KETOSIS IN BOVINES AND ITS MANAGEMENT

SYNONYM: ACETONEMIA IN CATTLE PREGNANCY TOXEMIA OR TWIN LAMB DISEASE IN SHEEP

DIGESTIVE METABOLISM STARCH CELLULOSE FRUCTOSANS HEMICELLULOSE PECTIN GLUCOSE XYLOSE PYRUVATE

ACETYL CoA LACTATE OXALOACETATE

ACETOACETATE

BHB

ACETATE PROPIONATE

BUTYRATE

ETIOLOGY MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER OF ENERGY METABOLISM COMMON IN HIGHLY PRODUCING COWS IN POST-CALVING

PERIOD OR EARLY LACTATTION DIET INADEQUATE IN CHO LIKE MORE OF STRAW HIGH PROTIEN DIET AND EXSCLESCESS CONCENTRATES

LEAD TO GREATER PRODUCTION OF BUTYRIC ACID IN RUMEN.

LACK OF EXERCISE ALSO PREDISPOSE TO KETOSIS DUE TO POOR OXIDATION OF KETONE BODIES BY CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES.

HYPOTHYROIDISM : THYROID GLAND MAINTAINS BMR AND GLUCONEOGENESIS.THUS HYPOTHYROIDISM ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO KETOSIS

CONTD… ADRENO-CORTICO INSUFICIENCY:Stress prevailing during pregnancy and

parturition leads to overactivity of adrenal cortex which soon become exhausted .So,in absence of cortisone there is reduced gluconeogenesis.

LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE:Result in decreased insulin secretion and inc

glucagon secretion.

Low insulin:glucagon ratio induce lipolysis in adipose tissue and ketogenesis in liver

CONTD… HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY: As liver is involved in gluconeogenesis,so in

HI hypoglycemia results leading to ketosis. LOSS OF APPETITE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY

PRECURSORS OF GLUCOSE

PROPIONIC ACID

(major)AMINO

ACIDS(major)

GLYCEROL

LACTIC ACID

FORMATION OF KETONE BODIES Fatty acid Stored in liver Beta oxidation slowly result in Fatty liver

Acetyl CoA enter Acetyl CoA TCA to produce energy used for

ketogenesis if partially ox idised

TYPES OF BOVINE KETOSIS

PRIMARY SECONDARY

ALIMENTARY STARVATION

NUTRITIONAL DEFECIENCY

PRIMARY KETOSIS

It occurs in cows in good body condition and are fed diet defecient in glucose precursors

SECONDARY KETOSIS This occur when other diseases decrease the

feed intake such as: ABOMASAL DISPLACMENT METRITIS TRAUMATIC RETICULITIS

ALIMENTARY KETOSIS It occurs due to excessive amount of butyrate

in silage . Also because of this the palatability of feed is

reduced.

STARVATION KETOSIS Occur in cattle which are in poor body

condition and fed poor quality feed. There is defeciency of glucose and

hence energy which result in shift of metabolism from CHO to fat.

KETOSIS DUE TO NUTRITIONAL DEFECIENCY Some dietry defeciency of cobalt also lead to

ketosis. It is due to failure to metabolise propionic

acid via TCAcycle.

CLINICAL FINDINGS WASTING FORM 95% Most common form seen Body weight loss rapidly WOODY APPEARANCE due to loss of sub cut

fat and cutaneous elasticity. Characteristic odour of ketone in breath and

milk. Fall in milk yield without treatment

CONTD… NERVOUS FORM <5% Nervous signs occur in short episodes Walking in circles Apparent blindness Chewing movements with salivation Head pushingThese signs which occur in some cases are

being said due to production of isopropyl alcohol,breakdown product of aceto acetic acid in rumen

CLINICAL PATHOLOGYHypoglycemi

a

Ketonemia

Ketonuria

CONTD…LEVEL OF KETONE BODIES

NORMALKETOSIS

BLOOD MILK URINENORMAL 10mg/dl 3mg/dl 10-70mg/dlKETOSIS 80mg/dl 40mg/dl 80-

130mg/dl

DIAGNOSIS History,clinical signs,biochemical test

COW-SIDE TEST Ketone bodies should be demonstrated

in urine or milk. Based on rxn with sodium nitroprusside and the resultant colour change

TREATMENT 50% glucose@ 1.5ml/kg bwt GLUCOSE PRECURSORSPropylene glycol 200ml for 2days followed by 100ml for next 100 daysSodium lactate @1kg initially followed by .5kg daily for 7 days HORMONAL TREATMENTCorticosteroids like betamethasone,dexamethasone 30mg i/m as a single

dosePrednisolone 5-10 ml Triamcenolone acetate 1ml/100 kg i/mInsulin therapy (20-40 units along with glucose) every other day x 3

daysCobalt @100mg daily for 4 daysLIVER TONIC @5-10 ML i/m alternate days 3 injANTILIPOLYTIC SUBSTANCESCholine,methionine ,niacin

PREVENTION Pregnant cows should not be starved. Supplement animal with Na propionate@100gm

daily for 3 weeks Monensin Hcl may be fed as it increases propionatelevel over acetate . Molasses feeding helpful Routine milk and urine examination for presence of

ketone bodies during 50- 60 days of pregnancy In diet Co,P should be included Provide balanced ration