booms

Locations and phone numbers of clean up contractors

Detailed shoreline bathymetry dataBoat ramps and dock locations Fuelling locations Digitized nautical chartsLand data including airports and

heliports

4.4. Advantages of GIS over Advantages of GIS over other methods other methods

It is interactive, with SQLs, you can easily get what you are looking for

Eases analysis before, during and after spill events

Easily updated as conditions changeCan integrate data from several

sources especially remotely sensed data together

Spatial models and analysed data can be easily shared

Accurate predictions of spills It aids the effect use Decision Support

Systems (DSS)

Conclusion Conclusion

By funding more research and greater education of people on GIS technology, the effects of oil spill hazard on the environment (biological, built, health and economic) will be reduced to the barest minimum.

Thank youThank you

ReferenceReference Boyka S. (2004) ‘’Event tree’’ approach for facilitating audit of ambulance

cardiac services [online] 9, (2) 115-122. Available from <http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid> [28 January 2009]

Cole P. (2008) Concepts and Models of Environmental Hazards [online lecture] delivered for M46GED on 13 November 2008 at Coventry University available from <> [06 January 2009]

E. V. Arias et al (2007) ‘Responding to an oil spill Disaster: Data Management Support for the rehabilitation of Guimaras Island, Philippines’, [online] 5, (P002) 224-233 Available from < http://projectsunrise.org/wp-content/uploads/responding_to_an_oil_spill.pdf> [11 January 2009]

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Reference Reference Kumpulainen S. (2006) ‘Vulnerability Concepts of Hazard and Risk

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Trevor G. (1998) ‘The Australian Oil Spill Response Atlas and Introduction of a New Oil Spill Trajectory Model’ [online] Available from <http://www.aip.com.au/amosc/papers/trevpaper.htm> [26 January 2009]