Kelp forest applied Ecology lecture 2017.ppt · 2017-10-24 · applications for conservation and...
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10/22/2017 1 Ecological applications for conservation and management Goals: - Conservation - Sustainable services - provisioning - regulating - cultural - supporting Provisioning services: The products obtained from ecosystems, including, for example, genetic resources, food, fiber, and fresh water. Regulating services: The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including, for example, the regulation of climate, water, and some human diseases. Cultural services: The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience. Supporting services: Services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Examples include biomass production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, water cycling, and provisioning of habitat. Ecological applications for conservation and management Human activities: - water quality / pollution - kelp harvesting - fishing - climate change Population Growth / Migration Coastal Development Pollution toxicants: oil (otters) copper (abalone) coastal water intake: entrainment impingement runoff: nutrients contaminants diseases coastal water discharge: turbidity thermal salinity
Transcript of Kelp forest applied Ecology lecture 2017.ppt · 2017-10-24 · applications for conservation and...
10/22/2017
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Ecological applications for conservation and management
Goals:- Conservation- Sustainable services
- provisioning- regulating - cultural- supporting
Provisioning services: The products obtained from ecosystems, including, for example, genetic resources, food, fiber, and fresh water.
Regulating services: The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including, for example, the regulation of climate, water, and some human diseases.
Cultural services: The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience.
Supporting services: Services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Examples include biomass production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, water cycling, and provisioning of habitat.
Ecological applications for conservation and management
Human activities:
- water quality / pollution
- kelp harvesting
- fishing
- climate change
Population Growth / Migration Coastal Development
Pollutiontoxicants:
oil (otters)copper (abalone)
coastal water intake:entrainmentimpingement
runoff:nutrientscontaminantsdiseases
coastal water discharge:
turbiditythermalsalinity
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Ecological applications for conservation and management
Human activities:
- water quality / pollution
- kelp harvesting
- fishing
- climate change
Multitude of climate change consequences
climate changeocean acidification
Kroeker et al 2013 Global Change Biology
Changes in productivity and community structure
Multitude of climate change consequences
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climate changeocean warming
Consequences:
- changes in nutrient availability and productivity of forests
- changes in metabolic rates balanced by food availability
- shifts in species distributions (latitude and depth)
- changes in community structure
climate changeocean warming
Shifts in kelp forest state with warming along western Australia
Multitude of climate change consequences
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Coastal Upwelling Drives Ocean Productivity
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climate change
frequency, intensity and location of upwelling
Consequences:
- changes in productivity of forests
- changes in locations of hypoxia and acidification
- changes in dispersal and delivery of larvae
“Structure - schooling”- long larval duration
(3 - 5 months)
- spawn in winter
“Benthic - solitary”- short larval duration
(1-2 months)
- spawn in spring
Upwelling
Relaxation
Wind-driven upwelling responseCO2 doubling
Predicted changes in upwelling:
- timing- location- intensity
These changes will impact ocean ecosystems
Snyder et al., 2003
6.0e-8
4.0e-8
2.0e-8
-4.0e-8
0
-6.0e-8
-2.0e-8
Wind stress curl (N/m2)
July Aug
Sep
Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct
0 0.2 0.4-0.2-0.4
Feb Apr Jun Aug OctFeb Apr Jun Aug Oct
33.3N
37.0N
40.7N
44.4N
2xCO2 – 1xCO2 2xCO2Veg – 2xCO2 2xCO2Veg – 1xCO2
Not looking good… or differences in replenishment may increase!(Diffenbaugh et al., PNAS, 2004)
Wind Stress Curl Anomalies (x 10-7 N/m3) = Upwelling
Application: predicting ecological consequences of regional climate change
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Ecological applications for conservation and management
Human activities:
- water quality / pollution
- kelp harvesting
- fishing
- climate change
Kelp harvesting
- chemicals (alginates)
- feed for abalone mariculture
limited to surface canopy
California Kelp Harvest
Lan
din
gs
(100
0 m
etri
c to
ns)
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 20040
50
100
150
Data courtesy CDFG
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
0
100
200
300
Harvest withinMBNMS
Kelp forest canopy function:nursery habitat
(refuge and prey)
Impact:does removal of canopy diminish nursery role of kelp canopy?
Settlement
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Approach: Manipulate canopy among replicate forests
N= four replicate forests
Beck et al unpublished
CANOPY
SUB‐CANOPY
BOTTOM
HALF‐HARVEST
FULL‐HARVEST
CONTROL
Inner Outer
Fis
h p
er tr
an
sect
(6o
m2)
Before Two weeks after harvest
Inner Outer
Declines in subsequent fish settlement in(outer) half of forest experimentally removed
Application: “best management practices”
- Identify the ecological significance of forest canopy for biodiversity and “nursery habitat”
- Recognize as “essential fish habitat”
- Determine distribution and timing of kelp harvesting that minimizes impact to rockfish recruitment
- Consider application of bed leasing as means of managing such activities
Ecological applications for conservation and management
Human activities:
- water quality / pollution
- kelp harvesting
- fishing
- climate change
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Species Fished from California Kelp Forests
CommercialSouthern California Central California
Live-fish fisheryblue rockfish X Xolive rockfish X Xblack rockfish X Xkelp rockfish X Xgopher rockfish X Xblack & yellow rockfish X Xchina rockfish Xcopper rockfish Xgrass rockfish X XCalifornia sheephead Xcabezon X Xkelp greenling X Xmonkey-faced eel X
Species Fished from California Kelp Forests
CommercialSouthern California Central California
Non-live-fish (= dead) fisheryvermillion rockfish Xlingcod Xspiny lobster Xred sea urchins X X red abalone*turban snails Xkellet’s whelk Xsea cucumbers (Parastichopus ) Xyellow tail Xmackerel X
* Historic commercial fishery with potential for future fishery
Species Fished from California Kelp Forests
Recreational (in addition to commecial species)
Southern California Central California
kelp (calico) bass Xopaleye Xhalfmoon Xstriped surfperch X Xsilver surfperch XCalifornia sheephead Xpile surfperch Xrubberlip surfperch Xblack surfperch Xwhite seabass X XCalifornia barracuda Xocean whitefish X
Serial Depletion – California Abalone
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Commercial Catch in Nearshore MBNMS
Year
1985 1990 1995 2000
La
nd
ing
s (
100
0 lb
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Rockfish
Invertebrates
Other Fish
(Starr et al, 2002)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are areas of the ocean in which some activity is restricted or prohibited.
Common (e.g., National Marine Sanctuariesand fishery zones)
“no-take” Marine Reserve designation prohibits the take of most or all marine organisms within their boundaries.
One Potential Conservation Tool
How can science help inform MPA policy?
Identify potential goals of MPAs
Identify important design criteria
Develop rigorous approaches for evaluating MPA effectiveness
Potential Roles for Marine ReservesConservation
For reasons we have terrestrial reserves
For non-extractive values of intact natural ecosystems
Requires protection of ecosystem structure, functions and services
For non-extractive services we receive from marine ecosystems
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identifying effects of fishing
Potential Roles for MPAs
Fisheries Managementprotecting populations of fished species
targeted populations
ecosystem-wide effects
allocation of resource among users
population buffers
enhancing replenishment and resilience
stock assessments for “data poor” fisheries
decoupling from climate effects
Increasing sustainability of populations
protecting habitat (kelp forests)
reproductive capacity (size / fecundity)
recruitment success (abalone recruitment)
reducing bycatch (trawls, traps, hook + line)
assuring functional ecosystems
protect open spawning source
Population buffers, replenishment and resilience:
Potential Roles for MPAs
Increasing sustainability of populations
protecting habitat (oyster reefs, corals)
reproductive capacity (size / fecundity)
recruitment success (abalone recruitment)
reducing bycatch (trawls, traps, hook + line)
assuring functional ecosystems
protect open spawning source
Potential Roles for MPAs
Population buffers, replenishment and resilience:
Life History Spatial Population Structure
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Increasing sustainability of populations
protecting habitat (oyster reefs, corals)
reproductive capacity (size / fecundity)
recruitment success (abalone recruitment)
reducing bycatch (trawls, traps, hook + line)
assuring functional ecosystems
protect open spawning source
Potential Roles for MPAs
Population buffers, replenishment and resilience:
Enhanced Recruitment Within Reserves
INSIDE OUTSIDE
adult urchins
me
an
d
en
sit
y
200
600
400
INSIDE OUTSIDE
juvenile abalone
20
60
40
Reserves protect urchins
Abalone recruit to urchins
Three sites in and out of reserves
Rogers-Bennett and Pearse 2001 Conserv. Biol.
assuring functional ecosystems:
functional roles of fished species and their effects on ecosystem structure, function, diversity
examples of trophic cascades in kelp forest systems:
Potential Roles for MPAs Functional Ecosystems:
Changes in the Anacapa Reserve
• Ecological interactions are important
• Purple urchins rarer inside reserve than outside
• Urchin barrens have never occurred in the reserveBehrens & Lafferty 2004
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Cascading Effects of Predator Removal
sea otterssheephead
sea urchins
barrenskelp forest
rockfishes
Southern California Central California
lobster
How can science help inform MPA policy?
Identify potential goals of MPAs
Identify important design criteria
Develop rigorous approaches for evaluating MPA effectiveness
Southern California
Central California
NorthCentral
CA
1) Regional network Est’d 2007
2) Regional network Est’d 2009
3) Regional networkEst’d 2011
4) Regional network Est’d 2012
California’s Marine Life
Protection Act
Goal-based Design Guidelines
1. Protect natural diversity and ecosystem functions.
2. Sustain and restore marine lifepopulations.
3. Improve recreational, educational, and study opportunities.
4. Protect representative and unique habitats.
5. Clear objectives, effective management, adequate enforcement, sound science.
6. Ensure that MPAs are designed and managed as a network.
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Goal-based Design Guidelines
1. Protect natural diversity and ecosystem functions.
2. Sustain and restore marine lifepopulations.
3. Improve recreational, educational, and study opportunities.
4. Protect representative and unique habitats.
5. Clear objectives, effective management, adequate enforcement, sound science.
6. Ensure that MPAs are designed and managed as a network.
Key Marine Habitats
Seafloor Habitats
• Rocky reefs• Intertidal zones• Sandy or soft bottoms• Underwater pinnacles• Submarine canyons
Biogenic Habitats
• Kelp forests• Seagrass beds• Mussel beds
Oceanographic Habitats
• Upwelling areas• Freshwater plumes• Retention zones
Depth Zones
• Intertidal• Intertidal to 30 m• 30 to 100 m • 100 to 200 m• 200 m and deeper
Habitats and Ecosystems
SouthernCalifornia
Central California
NorthCentral California
Identifyinggeographic patterns of
community structureon multiple scales
Point ConceptionBiogeographicProvinces
NorthernCalifornia
Bray Curtis similarity: clusters significantly different (SIMPROF) at 30% similarity level
SimilarityGroup average
Standardise Variables by Maximum
Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity
Geographic Patterns of Community SimilarityShallow Rocky Reefs (CRANE) All Taxa
Anacapa IslandAnacapa IslandSanta Cruz IslandAnacapa IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta Cruz IslandSanta BarbaraSanta BarbaraSanta BarbaraSan Miguel IslandSan Miguel IslandSan Miguel IslandSan Miguel IslandSanta Rosa IslandSanta Rosa IslandSanta Rosa IslandSanta Rosa IslandSanta Rosa IslandSanta Rosa IslandSanta Rosa IslandLos AngelesSan DiegoSan DiegoSan DiegoSan DiegoOrangeSan DiegoSan DiegoSan DiegoOrangeSan DiegoLos AngelesSan Nicolas IslandSan Nicolas IslandSanta Catalina IslandAnacapa IslandAnacapa IslandSanta Barbara IslandSanta Barbara IslandSan Clemente IslandSan Clemente IslandSan Clemente IslandSanta Catalina IslandLos AngelesSanta Catalina IslandSanta Catalina IslandSanta Catalina IslandSanta Catalina Island
10080604020
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Proposed Bioregion GroupingsBoth shallow rocky reef (CRANE) and intertidal datashow significant differences (ANOSIM P=0.01) when grouped according to Proposed Bioregion guidelines
West Islands
North Mainland
Mid Islands
East Islands
South Mainland
Intertidal and Shallow Subtidal Rocky Reef Communities
CA Marine Life Protection Act Goals
1. Protect natural diversity and ecosystem functions.
2. Sustain and restore marine lifepopulations.
3. Improve recreational, educational, and study opportunities.
4. Protect representative and unique habitats.
5. Clear objectives, effective management, adequate enforcement, sound science.
6. Ensure that MPAs are designed and managed as a network.
• MPAs must be large enough that adults don’t move out of them too frequently (and become vulnerable to fishing)
• MPAs must be close enough together that sufficient larvaecan move from one to the next
Protecting Populationssize and spacing
Species Movements and MPAs
10 km
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Conclusion: 76% of these species moved less than 0.5 km
Home ranges of 25 west coast rocky habitat fish species
Median max. distance (km)
nu
mb
er o
f sp
eci
es
0
4
8
12
Freiwald, 2012 Can. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
Adult Movement
• Minimum alongshore span of 5 – 10 km(3 - 6 statute miles)
• Preferably 10 – 20 km (6 - 12 statute miles)
• Extend from the intertidal zone to deep waters (3 statute miles offshore)
Size Guidelines
Protecting Populations
• MPAs must be large enough that adults don’t move out of them too frequently (and become vulnerable to fishing)
• MPAs must be close enough together that sufficient larvaecan move from one to the next
size and spacingSpacing: Reserves Connected by
Larval Dispersal
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Characteristics of Networks
Single large reserve
Network of smallerreserves -same overall size
dispersal of young
Size Spacing
Size and Spacing Guidelines
• Size:– 5-10 km, minimum– 10-20 km, preferred– Intertidal to deep waters
• Spacing:– 50 – 100 km apart
• Size and spacing are interrelated– Smaller MPAs more
reliant on connectivity
Data from Kinlan and Gaines 2003, PISCO 2007
Square KM (or linear distance along coastline)
0.0
0.1
0.2
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0.4
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0.9
1.0
Est
ima
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pro
po
rtio
n o
f sp
eci
es
How Much Habitat is Needed?
For a habitat to contribute to a network
Should be sufficient to encompass most of the species that live in the habitat
Survey data shows how more area captures more species
MLPA SAT determined that area should be sufficient to capture 90% of biodiversity
How can science help inform MPA policy?
Identify potential goals of MPAs
Identify important design criteria
Develop rigorous approaches for evaluating MPA effectiveness
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Why Evaluate MPAs?
1. Required by MLPAThe law requires that the master plan include “[R]ecommendations for monitoring, research, and evaluation…to assist in adaptive management of the MPA network…” (FGC Section 2856(a)2(H))
2. Adopted Goals of Regional Stakeholder GroupsGoal 5 - 2. …develop objectives, a long-term monitoring plan that includes standardized biological and socioeconomic monitoring protocols, and a strategy for MPA evaluation...
3. Given limited resources, any management approach comes with costs:
• detracts from alternative approaches• redirects resources (financial and human)
Why Evaluate MPAs?4. If ineffective and without
evaluation, provides false sense of security
• jeopardizes resource, especiallyif other existing regulations are relaxed
5. Critical to refining design and adaptive management:
• the sooner benefits/costs determined, the more rapidly aspects of design can be refined
6. Goals common to evaluation and application
• e.g., fisheries application
Questions???
