Katphala usheera-dg04 kop

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “EXPERIMENTAL

EVALUATION OF KATPHALA (Myrica nagi Thumb.) AND USHEERA

(Vetiveria Zizanioidis – (Linn.) Nash.) - A COMPARATIVE STUDY” is

a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance

of Prof. M. Vidyasagar, H.O.D of Post Graduate Studies in Dravya

Guna, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College P. G. Centre, Koppa.

Date:

Place: Koppa

Department of Post graduate Studies in DRAVYA GUNA

A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa – 577126 Dist: Chikmagalur

Declaration

Dr. Jyothi. M. Kempannavar P.G.Scholar,

Dept. of Dravya guna, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “EXPERIMENTAL



a bonafide research work done by Dr. Jyothi. M. Kempannavar

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati

MD (Ayurveda) in Dravya guna of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Bangalore, Karnataka.

Date:

Place: Koppa



Certificate

Prof. M. Vidyasagar M.D (Ayu) (Pbi. U),

H.O.D. Faculty of Post Graduate Studies in Dravya Guna A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled EXPERIMENTAL



a bonafide research work done by Dr. Jyothi. M. Kempannavar of

under the guidance of Prof. M. Vidyasagar, H.O.D. of Post

Graduate Studies in Dravya guna A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical

College P. G. Centre, Koppa.

Date:

Place: Koppa


Dr. Sanjaya. K.S. M.D. (Ay),

Principal, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126, Dist: Chickmagalur.

Endorsement


COPYRIGHT

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this

dissertation in print or electronic format for academic/research purpose.

Date:

Place:

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

Dr. Jyothi. M. Kempannavar P.G. Scholar,

Dept. of Dravya guna, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa – 577 126

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF KATPHALA (Myrica nagi

Thumb.) AND USHEERA (Vetiveria Zizanioidis – (Linn.) Nash.) - A COMPARATIVE STUDY

BY Dr. Jyothi. M. Kempannavar

B.A.M.S. (R.G.U.H.S, Bangalore)

Dissertation submitted to

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

“Ayurveda Vachaspati” [M.D.] in

DRAVYA GUNA

GUIDE Prof. M. Vidyasagar

M.D, (Ayu) (Pbi. U) H.O.D., Dept. of Dravya Guna

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYA GUNA

A.L.N.RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, KOPPA, CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA,

INDIA - 577126

APRIL - 2009

List of tables

SL. NO.

TABLE NO.

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

01 3.1 Gana/varga of katphala in various texts 13

02 3.2 Synonyms of katphala in various texts 16,17 03 3.3 Guna-karma of katphala 18 04 3.4 Doshagnata and karma of katphala mentioned in

different texts 19

05 3.5 The prayoga of katphala mentioned in different texts 20,21,2206 3.6 Formulations and Visishtayogas according to “Charaka

Samhitha”. 24

07 3.7 Formulations and Visishtayogas according to “Susrutha Samhitha”

25

08 3.8 Formulations and visishtayogas according to “Astanga Hridaya”

25

09 3.9 Gana/Varga of Usheera in various texts 41 10 3.10 Synonyms of Usheera in various texts 42,43 11 3.11 Guna- Karma of Usheera 46 12 3.12 Prayoga of Usheera mentioned in DIFFERENT TEXTS 47,48 13 3.13 Formulations according to Charaka 50,51 14 3.15 Formulations according to “Susrutha” 53,54 15 3.14 Formulations according to “Ashtanga Hrudaya” 52 16 3.16 Jwara in Animals 76 17 3.17 Types of Jwara 77 18 3.18 Purvaroopa;(premonitory symptoms) 80 19 3.19 The vishishta Purvaroopa (special premonitory

symptoms) 81

20 3.20 Jwara in various diseases 84 21 3.21 Dhatu involvement of Jwara 87 22 3.22 Classification of Fever 101 23 4.01 Hourly mean temperature of albino rats of group i and ii

to evaluate the action of yeast on temperature 123

24 4.02 Grouping of equipments 126 25 4.03 Showing Behavioural changes of albino Rats 129 26 5.01 Mean hourly temperature in different groups 133 27 5.02 Statistical Data of Experimental Groups 134 28 5.03 Compared‘t’ and respective ‘p’ values between 2 groups 135 29 6.01 Statistical analysis of the obtained data 146

List of Charts

SL. NO.

CHART NO.

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

01 3.1 Jwara Samprapti 79 02 3.2 Types of Jwara 82 03 3.3 Stages of treatment of Jwara 91 04 3.4 Mechanism of pyrexia 100 05 4.1 The effect of Baker’s yeast on body temperature in

albino rats 123

06 5.1 Average initial temperatures in the five groups 130 07 5.2 Temperature pattern in Control group 131 08 5.3 Temperature pattern in Standard group 131

09 5.4 Temperature pattern in Katphala Churna group 132

10 5.5 Temperature pattern in Usheera choornagroup 132 11 5.6 Hourly mean temperature of albino rats of control,

standard and trial drugs (temperature in f) 133

12 5.7 Grand average of temperature ( in 0f) of different groups

134

List of Photographs

Sl. No. Photo 01 Thin layer chromatographic screening of katphala and usheera 02 Histology of Katphala 03 Histology of Usheera 04 Powder characters of Katphala and Usheera 05 Morphological characters of Katphala and Usheera 06 Photos showing Trial drugs 07 Experimental Photos

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I seek the blessings of Lord Ganesha and Lord Dhanwantari. Like all the other

success that I had in my life, this dissertation work is also an outcome of their blessings.

I owe my sincere regards and boundless gratitude to Shri Aroor Ramesh Rao,

President, A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa for giving me an

opportunity to do my Post Graduate studies in this prestigious Institution.

I am very indebted and remain grateful forever to my respected guide Prof. M.

Vidyasagar, M.D., Ph.D (Ayu) Sir for his valuable guidance, meticulous superevision,

timely given advices, motivational inspiration, his never ending support and blessings

without which my thesis work and P.G. Studies will not be accomplished.I am praying

Almighty to bestow him good health and all prosperity in coming life.

I am evergreatful to Prof. Sanjaya K.S., Principal A.L.N. Rao Memorial

Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa, for his kind help, support and valuable guidance

from the day of my joining in this college, which made me to complete this dissertation

work.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. H.R. Pradeep, Dept. of Dravya Guna for his

valuable guidance during my dissertation work.

My heartfelt gratitude to respected Prof. D.K. Mishra Sir, H.O.D. of Bhaisajya

Kalpana Department for his valuable guidance, support throughout my P.G. Studies. I

am also thankful for the paternal care and encouragement he offered me in all the critical

phases of my P.G. Studies.

I express my sincere thanks to Prof. P.K. Mishra, HOD of Kaya Chikitsa

Department for his guidance.

I owe my sincere gratitude to Prof. Radha Krishna Rao, MSc., Ph.D, visiting

professor, Department of Dravya Guna for his valuable guidance in the

Pharmacognostical aspect of this work.

I render my sincere thanks to Dr. Prashant Jha, Incharge of Quality Control Lab,

A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa for his kind co-operation and

suggestions throughout my dissertation work.

My heartfelt thanks to my lecturers of Dravya Guna Department, Dr.

Ilianchezhian R., Dr. Harivenkatesh and Dr. Bhanu for their support and directions they

provided.

I also extend my humble thanks to Prof. T.K. Mohanta Sir, Dr. Rashmi Rekha

Mishra Madam for the support and valuable guidance during my dissertation work.

I am greatful to my beloved parents Shri. M.T. Kampannavar and Smt. Girija

Kempannavar for their loving care, encouragement, excellent foundation from which I

am able to build my life. Without whose support it is not possible for me to enter this

profession.

My warm gratitude to my husband Dr. K. Sharan for his immense support,

encouragement, sacrifice, inspiration and his understanding attitude without my progress

of any sort would have been impossible.

My love and appreciation to my brothers Ravi and Guru for their immense

affection, support, care and understanding attitude which made me to complete this

dissertation work. I am thankful to their back support and encouragement throughout my

studies.

I express my love to my sweet little daughter Mansi for not at all disturbing me

during my thesis work.

I heartly extend my great regards to all my seniors.

I am greatful to my colleagues Brijesh, Pravin Joshi, Sunil, Dinesh, Yashodha,

Jina, Bhagya, Smitha Roopesh, Nagendra, Jayaraj, Ram Vibhu, Sumam and Dhanya.

I extend my special thanks to Dayananda and Prashanth for their support during

my experimental and dissertation work.

I am thankful to my Juniors Mahesh Sir, Gotur Sir, Sushrutha, Madhu, Pallavi,

Nisha, Priyalatha and Mahantesh.

I am greatful to Librarians Mr. Satish, Mr. Bashir, Ms. Manjula and Ms. Ameena

Yasmin who helped in my reference work.

And last but not least, I am thankful to all my Lecturers, Friends and well wishers

who have directly or indirectly helped in completion of this work.

Place : Koppa

Date : Dr. Jyothi M. Kempannavar

ABBREVIATION

A.H - Astanga Hridaya

A.N - Astanga Nighantu

A.P.I - Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

A.S - Astanga Sangraha

B.A - Bangasena

B.N - Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

B.P - Bhavaprakasha

B.R - Bhaishajya Ratnavali

B.S - Bhela Samhita

C.C.R.A.S - Central Council for Research in

C.S. - Charaka Samhita

CD - Chakra Datta

Chi. - Chikitsa Sthana

D.G P.V - Dravyaguna Vingnyan By P.V. Sharma

D.G.H - Dravyaguna Hastamala.

D.G.Y.T - Dravyaguna Vingnyan

By Yadavji Trikamji

D.N - Dhanvantari Nighantu

G.N - Gada Nigraha

H.S - Haritha Samhitha

HORT-MALAB - Horthus Malabaricus

I.M.M - Indian Materia Medica by K.M.Nadkarni

I.M.P - Indian Medicinal Plants by

Kirtikar & Basu

K.N - Kaiyyadeva Nighantu

K.S - Kashyapa Samhita

Ka. - Kalpasthana

M.D - Madhava Dravyaguna

M.k - Madyama Khanda

M.N - Madanapala Nighantu

N.A - Nighantu Adarsha

Ni - Nidana Sthana

P.N - Priya Nighantu

R.M - Raja Martanda

R.N - Raja Nighantu

S.B - Sidha Bheshaja Manimala

S.G - Sharangadhara Samhitha

S.S - Sushruta Samhita

Sh.S - Sharangadhara Samhita

Sha - Sharira Sthana

Sha.N - Shaligrama Nighantu

Si - Siddhisthana

Sl. No. - Serial Number

So.N - Shodhala Nighantu

Sou.N - Soushrutha Nighantu

Su - Sutra Sthana

U - Uttaratantra

V.D - Vaidya Manorama

V.M - Vrindamadhava

W.O.I - Wealth of India

Y.R - Yogaratnakara.

- Mentioned

- Not Mentioned

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Ayurveda is a dynamic philosophy of life. Ayurveda has a broad view of

complete health. To meet this goal it preaches to follow the natural way. It cures

physical and mental disturbances by using the things which are naturally available and

not harmful to the body. Ayurveda has mentioned manyu drugs for the treatment of

jwara. In our classical and modern rexts we get lot references regarding the drugs

Katphala and Usheera. Nighantukara’s also mentioned about Katphala and Usheera.

Almost all classical books have mentioned about the Jwaraghna effect of the both drugs.

Acharya Charaka says that “Jwara is invariably present during birth and death”. This

shows the importantance of Jwara during those days of thus a wide description is

available about Jwara in Ayurvedic texts.

In these days also, during our practice, Jwara is a common and chief complaint

irrespective of age, sex etc. Already many medicinal plants are used to over come or cure

jwara. Still there is a need for sufficient potent, safer, cost effective and commonly

available drugs, that which can be easily administered and absorbed in the body and does

the therapeutic action without side effects.

So, Katphala and Usheera are undertaken in the present study to evaluate its

Jwaraghna property.

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of the present study are;

1. To experimentally evaluate the Jwaraghna (Antipyretic) effect of Katphala

choorna and Usheera choorna on albino rats, where in the pyrexia has been

introduced by administering Brewer’s yeast.

2. To experimentally evaluate the comparative effect of Katphala choorna and

Usheera choorna over Jwara.

3. To find out sufficiently potent, safer and cost effective remedy for Jwara.

METHODS:

Experimental Study – albino rats were the experimental model. Anti-pyretic

effect of the drugs was conducted experimentally on four groups of albino rats, each

group consisting of six rats. For all the 24 rats pyrexia was induced by injecting 20% of

Brewer’s yeast solution subcutaneously at the thigh region.

Four groups are assigned as follows,

G1 - Control group - Distilled water

G2 - Standard group - Paracetamol Suspension

G3 - Trial group - Katphala Choorna

G4 - Trial group - Usheera Choorna

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Four groups were evaluated for its Jwaraghna i.e., Anti-pyretic effect and

following results were obtained.

Standard group (G2) with Paracetamol suspension was found effective than the

trial groups.

Control group (G1) with distilled water here there was no decrease in temperature

even at the end of 14th hour.

Both the trial drugs showed significant antipyretic effect in G3 and G4 when

compared to control group.

Both the trial drugs i.e., Katphala choorna and Usheera choorna showed similar

results on statistical comparison with each other. However, Katphala choorna had better

effect in controlling the temperature.

CONCLUSION:

Both the drugs showed Jwaraghna property in comparison to the control group.

Oral administration of paracetamol suspenson for Jwara is very beneficial, but its side

effects cannot be escaped, and its contra-indications cannot neglect. Hence Katphala

Churna, which is a natural and safest, has showed satisfactory action on Jwara by

decreasing the temperature to norma level within stipulated time, and is considered best

among all the groups.

The result of this study through animal experimentation has its own limitations;

hence further clinical evaluations must be carried out to study its effect before

administering to fever patients.

KEY WORDS:

Jwaraghna property; Antipyretic; Katphal Choorna; Usheera Choorna; Distilled

water; Paracetamol suspenson; temperature; Brewer’s yeast.

CONTENTS

SL. NO.

TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Chapter I – INTRODUCTION

2. Chapter II – OBJECTIVES

3. Chapter III – REVIEW OF LITERATURE

a) DRUG REVIEW

b) DISEASE REVIEW

4. Chapter IV – METHODOLOGY

5. Chapter V – RESULTS

6. Chapter VI – DISCUSSION

7. Chapter VII – CONCLUSION

8. Chapter VIII – SUMMARY

PHOTOGRAPHS

LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

1

CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is a system of medicine handed down to us by our ancient acharyas

Charaka and Dhanvantari. Its scope is wide enough to cover bodily ailments as well as

mental illness. Ayurveda is intimately connected with Vedas. Acharyas described

Ayurveda as Upaveda of Rig Veda and as Upa anga of Atharva Veda. Brahma Vaivarta

Purana considers Ayurveda as fifth Veda. Origin of Ayurveda lies in Atharvaveda

containing chapters on medicines, charms, attributes of herbs and plants with therapeutic

properties. The Vedas in general contain invocation to Brahma and the other gods for a

soul, body and mind for life span as long as hundred years.

The four primary objectives of human life, according to Indian tradition are

Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. The main object of Ayurveda is maintenance of the

metabolic equilibrium of human psychosomatic machine and the restoration of the same

to normalcy, if the homoeostesis is upset or disturbed by the aetiopathological factors.

The main aim and object of Ayurveda is,

xuÉxrÉxjÉ xuÉÉxjrÉ U¤ÉhÉÇ AÉiÉÑUxrÉ ÌuÉMüÉUmÉëzÉqÉlÉÇ cÉ ||

(cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ xÉÔ§ÉxjÉÉlÉ 30/26).

This means, it prolongs life span, maintains positive health and cure the diseases.

Ayurveda, the science of life, is undoubtedly worlds oldest system of treatment.

With the help of various indigenous methods a systematic treatment of the patient is done

in this pathy.

Introduction

2

Ayurvedic treatment is quite common in India particularly in rural areas as well as

in large section of urban populace and now it has been accepted throughout the world.

Living in good health has been the dream of man right from the day of his

existence on earth. In the same way diseases had become the part of his life causing in

death some times. To conquer the same, man has developed the science of healing its

first gleaning is gathered.

To conquer the over spreading deadly diseases, the weapon offered by Ayurveda

is Bheshaja. This Bheshaja lies as a part of Ayurveda as it is one among chikitsa

Chatushpada, without which extirpation of disease is not possible.

The drug i.e., Bheshaja or aushadha plays the prime role along with adhara and

vihara of rogi i.e., diseased in effective treatment based an similar and opposite qualities.

This represents that the drug possessed of required quality will curre the disease

successfully based on the Samanya and Vishesha Siddhanta.

The importance of single drug therapy is increasing day to day, more and more

are being screened to understand their pharmacological action and to know the

advantages of single drug over compound preparations.

It is very convenient from the point of processing, economical, there will be

minimum of side effects, it will be the quite reliable thechnique to determine a specific

action of drug. Thus it is convenient, simple and easy method for the patient and

physicians to attain the equilibrium of doshas, hence in this study it is decided to be

relevant to administer trial drugs Katphala and Usheera as single drugs.

Introduction

3

Ayurvedic scholars in the medival period had given importance to systematic

study of plants, to understand their pharmaceutical properties. From 19th century many

plants are screened thoroughly through modern scientific parameters for proving their

therapeutic efficacy, namely Antipyretics, analgesics and anti inflammatory etc. this

helps in proving the efficacy of Ayurvedic herbs by modern means and methods.

Jwara is very common complaint met by every practitioner. It is a common

disease in the population and irrespective of age and time. Any one can be victim of

Jwara where in, Santapa, Sweda varodha and Sarva graha are considered as the main

symptom. Jwara can be correlated with fever. Regulated elevation in body temperature

above the customary set point of the hypothalamic thermostat, which means a body

temperature above the usual range of normal.

Acharya Charaka has given prime importance to Jwara because according to him,

Jwara is suppose to be present both during the time of birth and death, it is a symptom of

all somatic diseases and recognized it as most important cause for death. Ama is the

main root cause for Jwara.

Various drugs are also already there in use for the treatment of Jwara. But most

of them are costly or else have untoward side effects or adverse, effects by its

administration or sometimes the availability of the drug will bne scasre. Hence, an

attempt has been made in the present experimental study to evaluate the effect of

Katphala and Usheera as Jwaraghna, which is easily available and Jwara is rightly being

coined as “Rogaraja”.

Introduction

4

Katphala in Choorna form and Usheera also in Churna form is administered in the

indicated dosage.

Katphala (Myrica nagi)

Katphala is found in sub-tropical or outer Himalaya from Ravi (Punjab) eastwards

to Assam, Arunachala Pradesh etc. Naga and Lushai hills at an altitudes to 900-2100

metres. Native of China and Japan, also occurs in Malay Islands, West Pakistan and

Singapore. Due to the acrid, bitter, pungent properties of bark it is useful in Vata-Kapha

Jwara, Asthma, urinary discharges, piles, bronchitis, throat complaints, tumours, anaemia

etc. a good snuff in head ache, usefull in collyrium for opthalmia and other eye diseases.

Usheera (Vetiveria Zizanioides)

It is cultivated in the whole of India and eastwards to Burma. Throughout the

Malay region, Lower Guinea, West Indies, Brazil. The root is cooling, bitter, alexiteric

stomachic, astringent, useful in burning sensation, bilious fevers, sweats, foul bnreath,

thirst, stranguary, ulcers and diseases of the blood. Being a cooling medicine it is in the

form of infusion a grateful refreshing drink in fevers, inflammations and irritability of the

stomach. Externally a paste of root is rubbed on the skin to remove oppressive heat or

burning of the body.

Here a comparative study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs.

The study is undertaken on Wister strain Albino rats on which temperature is induced

artificially by injecting Brewer’s yeast.

Introduction

5

As most of the population suffers from fevers at least once in a year and for

getting relief they has to take medicines like paracetamol etc, whose side effects can not

be ignored. Hence here an attempt is made to arrive at a herbal alternative for modern

antipyretics, as they are devoid of side effects, can be collected easily and making it cost

effective.

After considering above factors, these drugs are taken up for research study in

experimental trials. Hence in this study, an attempt is made to determine and establish

the Jwaraghna property of the trial drugs and its efficacy as a single drug.

Objectives

6

CHAPTER II

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the present study are;

1. To experimentally evaluate the Jwaraghna (Antipyretic) effect of Katphala

choorna and Usheera choorna on albino rats, where in the pyrexia has been

introduced by administering Brewer’s yeast.

2. To experimentally evaluate the comparative effect of Katphala choorna and

Usheera choorna over Jwara.

3. To find out sufficiently potent, safer and cost effective remedy for Jwara.

Review of Literature – Drug Review

7

CHAPTER III A

DRUG REVIEW

Ayurveda has mentioned many drugs for the treatment of Jwara. Drug is a

substance which is used as diet and also as a medicine. And the drug which is used as

medicine will be Veerya Pradhana and is used as diet or Ahara will be Rasa Pradhana.

Thus the division of Ayurveda dealing with this aspect becomes the most important one.

The reference regarding the drugs Katphala and Usheera are widely available in

most of the Ayurvedic classical texts. These drugs are commonly available and used in

the form of both single drugs and compound formulations. The references of these drugs

are available in Vedas, Samhitas and detailed description is available in Nighantus also.

The literature regarding the drugs Katphala and Usheera obtained from different

texts are compiled under following headings.

Nomenclature

Gana – Varga

Nirukti and Paryayas

Vernacular Names

Morphology

Varieties

Parts used

Matra

Pharmacognosy

Guna

Karma


8

Indications

Therapeutics

Uses in other system of medicine

Cultivation and Propagation

Research works

References

KATPHALA – Myrica nagi

HISTORICAL REVIEW1,2,,3,4,16

The medicinal property of the plant Katphala had been known for thousands of

years. It can be traced back to puranas, Samhita period, meadival period and also in

modern period.

PURANA KALA

In agni purana katphala was mentioned under the name of kaitaryya ( 363/24 ). In

garuda purana katphala was known with the name somavriksha, agnigandha and

sugandhika.(202.24,53).

SAMHITA PERIOD

Charaka Samhita

Charaka has mentioned regarding Katphala at several contexts, also it was

mentioned as an ingredient of many formulations in the treatment of many diseases.


9

In Charaka Samhita references regarding the drug Katphala are available in

Sutrasthana, Vimanasthana, Chikitsasthana and Siddhisthana also. And also he

mentioned as an ingredient of many formulations in the treatment of Jwara, Raktapitta,

Prameha, Kushta, Arshas, Kasa, Atisara, Vishachikitsa, Vrana, Hridroga, Dantaroga,

Kantharoga, Shiroroga, Vatavyadhi, Yonivyapath etc.

Sushrutha Samhitha

Sushrutha has mentioned about Katphala in Sutrasthana, Chikitsasthana,

Kalpasthana and also mentioned in Uttara tantra. He has classified or grouped Katphala

in several Ganas. It can also be found as a single and ingredient of many formulations in

the treatment of mahavatavyadhi, vidradhi, sarpadashta chikitsa, abhishyanda, drushtigata

roga, nasa roga, pratishyaya, shiroroga, jwara, kasa etc.

Ashtanga Hrudaya

Vagbhatha has mentioned about Katphala in Sutrasthana, Chikitsasthana,

Kalpasthana, and also in Uttarasthana. He also classified Katphala into several groups.

Along with other drugs he has highlighted it for the treatment of Jwara, Kasa,

Rajayakshama, Chardi, Arshas, Atisara, Prameha, Vatmaroga, Mukharoga, Vrana, Guhya

roga etc.

NIGHANTUS

Soushrutha Nighantu:

Paryayas of Katphala along with its Guna Karma has been mentioned in this

book.


10

Ashtang Nighantu:

Paryayas of Katphala has been mentioned in this Nighantu.

Dhanvantari Nighantu:

Paryayas of Katphala along with its Guna, Karma, Prayojya anga and its uses also

mentioned in this Nighantu.

Madana Pala Nighantu:

Katphala has been mention ed in this book along with its Paryayas, Rasa, Guna

and Karma.

Kaiyyadeva Nighantu:

Katphala has been explained in this book. Along with its Paryayas, Guna Karma

also has been mentioned in this book.

Bhavaprakash Nighantu:

Paryayas of Katphala along with its Rasa, Guna, Karma and Prayojya anga has

been mentioned in this book.

Raja Nighantu:

Katphala has been explained in this book along with its Paryayas, Guna and

Karma.

Shaligram Nighantu:

Katphala has been mentioned in this book along with its paryayas, Rasa Guna

Karma.

Nighantu Adarsha:

Paryays of Katphala along with its Guna Karma has been mentioned in this book.


11

Priya Nighantu:

Katphala has been mentioned in this Nighantu along with Guna and Karma.

Mahoushadhi Nighantu:

Paryayas of Katphala along with its Guna and Karma has been mentioned in this

book.

Hridaya Deepika Nighantu:

Synonyms of Katphala has been mentioned in this Nighantu.

MODERN PERIOD

Modern books like Dravya Guna Vijnana by Prof. P.V. Sharma, Vaidya Yadavaji

Trikamji, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Database on medicinal plants used in

Ayurveda, Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants and other recent books has covered

the drug Katphala in detail including their chemical constituents.

GANA – VARGA1,2,3,4

In our Ayurvedic Samhithas and in Nighantus, drugs has been grouped or

classified into either Vargas or Ganas. There are countless number of drugs are there in

the universe, and to study them separately and to use those drugs in practice individually

and in compound formulations our acharyas have been classified the drugs in their books

on the basis of similar morphological actions of pharmacological action. To study a drug

more scientifically, these drugs should be put into proper order; such principle is known

as classification. This grouping or classification is based up on their morphology, proper

dies and actions.

Charaka enlisted 50 Maha Kashayas each of which has been assigned a particular

pharmacological action and contains 10 drugs of each with a similar therapeutic action.


12

Acharya Sushrutha arranged many drugs into 37 Ganas and named them by the

drug first mentioned in the group.

Acharya Vagbhatha has followed both styles of Acharya Charaka and Sushrutha

and enlisted drugs in different groups either based on the actions or known by the first

drug in the Gana.

Nighantukaras classified the drugs on the basis of their morphological similarities

into different Vargas.

SAMHITHAS

Charaka - 1. Sandhaneeya

2. Shukrashodhana

3. Vedanasthapana

Sushrutha - 1. Rodhradi

2. Surasadi

3. Parushakadi

4. Lakshadi

Vagbhatha - 1. Parushakadi

2. Rodhradi

3. Surasadi

Nighantus

1. Ashtanga Nighantu - Sarivadi gana

2. Sousrutha Nighantu - Surasadi gana, Parushakadi gana

3. Dhanvantari Nighantu - Guduchyadi varga

4. Madanapala Nighantu - Haritakyadi Varga

5. Kaiyyadeva Nighantu - Oushadhi Varga


13

6. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu - Haritakyadi Varga

7. Raja Nighantu - Prabhadradi Varga

8. Shaligram Nighantu - Ashta Varga

9. Nighantu Adarsha - Katphaladi Varga

10. Priya Nighantu - Haritakyadi Varga

11. Mahoushadhi Nighantu - Mahoushaddihi Varga

12. Hridaya deepika Nighantu - Ekapada Varga

GANA/VARGA1235

TABLE. NO.3.1 SHOWING GANA/VARGA OF KATPHALA IN VARIOUS TEXTS

GANA/VARGA C S

S S

A H

AN

Sou N

D N

MP N

KN

B P N

R N

S N

N A

P N

MN

H D N

Sandhaneeya √

Shukrashodhana √

Vedana sthapana √

Rodhradi √ √

Surasadi √ √ √

Parushakadi √ √ √

Lakshadi √

Sarivadi √

Guduchyadi √

Haritakyadi √ √ √

Oushadhi √

Prabhadradi √

Ashtavarga √

Katphaladi √

Mahoushadhi √

Ekapada √


14

Paryayas4,10,11,21,23,24

Many drugs were found to be used effectively in olden days, but the identity of

these drugs became a history due to lack of follow up by succeeding generation.

Nighantus made the identifying very easy in which they made the physician to identify

the drugs with least efforts. These synonyms were named on the basis of the

morphological characters or the actions and properties. Also some commentators and

nighantukaras have played a significant role in controversy by creating confusion in

identifying the plant through the synonyms named by them.

Synonyms with etymology

Aranya – which grows in forest

Kaidaryya – ehich as katu rasa

Kumbhika – the fruits of tree are rounded

Mahakaccha – which has a great bark

Mahaphala – which has a great fruit

Ranjaka – which gives colour

Ranjanaka – which stains red

Somavalka – which has moon like white bark

Twakphala – the bark of the plant being useful

Ugragandha – one which has a strong pungent odour

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNONYMS

On the basis of out look

Laghukashmarya, Ramasenaka, Somavriksha, Somavalkala, Shriparni, Shriparnika,

Kumuda, Kumudika


15

On the basis of fruit

Katphala, Kayaphala, Kaphala, Kumbhi, Kumbhika, Kumbhipaki.

On the basis of leaf

Shriparni, Shriparnika.

On the basis of bark

Twakaphala, Somavalkala, mahavalkala, Krishnagarbha.

On the basis of taste

Kaitarya, Mahakashaya.

On the basis of smell

Ugragandha, Tikshna, Putigandha, Nasalu, Kshavakarka.

On the basis of properties & actions

Bhadra, Bhadranjanaka, Bhadravati, Nasalu, Prachetasi, Rohini, Ugragandha, Ranjanaka,

Kshipra, Kandula, Kshavakarka, Shiva, Tikshna.

On the basis of simile

Laghukashmarya, Ramasenaka, Kumbhi, Kumbhika.

On the basis of habitat

Aranya, Ramasenaka.


16

TABLE NO 3.2 SHOWING SYNONYMS OF KATPHALA IN VARIOUS TEXTS

PARYAYA C S

S S

AH

AN

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

NA

PN

MN

HDN

PV

YT

DGH

Aranya √

Bhadra √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Bhadravathi √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Bhadranjanaka √

Chitritapatrika √

Dolaphala √

Katphala √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Kapithapatra √

Kashmaryabheeru √

Kayaphala √

Krushnagarbha √ √

Kandula √

Kaidarya √ √ √ √ √

Kumuda √ √ √ √ √

Kumbhi √ √ √

Kumbheeka √ √ √ √ √ √

Kumbha √

Kumudika √ √ √ √

Kulaja √

Kaphala √

Kumbhipaki √

Kumudi √

Laghu kashmarya √ √

Lomapadapa √

Maha kumbhi √


17

Maha kumbha √ √

Mahavalka √ √ √

Maha kaccha √

Mritsna phala √

Mukhapriya √

Nasanu √

Prachetasi √ √

Palaasi √

Purusha √

Ramasenaka √ √

Ranjanaka √

Rohini √ √ √

Rajadana √

Somavalka √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Shreeparni √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Somapada √

Shiva √

Surasi √

Shakhamriga √

Somavriksha √

Tupa patrika √

Twakphala √

Ugragandha √ √

Virupa √

Vanijya √

Teekshna sara √


18

GUNA KARMA1,2,3,4,5,9

Guna Karma of the drug varies according to Panchabhoutika configuration. Guna

Vijnana in Ayurveda deals with the properties of the drugs. Rasa, Guna, Veerya and

Vipaka are called as pharmacological properties of the drug which are responsible for the

action of the drug. Rasa, Guna, Veerya and Vipaka are considered as the base for the

pharmacology in Ayurveda. Guna and Rasa are physical and physiochemical properties.

Veerya, Vipaka and Prabhava are physiological properties known from the reactions of

living matter to the drug content.

Karma causes Samyoga and Vibhaga irrespective of any other factor and is

located in dravya. This relates to action on organs, doshas, dhatus and malas which is

required for homeostasis of the person.

The pharmacological action of Katphala is mentioned widely in different

Samhithas and Nighantus. There is no much difference of opinion about Rasa, Guna,

Veerya and vipaka of Katphala.

Stem bark of the drug Katphala being therapeutically useful part, its properties are

mentioned in following table.

TABLE NO.3.3 SHOWING GUNA – KARMA OF KATPHALA

Guna Karma C S

SS

AH

AN

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

NA

PN

MN

HDN

DGPV

DGYT

DGH

Katu √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Tikta √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Rasa

Kashaya √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Teekshna √ √ Guna

Laghu √ √

Veerya Ushna √ √ √ √

vipaka Katu √ √


19

Table No. 3.4 SHOWING DOSHAGNATA AND KARMA OF KATAPHALA

Doshagnata and Karma

C S

SS

AH

AN

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

NA

PN

MN

HDN

DGPV

DGYT

DGH

Vatashamaka √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Pittashamaka √

Dos

hag

nat

a

Kaphashamaka √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Vedanasthapana √ √ √

Shirovirechana √ √ √

Sanjnasthapana √

Grahi √ √ √

Deepana √ √

Vranashodhaka √

Vranaropana √

Kotha prashamaka

√

Dahahara √ √

Ruchikara √ √ √ √ √ √

Hrudya √

Kar

ma

Shothaghna √ √


20

Therpeutic Indications1,2,3,4,5,9

TABLE NO.3.5 SHOWING THE PRAYOGA OF KATPHALA MENTIONED IN DIFFERENT TEXTS

Doshagnata and Karma

C S

S S

AH

AN

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

NA

PN

MN

HDN

DGPV

DGYT

DGH

GRM

Agnimandya √ √ √ √ √

Anaha √ √

Apasmara √ √

Arsha √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Aruchi √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Ashmari √

Atisara √ √ √

Chardi √

Daha √ √

Dantaroga √

Danta shoola √ √

Danta soushira √

Dhatu kshaya √

Guda bhramsha √

Gulma √ √ √ √ √ √

Grahani √ √ √ √

Hikka √

Hridroga √ √ √ √

Kaphaja roga √

Kasa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √


21

Kukoonaka √

Kushta √ √

Mandagni √

Mudhavata √

Mukharoga √ √ √ √

Mukhashoola

Mutra graham √ √ √

Pandu √ √

Peenasa √ √

Pipaasa √

Pishtika √

Krimi √

Nasa roga √

Abhishyanda √

Pleeha √ √

Pothaki √

Prameha √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Pravahika √

Pratishyaya √ √ √ √ √

Rajayakshama √

Raktapitta √

Shiroroga √ √ √

Shoola √ √

Shwasa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Shosha √ √


22

Swarakshaya

Shuktika √

Trushna √

Udavarta √

Urahakshata √

Vatarakta √

Vartmaroga √

Vatavyadhi √ √ √

Visha √ √

Vidradhi √

Vrana √ √ √ √ √

Yoni roga √ √

Jwara √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Kantharoga √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Parts Used5,9,15

Prayojya Anga –

Mainly Stem bark

And Rarely Flowers and Fruit.

POSOLOGY4,5,9,15

The word “Posology” is derived from the Greek word,

“POSOS” means – how much

“LOGOS” means – Science


23

It is a branch of medical science, which deals with doses or quantity of drugs,

which can be administered to produce the required pharmacological actions.

The dose of the drug can be fined only after considering so many factors like

Dosha, Dushya, Desha, Bala, Kala etc. And also condition of the patient, severity of

disease etc.

Dosage of Katphala17

In Ayurvedic Pharmacopea of India Part , Vol. the dosel of this drug 3-5 grams

of Stem bark churna is given.


24

FORMULATIONS AND VISISHTA YOGA1,2,3,20,26

TABLE. NO 3.6. SHOWING FORMULATIONS AND VISISHTA YOGAS ACCORIDING TO “CHARAKA SAMHITHA”

Sl. No.

YOGA Indication Reference

1 Sandhaneeya Mahakashaya Bhagna Su 4/5

2 Shukra Shodhana Mahakashaya

Shukra Vikara Su 4/20

3 Vedanasthapana mahakashaya

Su 4/47

4 Usheeradi churna Raktapitta, Tamaka Shwasa, Pipaasa Daha

Chi 4/73

5 Kushtadhya Taila Kushta Chi 7/102

6 Sunishannaka Changeri Ghrita

Arshas, Atisara, Raktasrava Pravahika, Guda bramsha, Mutra graha, Mudhavata, Mandagni, Auchi

Chi 14/236

7 Katphaladi Ghrita Kantha Roga, Kasa, Mukha Roga, Shotha Roga, Shwasa, Hikka, Jwara

Chi 18/112

8 Kasamardadi Ghrita Kasa, Shosha, Jwara, Pleeha roga Chi 18/163

9 Priyangwadi Avachurnan Vrana Ropana Chi 25/66

10 Twak Sanjanana Yoga Chi 25/113

11 Katphaladi Kwatha Kaphajanya Hridaya Roga Chi 26/97

12 Khadiradi Gutika Danta roga, Mukh roga, Aruchi, Swarabheda, Kantha roga, Mukhaa Shosha

Chi 26/209

13 Bala Taila Vatavyadhi, Shwasa, Kasa, Jwara, Hikka, Chardi, Gulma, Kshata, Dhatukshaya, Pleeha Vriddhi, Shosha, Apasmara.

Chi 28/152

14 Dhatakyadi Taila Yoni roga, Vipluta, Antarmukhi, Suchimukhi, Yonisrava, yonishula.

Chi 30/79

15 Pushanuga Churna Arsha, Atisara, Raktasrava, Yoni dosha, Rajodosha.

Chi 30/92

16 Sainchavadi Anuvasana Taila

Kaphaja roga, Bradhna, Udavarta, Gulma, Arsha, Pleeha, Prameha, Urustambha, Anaha, Ashmari.

Si 4/13


25

TABLE NO 3.7 SHOWING FORMULATIONS AND VISISHTAYOGAS ACCORDING TO SUSRUTHA SAMHITHA

Sl. No.


1 Radhradi Gana Meda-Kapha hara, Yoni dosha, Atisara vrana, Visha

Su 38/14

2 Surasadi Gana Kapha roga, Krimi, Pratishya, Swhasa, Kasa

Su 38/18

3 Parushakadi Gana Vatahara, Mutra dosha, Hridya, Pipasa, Aruchi

Su 38/43

4 Lakshadi Gana Kapha-pitta roga, Dushta Krimi, Kushta, Vrana

Su 38/64

5 Pathadi Tailam (Anuvasanartha)

All Kaphaja roga Chi 37/37

6 Vidangadi Tailam (Anuvasanartha)

Pleeha, Udavartha, Vatarakta, Gulma, Anaha, Kapha roga, Prameha, Arsha, Sharkara

Chi 37-39

7 Gomutradi Rasa Kriya Night blindness, U. 17/20 8 Mustadi Kavala Pratishyaya, Shjirovirechana U. 24/36 9 Katphala Churna Nasya Kapha janya mukhroga U. 26/21 10 Nagaradi Kwatha Kapha vata jwara, Shwasa, Kasa,

Kapha vriddhi gala graham, Hikka, Kantha shotha, Shula

U. 39/193

TABLE NO 3.8 SHOWING FORMULATIONS AND VISISHTAYOGAS

ACCORDING TO ASTANGA HRIDAYA

Sl. No.


1 Parushakadi Gana Trishna, Mutra roga, Vata roga Su 15/13

2 Rodhradi Gana Kaphaja vikara, Meda vikara, Yoni dosha, Varnya, Visha, Sthambhana

Su 15/26

3 Surasadi Gana Kapha meda vikara, Krimi, Pratishyaya, Aruchi, Shwasa, Kasa, Vrana.

Su 15/30

4 Kasamardadi Ghrita Shosha, Kasa, Jwara, Pleeha Chi. 3/162

5 Katphala Churna Dantashula U. 22/21

6 Pushyanuga Churna Arsha, Atisara, Raktatisara, Krimi,Yoni dosha, Yoni srava, Rajodosha.

U. 34/47

7 Dhatakyadi Taila Yoniroga, Suchi mukhi, Antarmukhi, Vipluta, Upaplutha, Yonishula

U. 34/51


26

THERAPEUTIC USES (Amayika Prayoga)18

Fever

In fever caused by Kapha, the formulation consisting of Katphala, Pushkaramula,

Karkatashringi and pippali mixed with honey is efficacious. It alleviates Kapha and its

associated symptoms like – dyspnoea, cough and fever (V.M. 1-112).

Diarrhea

One becomes free from abdominal disorders (diarrhea) after taking Kapittha (fruit

pulp) mixed with trikatu, honey and sugar or only Katphala with honey (CS.Ci. 19-112).

Head Disease

In head disease caused by Kapha, katphala powder should be taken as snuff or

gargles alleviating kapha (SS. U. 26-21).

Conjunctivitis

In conjunctivitis caused by pitta, aqueous solution of katphala should be used as

eye drops (SS. V. 10-12).

CLASSIFICATION22

Kingdom - Plantae

Division - Embryophyta – Siphonogama

Sub-division - Angiospermae

Class - Dicotyledonae

Order - Myricacae

Genus - Myrica

Spices - Nagi


27

VERNACULAR NAMES8

1. Arab - Azuri, Udulbarka, Quantol udulisk, Kandul, Audul.

2. Assam - Naga-tenga

3. Bengali - Kaiphal, Satsarila.

4. English - Box Myrtle, Bay-berry, Morootham bark.

5. Gujarati - Kaiphal, Kayaphul, Kaphar.

6. Kannada - Kirishivani, Katphala, Kattala.

7. Khasia - Ding Solir, Soh-phi.

8. Kumaon - Kaphal.

9. Lushai - Keifang.

10. Malayalam - Maruta, Maru tamtoli.

11. Marathi - Kayaphala.

12. Nepali - Kobusi.

13. Persia - Kandula, Darshishaan, Dareshisham Kandul.

14. Punjabi - Kaphal, Kaiphal, Kahela, Kahi.

15. Tamil - Marudam-Pattai, Murudam.

16. Telugu - Kaidaryamu

FAMILY CHARACTERS OF MYRICACAE25

Habit:

An evergreen dioecious tree, 3-15 metre high, bark rough with deep vertical

wrinkles, grey or brownish grey, young shoots, petiole and inflorescence tementose.


28

Leaves:

Simple, crowded towards the ends of branches, 7.5-12.5 X 2.5-5 cm, lanceolate or

narrowly oblong-ovate, entire, acute or obtuse, the lower surface pale or rust colour,

minutely gland dotted, aromatic.

Flowers:

Minute, unisexual, glandular, male flowers in catkins up to 2.5 cm long, solitary

in the leaf axils or sessile on a common drooping axillary stalk.

Female flowers in axillary, erect, 1.3-2.5 cm long.

Spikes:

Male spikes 7.5 mm long arranged racemosely on a common axillary stalk 2.5-7.5

cm long, bracts orbicular, often with 2-3 smaller lateral ones; stamens 3-6.

Female spikes axillary, erect 1.3-2.5 cm.

Fruit:

Drupes 10 mm long, ellipsoid, sessile, globose or ovoid, scaly flesh red,

composed of spindle-shaped fleshy fibres radiating from the rugose stone, stone wrinkled

and pitted.

Flowering:

August – December

Fruiting:

April – May.


29

DISTRIBUTION8,25

Found in sub-tropical or outer Himalaya from Ravi (Punjab) east words to Assam,

Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, in Khasia, Sylnet,

Himachal Pradesh, Jaintia, Simla, Bengal, Naga and Lushai hills at an attitudes to 900-

2100 metres.

Native of China and Japan, also occurs in Malaya Islands, West Pakistan and

Singapore.

PHARMACOGNOSY17

Macro and Microscopic Characters of Root

a) Macroscopic:

Fruit – A drupe, ellipsoid or ovoid, 0.7-1.0 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm wide, dark

brown, surface tubercled, very hard; taste, sourish sweet.

b) Microscopic:

Fruit – Shows epicarp cells isodia metric in surface view, mass of reddish –

brown, thin walled, Parenchymatous cells with smooth walls; endocarp hard and

stony consisting of sclerenchymatous cells.

Seed – Seed coat shows single layered, thick, brown coloured cells; cotyledons

composed of single layered, thin-walled epidermal cells containing oil and

aleurone grains; mesophyll cells think walled, isodiametric, fully packed with oil

globules and aleurone grains.

Powder – Yellowish-brown’ shows rectangal to hexagonal, thin-walled seed coat

and polygonal epidermal cells in surface view tubercled parenchymatous cells, oil

globules and aleurone grains.


30

Stem Bark

a) Macroscopic:

Drug occurs in pieces of variable length, 1-2.5 cm thick, slightly quilled, fissured

longitudinally and transversely, outer surface rough, grey to brownish grey, inner surface

dark brown and smooth; fracture, hard; taste, bitter.

b) Microscopic:

Mature stem bark shows multi layered cork, composed of rectangular, tangentially

elongated, think-walled cells, some filled with red contents; secondary cortex a wide

zone, composed of thin-walled, rectangular to polygonal, parenchymatous cells, a number

of cells filled with red colouring matter and simple, round to oval starch grains measuring

6-11 mt in diameter; a number of stone cells, in single or in groups, circular polygonal or

oval, thick-walled, lignified with simple pits and radiating canals, found scattered

throughout secondary cortex; secondary phloem consists of sieve elements, phloem

fibres, crystal fibres, stone cells and phloem parenchyma traversed by phloem rays;

numerous prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in secondary phloem; phloem

fibres with blunt or pointed end and highly thick-walled, with very narrow lumen present

in groups; stone cells similar to those found in secondary cortex, mostly in singles or in

groups of 2-3, sometimes associated with fibre groups in phloem parenchyma; in isolated

preparation and tangential sections crystal fibres show more than twenty chambers

having single prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate in each chamber; a number of phloem

parenchyma cells containing red colouring matter; phloem rays 1-4 seriate, containing red

colouring matter.


31

Powder

Rusty red; shows a number of stone cells, phloem fibres, crystal fibres and

prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and simple, round to oval, starch grains measuring

6-11 in diameter

PHYTOCHEMISTRY10

From stem bark Myricanol, mp. 114°, is isolated and characterized (Curr. Sci.

1963, 32, 16);

- sitosterol, taraxerol, myricadion, mp.268° were isolated from bark (Indian J.

Chem. 1963, 1, 28).

From Stem and Bark new meta-bridged biphenyls-myricanol and myricanone are

isolated and their structures elucidated. (Chem. Commum. 1970, 1206).

From Stem bark Myricanol glucoside mp. 220° is isolated together with

myricanol and myricanone. (Yakugaku Zasshi 1984, 100, 37; Chem. Abstr. 1984, 100,

1976-89 u);

From root bark 13-oxomyricanol is isolated from root bark (Phytochemistry 1980,

19. 705).

From bark a new triterpene is isolated and characterized as 28-hydroxy-D-

friedoolean-14-cn-2-one; myricadiol, sitosterol, taraxerone and taraxerol also isolated

(Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 217); tannin isolated from bark identified as partially 3-0-

gallated prodelphinidin (Linchan Huaxue, Yu Gongye 1987, 7, 20; Chem. Abstr. 1988,


32

109, 3767 K); isolation of epigallocatechin-3-0-gallon epigallo catechin-3-0-gallate, galli

caci myricanol and myricanone from bark (Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 579);

From Stem bark two new diarylheptanoid glucosides isolated and characterized as

myricanol-5-0--D (6-0-galloyl) glucopyranoside and myricanol-5-0--D-glucopyranosyl

(1-6)--D-glucopyranoside;

Alphitolic, arjunolic, maslinic and oleanolic acids, acetyl oleanolic acid and

myricol also isolated. (Chem. Pharm. Bul. 1988, 36, 14, 19).

Structure of isomyricanone, obtained by isomerisation of myricanone, re-

examined and revised (Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 3077); two new flavonol glycosides

isolated from bark and their structures elucidated as myricetin-3-0-(3”-0-galoyl)--L-

rhamnoside and myricetin-3-0-(2”-0-galloyl)--L-galactoside; in addition myricetin, its

3-0-(2”-0-galloyl)--L-rhamnoside and myricitrin isolated (Linchan Huanne Yu Gongye

1991, 11 251; Chem. Abstr. 1992, 117, 128155 f).

TRADITIONAL USES8,25

1. A decoction of the bark mixed with ginger and cinnamon is valuable in

asthma, diarrhea, fevers, lung infections, chronic bronchitis, typhoid,

dysentery and diuresis.

2. The powdered bark is occasionally used as a snuff in catarrh with headache.

3. It is also used by Hindus at the present day, mixed with ginger a rubefacient

application in cholera.


33

4. as the bark is aromatic, astringent, heating and stimulant hence the bark is

used as resolvent, astringent, carminative and tonic.

5. An oil prepared with bark is dropped into the ears in earache.

6. A poultice made by brushing the bark and simmering it in water and stirring in

Indian meal till it obtains the proper consistence cures scrofulous ulcers.

7. Powder of the bark combined with ginger as a stimulant application in

cholera.

8. With cinnamon it is prescribed for chronic cough, asthma, fever, piles etc.

9. With vinegar it is applied to strengthen the gums.

10. Bark is chewed to relieve toothache.

11. Powder or the lotion of bark is applied to putrid sores.

12. Pessaries made of the bark are used to promote themenses.

13. A paste of the seeds with stimulant balsams is mixed with ginger and

externally used as a rubefacient application to the fore arms, calves and

extremities during the collapse stage of cholera.

14. With catechu, asafetida and camphor a paste of it is applied over piles with

benefit.

IDENTITY PURITY AND STRENGTH17

Foreign matter - Not more than 2%

Total ash - Not more than 4%

Acid-insoluble ash - Not more than 1%

Alcohol – Soluble extractive - No less than 13%

Water soluble extractive - Not less than 12%


34

CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION6

Ornamental tree propagated by seeds, suckers and layering. Ripe fruits are

collected in May for edible purpose (Chauhan, 1999).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTRANTS6

Careya arborea Roxb. has been found to be used in place of Katphala in some

parts of India (Singh and Chunekar, 1972).

USES IN DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF MEDICINE25

Action and uses in Yunani.

The bark has a sharp, bitter, astringent taste; tonic, carminative; useful in

inflammations, head ache, nasal, catarrh, piles, gleet, liver complaints ozoena, sores,

chronic bronchitis, asthma; a uterine stimulant.

The oil from the flowers is tonic; useful in earache, diarrhea, inflammation,

paralysis.


35

RESEARCH WORKS10,15

1. Ethanolic extract (50%) of stem bark showed antiprotozoal activity against Ent.

Hystolytica. The extract had a hypotensive effect in dog/cat. It showed

antispasmodic activity on the isolated guinea pig ileum. (Dhar. et.al, 1968).

2. The aqueous extract of the stem bark showed a hypotensive as well as direct

myocardial depresent and vasodilator action (Nayak. et.al, 1980).

3. The dried water extract of stem bark in a dose of 250 mg/kg I.P. showed analgesic

action in rats by tail flickering method and was less active than Novalgin, the

standard drug used (Gupta et.al, 1982).

4. Myricanol less toxic to fish than rotenone (Curr. Sci. 1963, 32, 16).


36

USHEERA – Vetiveria Zizanioides (Linn) Nash1,2,3,4,16

Usheera is widely described in the Ayurvedic classical texts. It plays significant

role in the treatment of different diseases. It has both curative and cosmetic values. It is

used as single drug and in compound formulations. The references regarding Usheera are

available in Samhitha period and Nighantu period also.

The literature regarding Usheera obtained from different texts has been compiled

as follows.

SAMHITHA PERIOD

Charaka Samhitha:

In Charaka Samhitha references regarding Usheera are available in Sutrasthana,

Vimanasthana, Chikitsa sthana, and also in Siddhistahan. He mentioned about the

compound and single formulations of Usheera in treatments of many diseases like Jwara,

Raktapitta, Prameha, Kushta, Rajayakshama, Apasmara, Kshataksheena, Arshas,

Grahani, Atisara, Chardi, Visarpa, Trishna, Visha, Mukharoga, Dantaroga, Vatavyadhi,

Vatarakta, Yonivyapath etc.

Sushrutha Samhitha

In Sushrutha Samhitha references regarding Usheera are mentioned widely in

Sutrasthana, Chikitsasthana, Kalpasthana, Shareerasthana and also in Uttara tantra.

While classifying drugs according to their properties Acharya Sushrutha has classified

Usheera under several Mahakashayas. He mentioned about the drug in the treatment of

many diseases like Vrana, Vidradhi, Upadamsha, Shleepada, Abhishyanda, Drushtigata

roga, Jwara, Atisara, Raktapitta, Trushna etc.


37

Ashtanga Hrudaya.

In Ashtanga Hrudaya Usheera has been mentioned in Sutrasthana,

Shareerasthana, Chikitsasthana, Kalpasthana and also in Uttarasthana. Its compound and

single formulations are mentioned in the treatment of Jwara, Raktapitta, Kasa,

Rajayakshama, Chardi, Madatyaya, Grahani, Mutraghata, Prameha, Vatarakta, Vrana,

Visha, Timira, Karna roga, Mukharoga, and also mentioned in Garbhavakranti shareera

and Garbhavyapath shareera.

NIGHANTUS

Soushrutha Nighantu:

Paryayas of Usheera has been mentioned in this Nighantu.

Ashtanga Nighantu:

Paryayas of Usheera has been mentioned in this Nighantu.

Dhanvantari Nighantu:

Synonyms and indications of Usheera has been mentioned along with its Guna

and Karma.

Madana Pala Nighantu:

Usheera is mentioned in this Nighantu along with its paryayas, Guna Karma and

indications.

Kaiyyadeva Nighantu:

Indications, synonyms and Guna karma of Usheera has been mentioned in this

Nighantu.


38

Bhava Prakash Nighantu:

Paryayas of Usheera along with its Rasa, Guna, Karma and Prayojya anga and

also its indications are mentioned in this Nighantu.

Raja Nighantu:

Paryays of Usheera has been mentioned in this Nighantu along with Guna Karma

and indications.

Shaligram Nighantu:

Synonyms of Usheera has been mentioned in this book.

Nighantu Adarsha:

Mentioning of Usheera along with its Guna Karma, Paryaya and also we can see

the nirukti’s of Paryays in this book.

Priya Nighanty:

Paryayas, Guna karma and indication of the drug Usheera has been mentioned in

this book.

Mahoushadha Nighantu:

Indications along with its synonyms, Guna and Karma of Usheera has been

mentioned in this Nighantu.

Hridaya Deepika Nighantu:

Synonyms of Usheera has been mentioned in this book.


39

MODERN PERIOD

The book of modern periods such as Dravyaguna vignana by P.V. Sharma,

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, wealth of India, Ayurvedic material medica,

Database on Indian Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Compendium of Indian

Medicinal Plants, Indian Materia Medica, Indian Medicinal Plants and other books

written by recent scholar’s also a lot of information regarding gives the habit, habitat,

morphology and chemical constituents etc of Usheera.

GANA AND VARGA1,2,34

In ancient Ayurvedic treatises, drugs have been grouped or classified either into

vargas or gunas. There are countless number of drugs are there in the universe, to study

them separately and practice them individually becomes easy by this grouping.

The drugs may have similarity of action but they may have some difference.

Etymologically, the Vargas and Ganas will not provide same meaning. Charaka

used the term Kashaya or Skanda, Sushrutha used the term gana and Nighantukaras used

the term varga.

Samhithas

Charaka Samhitha - Varnya

- Shukrashodhana

- Chardi Nigrahana

- Daha Prashamana

- Angamarda Prashamana


40

Sushrutha Samhitha - Eladi Gana

- Sarivadi Gana

- Pittasamshamana

Ashtanga Hrudaya - Tikta Gana

- Sarivadi Gana

In Nighantus

1. Soushrutha Nighantu - Sarivadi Gana

2. Dhanvantaru Nighantu - Chandanadi Varga

3. Madanapala Nighantu - Karpooradi Varga

4. Kaiyyadeva Nighantu - Oushadhi Varga

5. Bhavaprakash Nighantu - Karpooradi Varga

6. Raja Nighantu - Chandanadi Varga

7. Shaligram Nighantu - Karpooradi Varga

8. Nighantu Adarsha - Trinadi Varga

9. Priya Nighantu - Shatapushapadi Varga

10. Mahoushadhi Nighantu - Chandanadi Varga

11. Hridaya Deepika Nighantu- Dwipada Varga, Doshaghna Varga


41

GANA/VARGA

TABLE NO. 3.9 SHOWING GANA/VARGA OF USHEERA IN VARIOUS TEXTS

GANA/VARGA C S

S S

A H

AN

Sou N

D N

MP N

KN

B P N

R N

S N

N A

P N

MN

H D N

Varnya √

Shukrashodhana √

Chardi Nigrahan √

Daha Prashamana √

Angamarda Prashamana

√

Eladdi gana √

Sarivadi gana √ √ √

Pittasamshamana √

Tikta √

Chandanadi varga √ √ √

Karpooradi varga √ √ √

Oushadhi varga √

Trinadi varga √

Shatapushpadi varga

√

Dwipada varga √

Doshaghna varga √

PARYAYAS4,10,11,21,23,24

Naming the plants was done according to morphologica charactersin nighantus,

Which was helpful in identification in those ages.


42

TABLE NO. 3.10 SHOWING SYNONYMS OF USHEERA IN VARIOUS TEXTS

PARYAYA C S

S S

AH

AN

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

NA

PN

MN

HDN

PV

YT

DGH

Abhaya √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Amrunaala √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Avadaha

Avadata √

Bahumula √ √ √

Chaityaparni √

Dahahara

Gandhadhya √

Haripriya √

Indragupta

Ishtakapath

Ishtakapatra

Jalamoda √

Jalashaya √

Jalavasa √

Katagana

Kumbha

Laghulaya

Laghubhaya

Lamajjaka √ √

Mrunaala √ √ √

Mrunalaka

Nalada √ √ √ √

Ranapriya √ √ √ √

Samagandhika √ √ √ √ √ √ √


43

Sevya √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Sheetamulaka √ √

Sheethamulam

Shishira √

Sugandhiraja √

Sugandhika √ √

Sugandhikota √

Sugandhimulaka √

Usheera √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Vaana √

Veera √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Veeramulaka √ √

Veerataru √ √

Veerana √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Veeranamulika √ √ √

Veerabhadra

Veeranamula

Veeranajata √

Veeranya

Vitaanamulaka

Veeratara

Varitara √

Venigamulaka √

Shubra √

Baalaka √


44

SYNONYMS WITH ETYMOLOGY

1. ApÉrÉÉ – lÉÉÎxiÉ pÉrÉÇ rÉxrÉÉ: xÉÉ |

It removes all the fears about Jwara, Daha, Trishna etc., by effectively

curing them.

2. EzÉÏUqÉç – EwrÉiÉå CwrÉiÉå xÉuÉåï: qÉÉkÉÑrÉÉïÌS aÉÑhÉMüiuÉÉiÉç CÌiÉ | (ÌlÉ AÉ)

Many people like it because of its sweet taste, cooling effect etc.

3. eÉsÉuÉÉxÉ – eÉsÉå uÉxÉiÉÏÌiÉ |

It grows near the water sources.

4. lÉsÉSÇ – lÉsÉÇ aÉlkÉÇ SSÉÌiÉ CÌiÉ | (ÌlÉ. AÉ)

It provides aroma.

5. qÉ×hÉÉsÉÇ – qÉ×hÉÉsÉqÉç CuÉ CÌiÉ |

Its appearance is similar to stem of lotus.

6. xÉåurÉqÉç – xÉåÌuÉiÉÑÇ rÉÉãarÉÇ euÉUÌSlÉÉzÉMüiuÉÉiÉç CÌiÉ | (ÌlÉ.AÉ)

It is administered internally to treat Jwara etc.


45

GUNA1,2,3,4,5,9

Guna vijanana deals with the properties of the drugs. Rasa and Guna of the drug

are considered as the physical and physio chemical properties.

Veerya, vipaka and Prabhava of the drug are considered as the physiological

properties and these properties are know from the reactions of living matter to the drug

content. Thus Rasa, Guna, Veerya and Vipaka and Prabhava which are simplest

parameters to assess the actions of the drugs and diets, and these are considered as the

base of the pharmacology in Ayurveda.

KARMA1,2,3,4,5,9

Karma is the action of the drug that which depends on the panchabhoutikata of

Drug. Karma causes samyoga and Vibhaga irrespective of any other factor, this will be

located in Dravya. In the context of Pharmacology karma relates to action on organs,

doshas, dhatus, and malas which is required for homestasis of the person.


46

TABLE NO 3.11. SHOWING GUNA KARMA OF USHEERA

Guna Karma CS

SS

AH

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

PN

MN

HDN

DGPV

DGH

DGYT

Madhura √ √ √ √ √Rasa

Tikta √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Laghu √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Snigdha √

Guna

Ruksha √ √ √ √

Veerya Sheeta √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Vipaka Katu √ √

Vata √

Pitta √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Dosha Karma

Kapha √ √ √

Chardinigrahana √ √ √ √

Daha prashamana √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Grahi √

Mutrajanana √ √

Raktashodhaka √ √

Swedapanayana √ √

Varnya √ √

Tvagdoshahara √

Deepana √

Pachana √ √ √ √ √ √

Stambhana √ √ √ √ √ √

Rakta prasadana √ √

Svedajanana √

Karma

Kushtaghna √


47

Vishaghna √ √

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS1,2,3,4,5,9

Wide references regarding Usheera are available in many Samhitas, and other

classical books proved its medicinal value. Usheera is used widely in the treatment of

many diseases both as a single drug and along with other drugs in compound

formulations

TABLE NO.3.12 SHOWING THE PRAYOGA OF USHEERA MENTIONED IN DIFFERENT TEXTS.

ROGA CS

SS

AH

AN

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

PN

MN

HDN

DGPV

DGH

DGYT

Abhishyanda √

Agnimandya √ √

Amlapitta √

Amstapa √ √

Anaha

Apasmara √

Arsha √ √ √

Aruchi √ √ √

Ashmari √ √

Atisara √ √

Chardi √ √ √ √

Daha √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Gulma √ √ √

Grahani √ √ √

Haleemaka √ √

Hridroga √ √

Jwara √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Kamala √

Kasa √ √ √ √

Kshudraroga

Kushta √ √ √ √


48

Madatyaya √

ROGA CS

SS

AH

AN

SN

DN

MPN

KN

BPN

RN

ShN

PN

MN

HDN

DGPV

DGH

DGYT

Mukharoga √ √

Mutra kricchra √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Mutraghata √

Pama √

Pandu √ √ √

Parshwashoola √

Peenasa √

Prameha √ √ √

Praseka √

Rajayakshma √ √ √

Raktapitta √ √ √ √ √ √

Shiroroga √

Shoola √ √

Shwasa √ √ √

Shosha √

Shotha √ √

Trushna

Upadamsha √

Urahakshata √

Unmada √

Vatarakta √ √ √

Visha √ √ √ √ √

Vidradhi √ √

Visarpa √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Visphota √

Vrana √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Dantaroga √

Swarabheda √

Murcha √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √


49

Trushna √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

PARTS USED5,9,15

According to references available from Samhitas and Nighantus the parts used is

Roots.

POSOLOGY4,5,9,15

The branch of science deals with doses or quantity of drug, which is to be

administered to produce required pharmacological action. In Greek, “Posos” means

“How much” and “Logos” means Science.

Dose of the drug is fixed in Ayurveda only after considering the factors like

dosha, dushya, desha, bala, kala etc and it differs person to person.

Dosage of Usheera17

Churna - 3-6 grms.

Arka and Hima - 25-50 ml.

Phanta - 50-100 ml.


50

FORMULATIONS AND VISHISHTA YOGA1,2,3,20,26

TABLE NO 3.13 SHOWING THE FORMULATIONS ACCORDING CHARAKA SAMHITHA Sl. No.


1 Varnya Mahakashaya Su 4/8 2 Shukrashodhana

Mahakashaya Shukra vikara, Shukra shodhana Su 4/20

3 Chardi Nigrahana Mahakashaya

(Anti-Emetics) Chardi Su 4/28

4 Daha Prashamana Mahakashaya

Daha, Pitta vikara, Pitta jwara, Daha jwara

Chi 4/41

5 Angamarada Prashamana Mahakashaya

Angamarda, Vata dhatukshaya, Vikara

Su 4/44

6 Vamana Dravya Kalpa Sangraha

Vamanartha Vi. 8/135

7 Tikta Skandha Kaphaja roga, Pittaja roga Vi. 8/143 8 Shadanga Paneeya Pipasa, Jwara Chi. 3/145 9 Jwara Nashaka Kashaya Jwara, Agnimandhya, Trishna,

Aruchi, Mukhavairasya Chi. 3/199

10 Vatsakadi Sheetha Kashaya

Jwara Chi. 3/205

11 Madhukadi Sheetha Kashaya

Jwara Chi. 3/206

12 Pippalyadi Ghritha Jeerna Jwara, Kshaya, Kasa, Shirashula, Parshwashula, Haleemaka, Amsa daha

Chi. 3/219

13 Patoladi Niruha Basti Jwara Chi. 3/241 14 Aargwadadhi Nuruha Basti Jwara Chi. 3/245 15 Chandanadi Taila Daha, Jwara Chi. 3/258 16 Hreebaradi Paneeya Pipasa, Raktapitta Chi. 4/31 17 Usheeradi Churna Raktapitta, Tamaka Pipasa, Daha,

Shwasa. Chi. 4/73

18 Usheeradi Peya Raktapitta Chi. 4/80 19 Mahatiktaka ghritha Kushta, Raktapitta, Arsha,

Visarpa, Amlapitta, Pama Vatarakta, Pandu, Kandu, Visphota, Unmada, Hridroga, Gandamala, Kamala.

Chi. 7/144

20 Padmakadi Pradeha Raja Yakshama Chi. 8/83 21 Kayasthadi Varti Apasmara, Unmada,

Sarpadamsha, Gara visha, Chi. 10/47


51

Vishapeeta 22 Shwadamshtradi Ghritha Vata-pittaja Hridroga, Shula,

Kshataksheena, Mutrakricchra, Prameha, Arsha, Kasa, Shosha.

Chi. 11/44

23 Kiratadhya Churna Hridroga, Pandu, Grahani, Gulma, Shula, Aruchi, Jwara, Kamala, Mukharoga.

Chi. 15/137

24 Beejakarishta Mutrakricchra, Ashmari, Pandu, Kamala, Prameha, Tridoshaj roga.

Chi. 16/108

25 Sarivadi Kwatha Visarpa Chi. 21/54 26 Sarivadi Pralepa Visarpa Chi. 21/76 27 Triphaladi Pradeha Kaphaja Visarpa Chi. 21/87 28 Mahagandha Hasti

Namagada Netra roga, Vishama Jwara, Ajeerna, Daha, Visuchika, Pama.

Chi. 23/78

29 Chandanadi Pradeha and Parisheka

Pittaja Shiroroga Chi. 26/177

30 Khadiradi Gutika Dantaroga, Mukharoga, Aruchi, Swarabheda, Kantharoga.

Chi. 26/28

31 Amruthadhya Taila Agnimandhya, Vatavyadhi, Unmada, Arathi, Apasmara, Veerya Ksheena.

Chi. 28/158

32 Amruthadhya Taila Vatarakta, Urahkshatha, Ksheera Shukra, Yonidosha, Apasmara, unmade, Khanja, Pangu, Santhana utpatti.

Chi. 29/106

33 Mahapadma Taila Vatarakta, Jwara Chi. 29/111 34 Khuddaka Padmaka Taila Vatarakta, Daha chi. 29/114 35 Prapoundarikadi Lepa Vatarakta, Visarpa, Shotha, Pitta

and Rakta Pradhana, Vatarakta Chi. 29/134

36 Sarivadi Lepa Stana Roga Chi. 30/274 37 Rasnadi Niruha Basti Krimi roga, Kushta, Prameha,

Udara roga, Ajeerna, Kapha roga. Si. 3/61

38 Vidangadi Taila (Anuvasana)

Kushta, Krimi, Prameha, Arsha, Grahani, Klaibhya, Vishmagni.

Si. 4/20

39 Pippatyadi Kwatha Hridaya Shodhana, Deepana Si. 7/17


52

TABLE NO 3.14 SHOWING FORMULATIONS ACCORDING TO ASTANGA HRUDAYA

Sl. No.


1 Tikta Gana Su. 10/28

2 Sarivadi Gana Daha, Pitta, Rakta, Pipasa, Jwara Su. 15/11

3 Veerataradi Gana Vataja roga, Ashmari, Mutrakrichra, Mutra Ghata

Su. 15/24

4 Pippalyadi Ghritha Jwara, Vishamagni, Haleemaka, Aruchi, Amsatapa, Vamana, Parshwashula, Shirashula, and Kshaya.

Chi. 1/90

5 Rakta Pittahari Peya Rakta pitta Chi. 2/16

6 Rakta Pittanashaka Kashaya

Rakta pitta Chi. 2/31

7 Shwadamshtradi Ghritha Vata-pittajanya Hridroga, Shula, Mutra Kricchra, Prameha, Arsha, Kasa, Shosha, Kashaya

Chi. 3/102

8 Taleesadi Churna Vata-Kaphaja Chardi, Shotha, Grahani, Parshwashula, Hridroga, Jwara, Pandu, Gulma, Madatyaya, Arsha, Shwasa, Kasa, Peenasa.

Chi. 10/17

9 Chandanadi Ghritha Grahani, Pittaja Grahani Chi. 10/41

10 Bhutarava Ghritha Graham Nasha U. 5/19

11 Taleesadi Taila Sadhyovrana U. 26/55

12 Kumkumadi Taila Neelika, Palita, Vyanga, Valee, Varnya

U. 32/27

13 Chandrodaya Agada U. 35/26


53

TABLE NO 3.15 SHOWING FORMULATIONS ACCORDING TO SUSRUTHA SAMHITHA

Sl. No.


1 Elaadi Gana Vata-Kapha hara, Visha Nashaka, Varna Prasadana, Kandu, Pidaka.

Su. 38/24

2 Sarivadi Gana. Pipasa, Raktapitta, Pitta Jwara, Daha

Su. 38/39

3 Pittasamshamana Varga Pitta Samshamana Su. 39/8

4 Karanjadi Ghritha Sadhya, Nadi-Vrana, Agni and Kshara Dagdha.

Chi. 16/18

5 Vidanga Tandula Yoga (Dwiteeya)

Rasayana Chi. 27/8

6 Madhukadi Taila Daha, Asrugdhar, Visarpa, Vatarakta, Vidradhi, Raktapitta, Jwara, Pittaja roga.

Chi. 37/27

7 Kushadi Asthapana

daha, Raktapradara, Raktapitta, Pittaja Gulma, Jwara

chi. 38/51

8 Lodhradi Asthapana Gulma, Raktapradara, Hridroga, Pandu, Vishama Jwara, Raktatisara, Pittatisara, Pittaja Vikara.

Chi. 38/57

9 Rasnadi Asthapana. Gulma, Raktapradara, Visarpa, Mutrakricchra, Urahkshatha, Kashaya, Vishama Jwara, Arsha, Grahani, Vata Kundalika, Vata roga, Udavarta, Vatarakta, Ashteela, Auchi, Raktapitta, Unmada, Prameha.

Chi. 38/71

10 Mustadi Asthapana Vatarakta, Prameha, Arsha, Gulma, Mutravarodha, Visarpa, Jwara, Raktapitta

Chi. 38/106

11 Mahasugandhi Agada Sarva Visha Ka. 6/19

12 Mustadhyanjana Pittabhishyanda U. 10/8

13 Bhadrodaya Anjana U. 18/95

14 Shatapushpadi Kwatha Vata Jwara. U. 39/172

15 Shreeparnyadi Kwatha Pittaja Jwara U. 39/175

16 Padmakadi Sheeta Kashaya Pittaja Jwara U. 39/183


54

17 Haridra Kwath Kaphaja Jwara U. 39/188

18 Pippalyadi Ghritha Jeerna Jwara U. 39/219

19 Patoladi Ghritha Apachi, Kushta, Jwara, Shukra, Arjuna and Netra-Mukha-Karna and Nasa Vrana.

U. 39/228

20 Triphaladi Ghritha Visarpa, Jwara, Shwasa, Gulma, Kushta, Pandu, Pleehavriddhi, Agni Mandhya.

U. 39/245

21 Ksheeree Vrikshadi Taila (Abhanga)

Jeerna Jwara U. 39/258

22 Niruhana Dravya Basti Pittaja Jwara U. 39/310

23 Madhukadi Kwatha Pittatisara U. 40/68

24 Drakshadi Sheetha Kashaya

Rakta Pitta U. 45/32

25 Bhujanga Pushpa Marichadini

Murcha U. 46/18

THERAPEUTIC USES (Amayika Prayoga)18

Intrinsic Haemorrhage:

Usheera, Kaaliyaka, Lodhra seperately mixed with equal quantity of Sandal wood

and Sugar taken with rice-water alleviates intrinsic haemorrhage, abscurity of

consciousness, thirst and burning sensation (Cs. Ci. 4. 73-74).

Fever:

Usheera forms an ingredient of the Shadanga Paneeya commonly used in fever

associated with thirst (Cs. Ci. 3. 145).

Vomiting:

In vomiting one should take Usheera or Svarna gairika mixed with baalaka

followed by intake of rice-water.

Chandana and Usheera with amalalaki Juice, these mixed with honey check thirst

and vomiting (Cs. Ci. 20. 32).


55

Boils:

External application of Usheera destroys boils caused by excessive perspiration

(Cs. Vi. 11. 24).

Nomenclature

Kingdome - Plantae

Division - Embryophyta siphonogram

Subdivision - Angiospermae

Class - Monocotyledonae

Order - Glumiflorae

Family - Graminae

Genus - Vetiveria

Species - Zizanioides

Scientific Name - Vetiveria Zizanioides.

VERNACULAR NAMES8

The drug is universally known and accepted by its scientific name. but still the

knowledge of the names in both local and regional languages is very important to get the

drug from the regions of its availability. Hence the vernacular names of the drug Usheera

are listed below;

Assam - Usira, Virina

Bengali - Khaskhas, Venaramula, Shanader

English - Cuscus Grass, Koosa, True Vetiver, Vetiver Grass.


56

Gujarati - Valo, Sugandhi

Gwalior - Khus

Hindi - Khas, Khas bena, Onei, Panni, Ganrar.

Kannada - Lavanchi, Madivala gida, Balada beru, Karisajje hullu, Kadudappa

Konkani - Bhanavalo

Malayalam - Ramachham, Ramachehamver, Vettiver.

Marathi - Vala

Oriya - Usira, Benachera

Persia - Khas

Punjabi - Panni, Khas.

Santhal - Sirom

Tamil - Vettiver, Tlamichamver, Vilhalver, Viranam, Virkel, Viyal.

Telugu - Kuruvaeru, Vetti-vellu, Vetti-veru, Avurugaddi Vaeru, Lamajjakamuvaeru, Vidavalivaeru, Kuruveru.

Urdu - Khas.

FAMILY CHARACTERS25

Erect, decumbent or creeping, sometimes floating herbs, or tall reeds, shrubs or

trees or climbers, annual or perinneal by means of rhizomes.

Stems – Simple or more commonly branched from the base, generally terete and hollow

between the nodes.


57

Leaves – Alternate, nearly always with the sheathing base, ligule at the junction of blade,

blades usually long and narrow, rarely ovate, parallel nerved sessile or sometimes

petioled.

Inflorescence – Terminal, rarely terminal or lateral, composed of panicled, racemose,

simply or compoundly spicate, or capitete spikelets, rarely reduced to a single spikelet,

rarely deciduous.

Flowers – Solitary or 2- many aggregated in a spike let, unisexual or bisexual.

Stamens – 3, very rarely more than 6, filaments slender often very long, free, rarely

united, anthers versatile with two parallel cells.

Ovary – Entire, unicelled with two styles, free or connate at the base, ovule solitary,

erect, anatropous.

Fruit – A Grain, free with in the lemma.

Seeds – Erect, albumen copious, floury.

DISTRIBUTION8,25

It is found throughout the plains and lowerhills of India, particularly on the river

banks and in rich marshy soil, ascending to an altitude of 1200 m, grows wild in Haryana,

Uttara Pradesh, Rajasthana, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, Madhy Pradesh and South

India.

And throughout the Malay region, Lower Guinea, West Indies, Brazil and

eastwards to Burma.


58

PHARMACOGNOSY17

Macro and Microscopic Characters:

a. Macroscopic:

Clusters of Wiry roots upto 2 mm in diameter, minute, longitudinally

grooved; colour varies from cream, grey or light yellow to brown; fracture,

short and splintery; odour-strong aromatic, taste-slightley bitter.

b. Microscopic:

Roots shows an epidermis consisting of tangentially elongated cells

having brownish content, followed by a layer of hypodermis consisting of thin

walled cells, similar to epidermis; cortex consisting of 2-3 layers thick-walled,

lignified sclerenchymatous cells towards periphery and aerenchy matous cells

towards centre; endodermis, single layered of barrel shaped cells with highly

thickened inenr walls; pericycle many layered with thick-walled,

sclerenchymatous cells enclosing radial vascular bundles arranged in a ring;

simple, round to oval, starch grains measuring 8-12 in diameter present in

aerenchyma, pericycle and pith cells.

c. Powder:

Ash-coloured, odour-strongly aromatic and bitter in taste, shows fibres

in groups, isolated, xylem vessels, simple round to oval, starch grains

measuring 8-12 in diameter.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY10

From oil new sesquiterpene hydrocarbon isobisabolene, bp. 99°/8 mm is isolated

(Tetrahedron 1962, 18, 1073).


59

From oil Khusol is isolated and its structure elucidated (Tetrahedron 1963, 19,

1073).

From vetiver oil Khusinol mp. 87° is isolated Tetrahedron 19

IDENTITY PURITY AND STRENGTH17

Foreign matter - Not more than 2%

Total Ash - Not more than 9%

Acid insoluble - Not more than 6%

Alcohol soluble extractive - Not less than 4%

Water soluble extractive - Not less than 5%

Volatile Oil - Not less than 1%.

CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION6

It flourishes over rich sandy loam soils of 6 to 8 pH under warm and damp

weather conditions. The crop grows luxuriantly where rainfall varies from 100 to 200 cm

and temperature from 30° to 40°C. A medium fertile soil is ideal for its cultivation.

Vetiver is raised from live root slips planted in field during rainy season. A fully grown

root clump is divided into 15-20 cm long rooted slips and these are planted in rows at

30x25 cm spacing to allow 6000 plants per hectare. The freshly planted field is given a

light irrigation if it does not rain in next one or two days of planting; these slips

commence sprouting in 7 to 10 days. The planted crop is earthed up after 60 days and the

ridges are made 30 cm broad and 20 cm high which facilitates higher root development.

The initial growth of sprouted vetiver is slow for first 90 days. The first interculture is

recommended at 30 days after sprouting. Two more intercultures are given to the crop,


60

viz, the first in February, when the plants resprout in the spring and the next is July. The

use of chemical weedicides and one pre-emergence spraying of atrazine or oxadizone

controls weed growth for first 60-70 days. Fertilizers like FYM, P2O5, K2O and nitrogen

help in better root yield. Leaf blight caused by curvularia trifoli is the most serious

fungal disease, which affects the vetiver plants. Two to three spraying of copper

fungicide (3%) containing 50% metalalic copper at the rate of 550 to 725 litre/ha is

recommended as a control measure. Crop can be dug out between the age of 15 to 18

months. The aerial parts of the growing plants are cut off from ground level, the roots are

dou out and cleared of mud by washing. After cleaning the roots are separated from

stump part and dried in shade for 5 to 7 days to allow it to contain only about 10%

moisture. Freshly harvested roots give higher oil yield over stored air-dried roots.

TRADE AND COMMERCE

The roots on distillation yield vetiver oil, which has good demand in domestic as

well as international markets. The oil is widely used in perfumery and cosmetics and to a

limited extent for medicinal purposes. The main centres of production in India are

Bharatpur (Rajasthan), Musangar (Kanpur district) and some areas of West Coast in

Kerala. The oil produced in Bharatpur fetches much higher price than that of South

India.

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTRANTS6

Coleus vettiveroides roots are good substitutes to vetiveria zizanioides.

TRADITIONAL USES8,25

Useful in burning sensations, bilious fevers, sweats, foul breath, thirst,

strangury, Ulcers, diseases of the blood.


61

An infusion of the root is given as a febrifuge and a powder in bilious

complaints. It is regarded as stimultant, diaphoretic, stomachic and

refrigerant. The essence is used as a tonic.

A paste of the pulverized roots in water is also used as a cooling external

application in fevers.

In Guinea, the infusion of the roots is used as a tonic and an

emmenogogue.

Neither the root nor the stem is an antidote to either snake venom or

scorpion venom.

Its infusion is a great refreshing drink in fevers, inflammation and

irritability of stomach.

A paste of root is rubbed on the skin to remove appressive heat and

burning of the body.

By mixing it with red sandal wood and a fragrant wood called “Padma

Kashta” to a tub water an aromatic bath is prepared.

It essence or oil or otto is given in two minimum doses to check the

vomiting of cholera.

USES IN DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF MEDICINE25

Action and Uses in Yunani

The root is cooling to the brain; bitter, soporific; useful in spermatorrhoea,

headache, diseases of the blood.

Tonic to heart and brain, blood purifier, headache, palpitation.


62

Action and Uses in Siddha

Because of its tikta rasa, madhura anurasa and shetha veerya it is kapha pittahara,

laghu, pachana nad stambhana.

Used in Jwara, chardi, trishna, rakta dosa, visasrpa, daha, mutrakricchra and

vrana.

RESEARCH WORKS10,15

1. Zizanal and epizizanal exhibited insect repellant activity (Tetrahedron Lett.

1982, 23, 4639).

2. Khusitoneol exhibited juvenile harmone activity against mustard aphid

(Lipaphi erysmi). (Ind. J. Chem, 1985, 24 B, 496).


63

REFERENCES

1. Charaka: Charaka Samhita with the Ayurveda deepika-Commentary of

Chakrapanidatta and with Vidyotini Hindi commentary by Kashinatha Shastri,

Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahaya Pandey a Part-I & II, Published by Chaukhambha

Sanskrit Sansthana Varanasi.

2. Sushrutha: Sushrutha Samhita Edited with Ayurveda – Tathva – Sandipika by

Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri Part I & II, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan

Publication Varanasi.

3. Vagbhata: Astanga Hridaya translated by Prof. K.R. Srikantha Murthy, 3rd edition,

1996, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.

4. Slokas

A – Katphala

mÉrÉÉïrÉ

MühQÕûsÉ: MÚüwhÉaÉpÉï¶É xÉÉãqÉuÉsMümÉëcÉåiÉxÉÏ |

pÉSìÉuÉiÉÉï qÉWûÉMÑüqpÉÏ MæüQûrrÉÉæ UÉqÉxÉålÉMü ||19||

MÑüqÉÑSÉ cÉÉåaÉëaÉlkÉxcÉ pÉSìÉ U‹lÉMüxiÉjÉÉ |

MÑüqpÉÏ cÉ sÉbÉÑ MüÉqÉïrÉï: ´ÉÏmÉhÉÏï cÉ Ì§ÉmÉŠkÉÉ ||20||

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qÉWûÉMÑüqpÉÉ cÉ MÑüqpÉÏMü pÉSìÉ pÉSìuÉiÉÏÌiÉ cÉ ||73||

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´ÉÏmÉhÉÏï MÑüqÉÑSÉ MÑüqpÉÉ pÉSìÉ pÉSìuÉiÉÉïÌiÉ cÉ ||37||

qÉWûÉMücNûÉã qÉWûÉMÑüqpÉÉ MÑüqpÉÏMüÉ UÉãÌWûhÉÏ iÉjÉÉ |

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64

MüOûTüsÉÇ UÉãkÉëÉSÉæ urÉZrÉÉiÉqÉç ||

xÉÑUxÉÏ ÎYmÉijÉ mÉ§É cÉ iÉjÉÉ ÍcÉÌ§ÉiÉmÉÌ§ÉMüÉ

ÌuÉÃmÉÉ MÑüsÉeÉÉ cÉæuÉ uÉÉÍhÉerÉÉ iÉÔmÉmÉÌ§ÉMüÉ ||133||

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MüOûTüsÉ: xÉÉåqÉuÉsMü¶É pÉSìÉ pÉSìuÉiÉÏ iÉjÉÉ |

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(Sh.N.)(Pg-149)

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65

MüOèTüsÉÇ MüOÒûMÇü ÌiÉ£Çü MüwÉÉrÉÇ MüTüuÉÉiÉlÉÑiÉç ||138||

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66

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67

aÉÑhÉ – MüqÉï

EzÉÏUÇ zÉÏiÉsÉÇ ÌiÉ£Çü SWû´ÉqÉWûUÇ mÉUqÉç |

ÌmÉ¨ÉeuÉUÉÌ¨ÉUÉqÉsÉÇ esÉxÉÉæaÉlkrÉSÉrÉMüqÉç ||154||

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(qÉÉkÉuÉ SìurÉaÉÑhÉ)


68

5 GYANENDRA PANDEY – Dravya guna Vijanana Vol. – 2, vol. – 3 Varanasi

Published by Krishandas Academy ––1st edition 2001.katphala page no 208, usheera

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6 “Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda” vol. – 8 ,vol-5, New Delhi, Central

council for research in Ayurveda and Siddha, 1st edition – 2001 katphala page no

207.,usheera page no 361.

7 KOKATE. C.K, PUROHIT A.P. – Pharmacognosy. Pune Published by Nirali

Prakashan. 13th Edition – 2005.

8 NADKARNI K.M, “Indian material medica” vol. - 1 published by Popular prakashan

pvt.ltd 3rd edition,1982, reprinted 2000, katphala page no 828,usheera page 109.

9 SHARMA P.V - Dravya guna Vijanana – Vol 1-2 . Variation Published by

Chaukhambha Bharati Academy,katphala page no 575, usheera – page no 114.

10 RASTOGI RAM P, “Compendium of Indian medicinal plants”, vol. – 5 and 4, New

Delhi published by Central research institute and publications and information.

Directorate, 1st edition 1991 katphala vol- 562 , and usheera vol-4 page no 754.

11 DR.GYANENDRA PANDEY “System of plant nomenclature in Ayurveda”

Varanasi, Chaukamba Sanskrit series 1st edition 1997. katphala page no 346, usheera

page no 538..

12 CHUNEKAR K.C ,THAKUR BALWANTH SING, “Glossary of vegitable drug in

Brihatrayi” Varanasi , Chaukamba Sanskrit series –, 2nd edition 1999, katphala page

no 66 , usheera page no 54. .

13 WARRIER P.K, NAMBIAR VPK, RAMANKUTTY C, Indian medicinal plants – a

compendium of 500 species” .vol 2 orient and logman ltd, 1st edition 1997, .

14 BHAVAMISHRA – Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Commented by Dr. K.C. Chunekar

and Edited by Dr. G.S. Pandey. Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Achademy.

Publication republished in 2004. katphala page no 100,usheera page no 239.

15 SHASTHRI J.L.N. – Dravya Guna Vijnana – Vol.-2, Varanasi, published by

Choukambha Orientalia, 2nd edition – 2005, katphala page 958,usheera page no

558..

16 SHARMA DINESH CHANDRA, “Vedomein dravyagunashastra” Gujrat Ayurveda

university Jamnagar, 1st edition 1969, katphala page no 352


69

17 14. AYURVEDIc PHARMACOPIEA OF INDIA, part 1, vol – 3, 2001 New Delhi,

dept of ISM&H, 1st edition, katphala page no 392,usheera page no 219.

18 SHARMA. P.V. – “Classical uses of Medicinal Plants”. Varanasi – 1 ,Published by

Chaukhambha Visvabharati, 1996, katphala page no 70, usheera page no 60.

19 SANJEEVKUMAR LALE, “Aoushadanamaroopa vijnanam” edited by Dr.Gajendra

Kumar Jain, Indore, Hemraj Lale publications, vol - 1 1st edition 2003, ..

20 KAVIRAJ SHASTRI AMBIKA DATTA, “Baishjya ratnavali”Varanasi , choukamba

Sanskrit sanstan.

21 VAIDYA MISRA BANVARILAL, “Dravyaguna Hastamalaka” , Jaipur, publication

scheme, 3rd edition 1995,katphala page no 452,usheera page no 354. ..

22 SAXENA N.B, SHAMINDRA SAXENA “Plant taxonomy”, prahathi prakashan, 3rd

edition 2001.

23 SHASTRY J.L.N – Ayurvedokta oushadha Nirukta mala , Varanasi , published by

Chaukhamba orientalia, 1st Edition–2001, katphala page no 21,usheera page no

24 MOHIER WILLIAMS, “A Sanskrit English dictionary”, Varanasi, motilal banarasi

das, 1899.

25 KIRTIKAR K.R and BASU B.D, “Indian medicinal plants” vol 2 ,edited by Blatter

1988 vol-3 katphala page no 2350 ,vol-4 usheera page no 2671.

26 TREASE AND EVANS “Pharmacognosy” London,WB sounders company Ltd, 14th

edition 2001, .

27 SRIVASTAVA SAHILAJA “Sharangadara samhitha”Varanasi, Choukamba

orientalia, 2nd edition,1998.

28 SARIN Y.K “Illusterated manual of herbal drugs used in Ayurveda” a joint

publication of council of scientific and industrial reaserch. ..

Review of Literature – Disease Review

70

CHAPTER III B

DISEASE REVIEW

Ayurveda or the ‘Veda of Life’ or the ‘Science of Life’ stands for Indian system

of Medicine. Etymologically, the term ‘Ayus’ means span of life and ‘Veda’ means

unimpeachable knowledge. Ayurveda is named the science of life where in are laid down

the principles of the good and bad life; the happy and the unhappy’ what is wholesome

and what is unwholesome in relation to life and also the measure of life.

Apart from human beings, Ayurveda also covers the treatment for animals and

plants. Ancient Saints, like Nakula, Palkapya, Shalihatra and Parashara composed

treatises on Ashwa-Ayurveda, Gaja-Ayurveda, Gava-Ayurveda and Vriksha-Ayurveda

for the treatment of ailments of horses, elephants, cattle’s and trees respectively.

The aim of Ayurveda is prolongation of healthy life prevention of diseases, and

senility of a person and helps a person to attain the four principal aims of life, viz.,

Dharma, Artha, Kama and finally Moksha.

Fundamental constituents of the body are Dosha, Dhatu and Malas. Theses three

are the underlying factors which perform the whole physiological progressions of the

body which ultimately provide health. Derangement in these fundamental factors goes

ahead to vikara (Disease).

Literary meaning of the word diseases is ‘Lack of Ease’. According to Taber’s

Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary, disease means a pathological condition of the body

that presents a group of symptoms peculiar to it and that sets the condition apart as

abnormal entity differing from other normal body status.


71

Acharya Charaka considered it as the first and foremost among all somatic

disorders and defines that it is invariably present during birth and death and causes

Santapa of Deha, Manas and Indriyas. Further Acharya Sushrutha says that Jwara is a

disease process characterized by Sweda Avarodham, Santapa and Angamarda.

Jwara has been defined as the rise of body temperature above normal and the

incidence being 20% in adults and 50% in children. The Nirukti of Jwara is ‘Jwarayathi

Shareeraniti’ it means that the disease is characterized by raised body temperature.

Jwara is mentioned in Vedic literature itself, especially in Atharva Veda as Takma

which means it makes the life difficult to carry out daily functions. In Treta Yuga, it has

its mythological importance that it is said to have originated from the anger of Lord Shiva

after having insulted by Daksha. It is also been described as a first disease where in

many other diseases could be understood through the detailed study of Jwara.

Acharya Charaka defines it as the disease which affects body, sense organs, as

well as mind and raise the temperature. It is the most common disease condition found in

man. And according to the principles of Ayurveda, Jwara has been considered as an

independent disease entity it can also be found as a symptom of several other diseases.

Jwara is very important due to its association with various other ailments. So its

management is also very important. The treatment of the diseases is effective only when

their Etiology (hetu) and symptamatology (linga) are ascertained in advance. The

Etiological and Symptomatological studies are planned to guide the line of treatment.

Body temperature shows a circadian rhythm, it is usually highest in the afternoon and

evening and least between 2-6 am the difference is more or less 0.5° F. Temperature

slightly varies in various parts of the body. Rectal temperature is higher than oral


72

temperature and also temperature is lesser in extremities. Physiological variation can

also be noted in children, aged and women in their reproductive phases. The traditional

value for oral temperature in human is 98.4° F and can vary between 97° F to 99.5° F.

Pyrexia is indicated by rise of temperature above 99° F.

Jwara is found to be described as a disease in which the Santapa, Swedavarodha

and Angamarda exists simultaneously, Santapa, as it is found in all types of Jwaras can

be considered as the Pratyatmaka Lakshana of all types of Jwara. Santapa can be

translated as the burning sensation of the body along with the distressed mind.

VEDIC PERIOD1

Ayurveda is a derived knowledge system, having its root in Vedas. Most of the

materials explained in Ayurveda are taken from the substance of Atharva Veda. Hence,

Ayurveda is called as Upaveda of Atharva Veda. Many references are available in

Atharva Veda regarding the disease Jwara. Jwara is termed as Takaman or Takamaa and

is described widely in Atharva Veda as a periodic fever attended with rigor, trembling,

pain particularly in the head. It is accompanied by debility and cough and ends in pallor

or yellowness. It was endemic in particular places like Munjava, Mahavrsa, Gandhara,

Anga and Magadha. It attacked mostly in Grishma (Summer), Varsha (rainy) and in

Sharad (autumn). It types such as Anyedyushka (Quotidian)k Tritiyaka (Tertian) and

Sadanadi (Remittent) etc., are mentioned. In serve types, the patient often sufferes from

delirium and dies. Mythological description are found in Atharva Veda about Takamana

are;

This mainly afflicts the vital part of the body including shiras.

This troubles body and mind.


73

Various synonyms of Jwara mentioned in Artharva Veda – Archi, Vigeda, Vyala,

Rudra, Papma, Tapu, Shoka etc. The description of 9 types of Takamana has been

explained in 7th Khanda of Atharva Veda. By all the above references it may be said that

Jwara was a well known disease entity in the Vedic Period.

SAMHITHA PERIOD2,3,4

During the Samhitha Period, Jwara is explained first and foremost among all

somatic disorders. It is also called as the ‘Roga Raja’ i.e., King among the diseases and

was recognized as the most important cause of death and hence was associated with

Rudra kopa, the anger of the God of destruction. The mythological origin of Jwara or

Fever is, in the Dwaspara Yuga, Lord Shiva or Rudra had taken the vow of controlling

the anger. Taking this opportunity, Ausras began to trouble the Tapas and Yajnas ot the

ascetics. During this period Daksha Prajapati, the Lord of all creatures, conducted a

Yajna in which he failed to offer the share of oblation Lord Shiva and all these acts of the

Asuras and the Daksha Prajapati provoked Shiva and his anger took the form of a blazing

fire which destroyed the Yajna of the Daksha and led to the origin of the Jwara.

Collectively the disease Jwara is characterized by Deha and Mana Santapa

followed by absence of perspiration and body auches.

In Brihatrayess Jwara is explained elaborately with its Nidana, Purvaroopa,

Samprapti, Roopa and Chikitsa.


74

In Charaka Samhitha, Acharya has given a detailed description of Jwara found in

Nidana and Chikitsa Sthana of Charaka Samhita where he has covered almost all points

related with Jwara.

In Sushrutha Samhita, Acharya Sushrutha has given a detail description of Jwara,

including its treatment is found in Uttara Tantra of his text.

In Ashtanga Samgraha and Ashtanga Hridaya, Brihat and Laghu Vaghbata’s

respectively have followed either the description of Charaka or Sushrutha. Here also

Jwara has been explained in Nidana and Chikitsa Sthana.

Acharya Madhavakara, Sharangadhara and Bhava Mishra had also described

Jwara in detail. Among them, Madhavakara has stressed upon Nidan Panchaka of Jwara,

while Sharangadhara and Bhava Mishra had stressed upon the treatment aspect.

Jwara is mentioned as ‘Ja Vayohano’ – which reduces the lifespan and decreases

the immunity, causes mental confusion etc. and is the one of the important disease which

can occur from birth till death at any time, involving body and mind. Jwara, when it form

in living beings is known by various names which are Jwara Paryayas which are

mentioned below.

ETYMOLOGY OF WORD ‘JWARA’

erÉ + uÉU – uÉrÉÉã WûÉlÉÉæ = euÉU:

Definition of Jwara

euÉUÌiÉ eÉÏhÉÉåï puÉirÉlÉålÉ – euÉU:

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pÉuÉirÉirÉÑwhÉ zÉÉ§É¶É euÉËUiÉ: iÉålÉ cÉ EcrÉiÉå | (xÉÑ.xÉÇ.E. 39/22,23)

SåWåûÎlSìrÉ qÉlÉxÉliÉÉmÉÏ euÉU: | (cÉ.xÉÇ.ÍcÉ. ¾)


75

Jwara is the disease characterized by raised body temperature.

Jwara is the disease which causes –

Indriya Santapa – Dearrangement in the functioning of cognitive organs.

Mana Santapa- Abnormal behaviour of mind like restlessness, laziness etc.

Deha Santapa – Rise in body temperature.

Jwara is called so because of its nature of,

Wide spreading

Difficult to bear,

Affecting all living beings,

Chance of causing deaths,

Being killer of living beings.

SYNONYMS OF JWARA

Jwara - As it produces raise of temperature.

Kshaya - As it emaciates the body.

Rogaraja - The King of Disease.

Tama - As it causes lainting.

Papma - Since sin is considered as its basic cause.

Yamatmaka - Kills the person like Yamaraja.

Mrityu - Since it can turn Fatal.

Atanka - A Disease which may, culminate in death.

Ojakdhaya - A Disease which, eats the vital energy.

Jwara in Animals

There is a classical reference that, Jwara can also occurs in animals and called by

different names like,


76

TABLE NO. 3.16 SHOWING NAME OF JWARA IN VARIOUS ANIMALS

Name of Animals Name of Jwara

Cat Adnik

Dog Alarka

Cow Gokarnaka

Buffalo Gokarnaka

Ass Kharaka

Horse Abhitapaka

Elephant Pakala

Camels Alasaka

Deer Mrigara roga

Goat Prukopaka

Birds Makara

Butterflies & Insects Pakshapata

Fish Indramada

Snake Kashnisha

NIDANA (AETIOLOGY)27,28

Excess or improper administration of oleation therapy etc., different kinds of

injury, manifestation of other diseases, suppuration, ulceration, exertion, loss of tissues,

indigestion of food, changes in habituations and natural features of seasons, inhalation of

smell of plants and flowers, sorrow, bad effects of stars and planets, possession by evil

spirits.

Improper indulgence of various foods and activities leads to vitiation of the

Doshas. Apart from this, Doshas are vitiated mainly by Asathmendriyartha Samyoga,

Prajna paradha and Parinama or Aganthuka Karanas, all of these are responsible for the

formation of Jwara.


77

Acharya Charaka while describing Jwara, he says that it appears in the

human body due to three physical dosas mainly Vata, Pitta and Kapha as individual and

also in combination, two doshas of mind mainly Rajas and Tamas and also due to

Agantuja Karana. Later he named the types of Jwara according to the causative factors.

Hence, eight types of Jwara are mentioned. The factor which vitiates these Doshas is

considered as Jwara Nidanas. And the Nidanas individually are tabulated as follows.

Table no3.17 showing Types of Jwara with Nidana2,3,4,5,28

Types of Jwara Nidana

Vata Excessive indulgence of Rooksha, Sheetha and Laghu dravyas. Over administration of emesis, purgation, asthapana, vyayama, maithuna etc. suppressioin of natural urges. Fasting, assault, sexual indulgence, anxiety, grief, excess blood letting, vigil during night and maintaining irregular posture etc.

Pitta Excessive intake of Amla, Lavana, Ushna, Kshara and Katu dravyas. Intake of meals while suffering from indigestion, exposure to scorching sun, heat of fire, exhaustion, anger and irregular dieting.

Kapha Excessive intake of Snigdha, Madhura, Picchila, Guru, Sheetha and Lavana Dravya. Divaswapna, merriment, lack of physical exercise etc.

Dwandwaja (Vata Pittaja, Pitta Kaphaja, Kapha Vataja)

Combination of etiological factors of each doshas.

Sanni Pataja Combination of etiological factors of all the three doshas. Agantuja External trauma

Influence of evil spirit

Curse of elders, guru etc.

Papa Karma

JWARA SAMPRAPTI (PATHOGENESIS)

These aggravated doshas, either individually or jointly in the compinations of two

or three spread through the rasa dhatu and dislodge jataragni from its own place. Being


78

supplemented with their heat and the heat of jataragni, the heat of the body gets

accentuated. The channels of circulation get obstructed by them, and they being further

aggravated pervade the entire body to produce excessive heat. There fore temperature

increases all over the body and this condition is called Jwara.

SAMPRAPTI GHATAKAS29

Dosha - Vata/Pitta/Kapha/Dwidosha/Sannipata. Mainly Samana

and Vyana Vata; Kledaka and Bodhaka Kapha; Pachaka

and Bhrajaka Pitta

Srotas - Rasavaha, Annavaha, Sweda Vaha and Partially Mutra

Vaha and Purisha Vaha.

Srotodusti - Sanga and Vimarga Gamana.

Mala - Sweda, Partially Mutra and Purisha.

Agni - Jataragni.

Ama - Jataragni mandya janya.

Udbhava Sthana - Amashaya, Grahar

Adhishtana - Amashaya.

Vyaktha Sthana - All over the body (Sarva Shareera).


79

CHART NO3.1 SHOWING JWARA SAMPRAPTI

>

JWARA PURVA ROOPA (PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS)30

Purvaroopa of Jwara is all most all same in our Samhitas and other texts.

Dyspepsia, heaviness in body, loss of appetite, congestion in the eyes,

lacrimation, excessive sleep, disliking for work, yawning, flexion, tremors exhaustion,

giddiness, delirium, sleeplessness, horripilation, setting on edge of teeth, wavering, liking

and disliking of sound, cold, wind and sun; anorexia, indigestion, weakness, malaise,

lassitude, low vitality, dilatory tendency, laziness, loss of regular functions, aversion to

Sanchaya

Nidana Sevana

Dosha Sanchaya

Prakopa

Dosha Prakopa

Amashaya Pravesha

Agnimandya

Prasara Rasa Dhatu Anusarana

Sarva Shareera Sanchaya

Sthana Samsraya Swedavaha Srotorodha

Ushma Sanchaya

Santapa Sarvanga Graham

JWARA

Vyakta

Bheda

Upadrava


80

work, disregard for the instructions of superiors, disliking for children, indifference

towards own duties for the use of garland, ointment and food; aversion to sweet food,

liking for sour, saline and pungent food.

Special

In Vataja Jwara - More of Yawns

In Pittaja Jwara - Burning sensation in the eyes.

In Kaphaja Jwara - Dislike for food.

In Dvandvaja Jwara - Mixed Symptoms And Sannipataja Jwara

TABLE NO.3.18 SHOWING THE PURVAROOPA

Purvaroopa C.S. S.S. A.H. M.N.

Alasya + - + -

Arathi + + + +

Aruchi + + + +

Avi Paaka + - + -

Atinidra + - + -

Bhakta Dvesha + - + -

Gurutha + + + +

Jrimbha + + + +

Klama + - + -

Nayanaplava - + - +

Pindikodwestana - - + -

Shrama + + - +

Tamaha - - - +

Vairasya + + + +

Vivrnatha - + - +


81

TABLE NO.3.19 SHOWING THE VISHISHTA PURVA ROOPA

Vishishta Purvaroopa C.S. S.S. A.H. M.N. Sh.S B.N.

Vataja Jwara – Jrimba - + - + - +

Pittaja Jwara – Akshidaha - + - + - +

Kaphaja Jwara – Anannabhilasha - + - + - +

JWARA PRADHANA LAKSHANA (CHIEF FEATURES)

Jwara is a disease which affects whole body and Manas. And the main symptoms

are –

Sweda Avarodha.

Santapa

Sarvanga graham

Obstruction of sweating, Increased body temperature, Mild pain all over the

body – all these present at the same time.

Emaciation, entering into internal darkness, manifestation of sinful acts and

death.

Increase in temperature of entire body along with mental unhappiness.

Site of Manifestation of Jwara

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zÉUÏUÇ, oÉsÉMüÉsÉxiÉÑ ÌlÉSÉlÉå xÉÇmÉëSÍzÉïiÉ: ||

(|| cÉ.xÉÇ.ÍcÉ. 3/30)


82

JWARA BHEDA

CHART NO 3.2SHOWING THE TYPES OF JWARA

Doshabheda

1. Vataja Jwara

2. Pittaja

3. Kaphaja

4. Vata Pittaja

5. Pitta Kaphaja

6. Kapha Vataja

7. Sanni Pataja

Dosha Kala bala Bheda (Vishama jwara)

1. Santata Jwara

2. Satata

3. Anyedushka

4. Tritiyaka

5. Chaturtaka

Jwara

Vidhi Bheda Agantuja

i) Abhighataja ii) Abhishangaja -

Krodha, Bhaya Shoka, Kama, Bhutabhada

iii) Abhishapaja iv) Abhicharaja

i) Shareerika ii) Soumya iii) Prakruta iv) Antarvegi v) Sadhya vi) Ushna

i) Manasika ii) Agneya iii) Vaikruta iv) Bahirvegi v) Ashadhya vi) Sheeta


83

Asrayabheda - Saptadhatugata

1. Rasagatha

2. Raktagatha

3. Mamsagatha

4. Medogatha

5. Asthigatha

6. Majjagatha

7. Shukragatha

Guna bheda

1. Sushmi - Brings dryness

2. Angabhethu - Cause body ache

3. Shoka - Cause body ache

4. Tapuhu - Increase temperature

5. Abhishokaha - Raise temperature

6. Sahasraksha - Caused even by little Mithya Ahara Vihara

7. Takma - Makes life difficult

8. Papma - Degenerate the body

Agantuja Jwara

Jwara caused by external factors.

1. Abhigatha

2. Abhichara

3. Abhishapa

4. Abhishanga


84

Doshic Involvement in Agantuja Jwara.

Kamajanya Jwara - Vata

Shokajanya Jwara - Vata

Bhayajanya Jwara - Vata

Krodhajanya Jwara - Pitta

Bhootabhishangaja Jwara - Tridosha

TABLE NO 3.20 SHOWING JWARA IN VARIOUS DISEASES5

Jwara in Nidana Panchaka

Srothas involved Disease

Nidana Raktavaha Srothas Rasavaha Srothas

Raktapitta Nijashotha

Purvaroopa Mutravaha Srothas Mootrashmari Romanthika

Lakshana Pranavaha Srothas Annavaha Srothas Rasa – Raktavaha Srothas Annavaha Srothas Pranavaha Srothas Pranavaha Srothas

Rajayakshama Pittatisara Paittikapandu Abhyantarakrimi Pittaja and Kshayaja Kasa Pratamaka Swasa Slipada Vispota

Upadrava Raktavaha Srothas Pranavaha Srothas Annavaha Srothas

Rakta pitta Rajayakshama Chardi Madatyaya Gulma visphota


85

Vataja Jwara Lakshana

1. Irregularity in onset and alleviation

2. Irregularity in temperature.

3. Irregularity in acuteness and mildness of fever.

4. Aggravation of fever after the digestion of food, in the afternoon, during dawn

or at the end of summer season.

5. Excessive roughness and reddishness of nail, eyes, face, urine, stool and skin.

6. Excessive retention of urine and stool.

7. Different types of pain in various organs.

8. Feeling of looseness in knee and other joints.

9. Inactivity of thigh.

10. Breaking, bursting, grinding, churning, cracking, and twisting pain in waist,

sides, back, shoulders, arms, scapular region and chest.

11. Stiffness of Jaws.

12. Noise in the ears.

13. Pain the temples.

14. Astringent taste in the mouth.

15. Dryness of mouth, palate and throat.

16. Throat.

17. Impairment of functions of heat.

18. Dry vomiting, cough.

19. Salivation, anorexia and indigestion.

20. Depression, yawning, trembling, sleeplessness, exhaustion etc.


86

Pittaja Jwara

1. Pungent taste in the mouth.

2. Inflammation of nose, mouth, throat, lips and palate.

3. Thirst, intoxication, giddiness and fainting.

4. Aggravation of fever during process of digestion, mid-day, mid-night and in

autumn.

5. Bilious vomiting, diarrhea, aversion for food, exhaustion and delirium.

6. Appearance of reddish urticaria in body.

7. Greenish or yellowish colour of nails, eyes, face, urine, stool and skin.

8. Hyper pyrexia, excessive burning sensation.

9. Wicking for cold things.

Kaphaja Jwara

1. Aggravation of fever in the entire body specially immediately after food,

during fore-noon, in the evening and during spring season.

2. Heaviness of body, loss of appetite, salivation, sweet taste in mouth, nausea,

brady cardia, timid ness and vomiting.

3. Reduced power of digestion, excessive sleep, stiffness, drowsiness, cough,

dyspnoea and coryza.

4. Feeling of cold, white colour of nails, eyes, face, urine and stool.

5. Liking for hot things etc.


87

Period of occurrence of Vishama Jwara

Satata Jwara - Fever appears at any two times in a day.

Anyeduska Jwara - Fever appears at any one time in a day.

Tritiyaka Jwara - Fever appears on third day.

Chaturthaka Jwara - Fever appears on fourth day.

Santata Jwara - Fever continues for seven days, ten days or twelve days

without remission.

Dosa Predominance of Vishama Jwara

Due to Predominance of

Vata - Tritiyaka and Chaturthaka Jwara

Pitta - Aupatyaka Jwara

Kapha - Pralepaka Jwara and Vata balasaka Jwara.

Dhatu involvement in Vishama Jwara

TABLE NO 3.21SHOWING DHATU INVOLVEMENT IN VISHAMA JWARA ACCORDING TO CHARAKA AND SUSHRUTHA

Types of Jwara C.S. (Dhatu) S.S. (Dhatu)

Satata

Anyedushka

Tritiyaka

Chaturthaka

Santata

Rakta

Medas

Asthi

Majja

Rasadi 7 dhatu

Rasa and Rakta

Mamsa

Meda

Asthi and Majja

--


88

UPASHAYA ANUPASHAYA (AGGRAVATING AND RELIEVING FACTORS)4

Anupashaya

Fevers usually start or exacerbates only at the specified time, when causative

dosha is powerful.

Like wise the factors which tend to increase the particular dosha, also bring about

increase of fever.

Upashaya

Factors which tend to decrease the particular dosha, bring about decrease of fever.

Acharya Vagbhata has mentioned in short the causative factors like Katu, Tikta,

Rasa, Vishamashan etc., are the Anupashaya for Vataja Jwara. Amla, lavana and anger

etc., are Anupashaya for Pittaja Jwara. Madhura, Amla and Diva swapna are

Anupashaya for Kaphaja Jwara. Contrary to the above mentioned etiology, the

antagonizing factors of Gunas of Doshas are the Upashaya for Vatadi Jwara.

Pathya – Apathya (Wholesome and Unwholesome Food and Acts)4

Pathya – Apathyas are mentioned based on the type Jwara and also according to

the condition of the disease Jwara and the diseased.

The fever patient should avoid indulging in foods and drinks that are guru, vidahi,

disagreeable and antagonistic and avoid activities such as vyavaya, vyayama, snana and

over eating.

Also patient of Taruna should avoid

- Parisheka - Vyayama


89

- Pradeha - Vyavaya

- Snehapana - Sheetajala

- Samshodhana - Krodha

- Diwaswapna

Common Pathyas for Jwara According to Bhavamishra

Food articles like Mudga, Chanaka, Masoora, Jeernashalyanna, Vartaka, Vastuka,

Karavellaka, Shigru, Patola, Draksha, Dadima, Goghi\ritha, Godughdha,

Ajadugdha, Shadanga Paneeya.

Patient of Jwara should be kept in a place without wind (Nirvatha Sthana)

Patient should be covered with heavy and warm clothes.

Patient should drink boiled water frequently.

Upadrava (Complications)3

In Uttaratantra Acharya Sushrutha had mentioned Upadrava of Jwara. Some of

the main Upadravas are –

Shwasa Vitgraha

Moorcha Hikka

Aruchi Kasa

Chardi Angadaha

Trishna Atisara


90

SADHYA AND ASADHYATA2,3,4,5

1. Fever affecting persons of strong physique, produced by mild causes and

having no complications – easily curable.

2. Fever severity depends on mild, moderate, profound aggravation of doshas.

Fever severity also depends on fever remaining for 3, 7, 12 days. In both it is

easy in preceding order.

3. Generally, Jwara caused by Vata is difficult to cure.

4. Acute fever associated with delirium, giddiness and asthma, causes death of

patient on the 7th, 10th or 12th days.

5. Fever caused by many and powerful causes, with many and powerful

symptoms, those which destroys sense organs, which causes edema all over

body, which are deep seated in tissues, continuing for long periods etc are

difficult to cure.

6. Prakrta Jwara is easy to cure. Vaikrta Jwara is difficult to treat.

7. Jwara with Bahirvega is easy to treat.

8. Sanni Pataja is difficult to cure may be Asadhya also.

9. Among Vishama Jwara, Pralepaka is very difficult to treat. It kills the patient.

10. In Dhatugata Jwara, Fever invading Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa and Medas – easy to

cure. Asthi and Majja – difficult to cure, Sukra – incurable.

11. Varjya rogi –

Patients of fever who are breathing only through their mouth, having

hiccup, increased respiration, thirst, delusion, unsteady gaze, more expiration

and less inspiration, very emaciated, having loss of complexion and sensory

activities, extreme debility, loss of appetite, deep seated fever, very high

temperature.


91

JWARA CHIKITSA2,3,4,27

General Line of Treatment

In Purvaroopa stage, take light food or fasting is useful because amashaya is the

site of origin of this disease. There after, depending upon dosha involved and the

therapeutic property, the patient should be administered decoction, drink, unction,

oleation therapy, fomentation, ointment, application of pasted medicine, emesis,

purgation, asthapana, alleviation therapy, inhalation, fumigation, smoking, collyrium and

milk preparation.

The malas of 7 dhatus get metaboilized in 7 days.

There fore, generally on 8th day, Jwara becomes nirama.

In Purvaroop Stage;

For Vata Jwara - Administer pure ghee.

For Pitta Jwara - Administer mild purgatives.

For Kapha Jwara - Administer mild emesis.

For Dvandvaja Jwara - Treatment appropriate to the doshas.

Pachana of Avipakwa Doshas in Taruna Jwara done by Langhana, Swedana, Kala

i.e., passage of 8th day, Yavagu and Tikta rasa.

CHART NO 3.3 SHOWING STAGES OF TREATMENT

1. Langhana 1. Langhana

2. Liquid diet 2. Langhana - Pachana

3. Decoction 3. Doshavasechana

4. Medicated Milk and Ghee

5. Shodhana.


92

Langhand is administered in the first stage of Jwara.

Both Sheetha Jala and Ushna Jala are deepana, Pachana and alleviator of Jwara. They

help in cleansing channels of circulation. They promote strength, appetite, sweating,

and auspiciousness.

Vamana

In Jwara dominated by Kapha and if this Kapha located in amashaya is in a

stage of Utklesha, then it should be removed by administering Vamana.

Yavagu

Yavagu should administered after vamana karma and after he is kept on

fasting, he should be given yavagu prepared by boiling with drugs mentioned in

Shadanga Paneeya, in appropriate time. Yavagu should be taken after manda. This

should be continued for six days, or till the fever becomes mild.

Tarpana

Tarpana should be administered in the place where yavagu is contraindicated

and the tarpana prepared of the laja saktu mixed with honey, sugar and juices of fruits

which have properties to alleviate the Jwara.

Yusha and Mamsa rasa.

After tarpana is digested, depending upon the strength of the patient,

administer this soup of mudga or meat of wild animals.

Danta dhavana.

Before giving food, the patient’s teeth should be cleaned with twigs of plants.

Kashaya

After 6th day, having given light diet to eat.


93

Light Diet

For the alleviation of Jwara, up to 10th day patient should be given light diet.

Ghrita

Ghrita pana can be done only when there is a less aggravation of Kapha and

more aggravation of vata as well as pitta.

Administering Milk

In excess burning sensation and thirst; and when Jwara is predominantly by

vata and pitta, when dosas are either baddha or pracyuta when there is nirama stage of

dosas.

Vamana and Virechana.

When fever does not subside by the therapies described earlier, then for its

alleviation purgation therapy should be administered.

Niruha and Milk

It should be administered only when dosas are in the stage of Paripakwa, it

immediately promotes strength and power of digestion.

Action of Virechana and basti

Virechana eliminates either pitta or kapha or both of them from the pittashaya.

Vasti eliminates all 3 dosas lodged in the Pakwashaya.

Anyvasana.

In chronic fever, when Kapha and Pitta are alleviated, when there is strong

power of digestion; when there is rukshatwa and baddhatva in the faces.

Mridu virechana.

In chronic fever, when there is a heaviness and pain in the head; when there is

inactivity of sense organs.


94

External therapies.

In chronic fever administer Abhyanga, Pradeha, Parisheka and Avagahana,

keeping in view their heating and cooling nature.

Fumigation and Collyrium.

This is administered in the residual fever remaining confined only to the skin

is associated with agantu factors.

Vamana and Virechana

In more aggravated doshas

Jwara due to

Vata - Basti

Pitta - Virechana

Kapha - Vamana

Jwara Moksha Lakshana

Production of Kujana sound, vomiting, heavy breathing, discolouration,

swinnanga trembling, frequent fainting, delirium, at times cold, unconsciousness, more

rise of temperature, angry appearance, passage of liquid motion with dosas and along

with force.

Jwara Mukta Lakshana

Laghutwa

Kandu

Kshavathu

Sweda Darshana

Mukha Paka


95

Shamanousadhas for Internal use

Classical Preparations

Maha Sudarshana Kashaya

Maha Sudarshana ghanavati

Tribhuvanakeerthi Rasa

Godanti Bhasma

Ananda Bhairava Rasa

Rasadi Vati

Sudarshana Churna

Guduchi Ghanavati

Laxmi Naryana Rasa

Mrutyunjaya Rasa

Hinguleshwara Rasa

Jwara Kesari

Sanjeevini Vati

Guduchyadi Kwatha

Panchamooladi Kwatha

Jwarankusha Rasa

Arogya Vardhini Rasa


96

MODERN REVIEW

Fever (Pyrexia)

Jwara can be symptomatically correlated with Pyrexia or fever. The disease is

characterized by an elevation of body temperature is termed as fever.

Fever is perhaps the most common manifestation of ill health and it is an early

and nonspecific body response to many harmful agents.

The word ‘Pyrexia’ originated from Greek ‘Pyretic’ meaning fire/febrile response.

The word ‘Fever’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Febris’ which means rise in the

body temperature above the normal limit.

Fever is a frequent medical symptom that describes an increase in internal body

temperature to level above normal. Fever is most accurately characterized as a temporary

elevation in body’s thermo regulatory set – point, usually by about 1-2° C. Pyrexia or

fever or a febrile response archaically known as ague is the term used to mean an increase

in internal body temperature to levels that are above normal (98°-4° F).

During Pyrexia and abrupt increased in core temperature occur by means of violet

muscular contraction with coetaneous vaso constriction. The amount of heat loss

depends on how rapidly heat can be conducted from the area of production to the body

core and to skin and from skin to how rapidly to the surroundings.

Pyrexia can be classified as low grade (99.5° - 102.2° F), MosweRW (102.0° -

104° F) or high grade (more than 104°F), depending on how much the body temperature

has derived from normal.


97

Traditionally Pyrexia is also used in the nomenclature of various diseases

commonly in infections where it is prominent feature for,

Ex: Typhoid fever, Yellow fever, cerebrospinal fever.

Method of Heat Production and Transmission

Heat is produced by metabolic processes and muscular activity.

Metabolic processes being slow, serve to elevate the body temperature gradually,

but steadily. Rapid rise of temperature is achieved by intense muscular activity in the

form of rigor. Loss of heat is by evaporation of sweat, radiation from surface,

conduction, convection and to a small extent in warming the expired air, urine and feaces.

Adjustments of body temperature are made by altering both these processes.

Measurement of Temperature and Normal Variation

Normal body temperature remains almost constant around 37° 0.5° C.

Temperature of the inner tissues and viscera is more constant. Rectal and esophagel

temperatures are more representative of the core temperature, the later being more

accurate. Shell temperature is the temperature of the limbs and surface layers of the

trunk.

The common oral measurement of normal human body temperature is 36.8°

0.7° C (98.2° 1.3° F). This means that any oral temperature between 35.9° and 37.5° C

(96.9° and 99.5° F) is likely to be normal.


98

Etio – Pathogenesis

Hyper thermia means elevation of body temperature beyond hypothalamic set

point due to Physiological or Pathological condition. Factors responsible for disturbance

of hypothalamic thermoregulatory function are;

Brain Lesioins

Toxins

Infection

Environmental condition

Human body temperature is not constant through out the day. It fluctuates which

is called as ‘circadian temperature rhythm’. The normal 24 hour circadian temperature

rhythm varies to 5° C to 1° C between AM & PM. Generally human body temperature

is 37° C or 98° F. If A.M. temperature is more than 37.2° C (98.9° F) and P.M.

temperature is more than 37.6° C (99.9° F), it is considered as a fever.

Pyrogens14

The substances that induce the fever are called as Pyrogens. The word pyrogen

introduced by Burnod Sanderson in 1876, which denotes fever –producing substances,

extracted from petrifying meat. Pyrogens bias the response of the temperature sensitive

neurons. It leads to rise in set point of hypothalamic thermostat resulting in elevation of

temperature. Generally pyrogens are of the following groups;

Proteins

Break down products of proteins

Lipo poly saccharide toxins released from bacterial cell membrane.

Endo toxins of gram negative bacteria.

Proteins released from degenerating tissue of the body.


99

Pyrogens are grouped into two;

1. Endogenous Pyrogens

2. Exogenous Pyrogens.

Endogenous Pyrogens are the proteins released by degenerating tissues, factors

released from injured cells, poly peptides produced by a variety of host cells.

Exogenous pyrogens are those, which are produced by invading organisms. Some

of the exogenous pyrogens are;

Micro organisms like bacteria, virus, protozoan and other infective agents.

Toxins released by infective agents.

Lipo poly saccharides founding cellular membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Lipo teichoic acid and peptidoglycons found in cell membrane of gram

positive bacteria.

Generally exogenous pyrogens act primarily by inducing the formation of

endogenous pyrogens. By stimulation of the monocytes of macrophages.

Endogenous pyrogens are produced host itself. Its production is triggered by

infection. These are produced either systematically or locally and enter to the circulation.

By disturbing thermo regulatory centre of hypothalamus and produces fever.

Endogenic pyrogens are;

Cytokine

Intralukin - 1

12 – 1 B

12 – 6

Tumor nearosing factor (TNF )

Interferon


100

Pyrogens block the response of temperature sensitive neurons of hypothalamus.

Resulting in elevation of body temperature. Regarding body temperature hypothalamus

receives two kinds of signals. One from peripheral nerves, which informs about warm

and cold of external atmosphere and other informs about the temperature of internal body

atmosphere. Nerves ending that are in contact with the blood of that location informs

about the temperature of that site. These two signals are integrated by thermoregulatory

center of hypothalamus. Based on the data obtained it maintains the normal body

temperature. Anterior hypothalamus is having specialized vascular network called

‘Organus vasuculosum’ laminate terminal which is composed of endothelial cells.

When these cells are exposed to the exogenous pyrogens they release.

Arochidonic acid metabolites are mainly E2, PGE2. These presumable diffuse into

anterior hypothalamic region and raises the thermoregulatory set point with the new

higher thermostatic setting.

CHART NO 3.4 SHOWING MECHANISM OF PYREXIA

Infection

Bacterial cell wall

Brain lesion

Environmental conditions

Arachidonic acid +

Cyclo oxygenose (Cox1&2)

Prostaglandins (PGD2, PGF2, PGF2-)

Exogenous Pyrogens

Prostoglandin

Hypothalamus

Thermoregulatory

Fever

Lip Polysaccharides

(Pyrogen) +

Neutrophills


101

Hazards of Fever7,8,9

Fever reduced mental acquits.

Produces Delirium and Stupor.

Children are prone to develop seizures with fever.

A single episode of temperature of greater or equal to 37.8° C (100°F) in the

first trimester of pregnancy doubles the risk of neural tube defects in fetus.

Common features associated with fever are;

Back pain.

Generalized myalgia.

Anorenia.

Alteration of mental status.

Convulsions.

Above features are very common in very young and very old patients.

Dementia, hepatic failure, convulsions develop in fertile infants. Fever may

precipitate seizures in epileptic adults.

Types of Fever7,8,9

According to one common rule of thumb,

TABLE NO 3.22 SHOWING CLASSIFICATION OF FEVER

Grade °C °F

Low Grade 38 – 39 100 – 100.2

Moderate 39 – 40 102.2 – 104

High Grade 40 – 42 104 – 107.6

Hyper Pyrexia > 42 > 107.6


102

Pathologically pyrexia may be divided into 3 types based on the duration of

affection.

1. Continuous Fever

This type of fever does not fluctuate more than 1° F during 24 hrs but at no time

touches the normal, it may be described as a continuous fever.

2. Remittent Fever

Here daily fluctuations exceed 2° F it may be know as remittent fever.

3. Intermittent Fever

Here the fever is present only for several hours during the day.

Classification of Fever according to Seville’s Text of Medicine

1. Eruptive Fevers.

2. Continuous Fevers.

3. Intermittent Fevers.

Classification of Fever in the Text Book of Medicine Dr. Golwala has classified.

1. Continuous Fever

High temperature throughout the day with a difference between maximum daily

temperature being less than 2° F.

Typhoid,

Bacterial Endocarditis.

Viral Pneumonia.

Hepatic Amoebiasis.


103

2. Intermittent Fever

High grade of fever with subsidence to normal or subnormal levels as in;

Malaria,

Filariasis,

Local and general pyogenic infections,

Acute pyelonephritis,

Septicemia.

3. Periodic Fever

Rat bite fever,

Brucellosis,

Relapsing fever,

Hodgkin’s disease.

4. Double Rise Fever

Kala–Azar,

Liver abscess,

Pulmonary tuberculosis,

B-coli infection of urinary tract,

Malaria,

Typhoid,

Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis.


104

Classification of Fever Based on Causative Factors7,8,9

Specific Infections:

I. Bacterial and Coccal

1. Tuberculosis,

2. Typhoid,

3. Parathyroid,

4. Pneumococci,

5. E.coli,

6. Brucellosis,

7. Septicemias,

8. Pyemias,

9. Bact. Endocarditis.

II. Spirochetal

1. Secondary Syphilis,

2. Rat bite fever,

3. Relapsing fever.

III. Protozoal

1. Amoebiasis,

2. Malaria,

3. Kala-Azar.

IV. Viral

1. Influenza,

2. Viral encephalitis.


105

V. Rickettsial

1. Typhus.

VI. Fungal

2. Actinomycosis,

3. Histoplasmosis.

Local Infections:

With Pus Formation:

1. Sinusitis,

2. Mastoiditis,

3. Tonsillar Abscess,

4. Dental Abscess,

5. Parotid,

6. Abscess,

7. Mammary Abscess,

8. Pyosalpinu,

9. Hepatic Abscess,

10. Cholecystitis,

11. Pyonephorsis,

12. Lung Abscess,

13. Bronchiectasis,

14. Brain Abscess etc.


106

Without Pus Formation

1. Cystitis,

2. Phlebitis,

3. Inflamed Piles,

4. Ulcerative Colitis etc.

Non – Infectious Causes of Fever

1. Blood Diseases : Leukaemia, Agranulocytosis etc.

2. Collagen Diseases : Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatoid Arthritis etc.

3. Endocrine Diseases : Thyrotoxicosis, Addison’s disease etc.

4. Hyper Sensitivity Reactions : Serum sickness, Drug fever i.e., due to

sulphonamide, Atropine, Morphine etc.

5. Heat Fever : It occurs during summer months, especially

in young child and old peoples.

6. Heat : Hyperyrexia

7. Miscellaneous Causes : Cirrhosis of liver, Dehydration, Sarcoidosis,

Recurrent pulmonary infarcts etc.

8. Metabolic Diseases : Gout, Porphyria etc.

9. Neoplasms : Hodgkin’s disease, Hypernephroma,

Hepatoma etc.

10. Skin Diseases : Pemphigus, Bullous dermatosis etc.

11. Trauma : Crush injury, Head injury etc.

12. Vascular Diseases : Temporal Arteritis, Cranial Arteritis, cerebro

vascular accident, Pulmonary Thrombo

embolism etc.


107

Treatment of Fever

Fever should not necessarily be treated.

Fever is an important signal that there is some thing wrong in the body, and it

can be used to govern medical treatment and gauge its effectiveness. More

over, not all fevers are of infectious origin.

Patient should be advised to keep themselves adequate hydrated, as the

dehydration produced by a mild fever can be more dangerous than fever itself.

Most people take medication against fever because the symptoms cause

discomfort.

Treatment of fever is normally done by lowering the set-point, but facilitating

heat loss may also be effective.

Heat loss may also be accomplished by heat conduction, convection, radiation

or evaporation or a combination of these.


108

REFERENCES

1. SHASTRI RAMGOPAL “Vedomein Ayurveda”, Delhi ,Parimal publications, 2nd

edition 2003

2. CHARAKA – Charaka Samhitha with the Ayurveda–deepika-Commentary of

Chakrapanidatta and with Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Kashinatha Sastri.

Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahaya Pandey a part – II ,Varanasi ,Published by

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansathan

3. SUSRUTA – MAHARSI – Sursuta Samhita Edited with Ayurveda – Tattva –

Sandipika by Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri Part – I, Varanasi Chaukhambha

Sanskrit Sansthan Publication

4. VAGBHATA – Astanga Hridaya translated by Prof. K.R. Srikanta Murthy,

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Choukamba sanskrit sanstan, 25th edition.

6. ATHVALE Y.M and ATHVALE K.V “Fever Ayurvedic concept” Delhi,

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7. BHANDE Y.M, DEODHARE S.G and KHELKAR S.R, vol – 1, Bombay

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9. HARRISON “Principles of internal medicine” vol – 1, Spanish, library of

congress, 11th edition 1987.


109

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13. www.pubmed.com, www.sciencedirect.com

14. BHANDARKAR S.D, SATOSHKAR R.S “Pharmacology and

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15. K.D TRIPADI, “Essentials of medical pharmacology”, New Delhi, Jaypee

brothers medical publications, 4th edition.

16. RANG HP, DALE M.M, “Pharmacology”, Germany, library of congress

publications

17. BOWMAN W.C ,RANG M.J, “Text book of pharmacology”, Itali, Blackwell

scientific publications 2nd edition.

18. VOGEL GERALD H “Drug discovery and evaluation- pharmacological assay”,

Germany library of congress 2nd edition 2002.

19. LAURANCE DR, BQUCHRACH AL, “Evaluation of drug activities and

pharmacocosmetics, London, Academic press ltd 2nd edition 1969.

20. TURNER ROBERT A, “Screening methods in pharmacology” academic press

ltd, vol – 2 1965.


110

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Methodology

114

CHAPTER IV

METHODOLOGY

Acharya Charaka has given prime importance to Jwara as it is commonly seen in

all living beings, especially at the time of birth and death. Fever is a “rise in somatic

temperature”. Number of drugs are listed under the heading of Jwara, which were acting

on the disease either by Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka or Prabhava. In this present study

katphala and Usheera are being selected to evaluate its antipyretic effect experimentally.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Collection and Preparation of the drugs.

2. Phytochemical Study.

3. Experimental Study.

Experimental study and pilot studies were conducted at the animal house A.L.N.

Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa.

Phytochemical studies were conducted at Quality Control Lab, A.L.N. Rao

Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa.

I. COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF THE DRUGS

Source of Drugs:

1. 500 grams of botanically identified stem bark of Katphala (Myrica nagi) was

collected from the market of Hyderabad.

2. 500 grams of botanically identified roots of Usheera (Vetiveriazizanioides)

were collected from market of koppa.

Methodology

115

Preparation of Katphala Choorna

Recently collected stem bark of Katphala washed, cleaned and dried completely.

The drug powdered by pounding in with mortar and pestle and sieved through a thin layer

of cloth (vastra galitha). And packed in air tight container.

Preparation of Usheera Choorna

Recently collected roots of Usheera were washed and dried thoroughly to loose its

moisture. Then the drug was powdered by pounding in the mortar and pestle and sieved

through a thin layer of cloth. And packed in air tight container.

Advantages of Powders (Choorna)

1. The smaller particle size of powders produces more rapid dissolution in the

body fluids than other solid dosage forms of medicament e.g., tablets,

capsules, pills. The rapid dissolution increases the blood concentration in a

shorter time, there by the action is produced in lesser time.

2. Large quantities of bulky drugs can be easily administered by mixing with

liquids or Anupana.

3. More economical as compared to other dosage forms, and preparation do not

require any special technique or machinery etc.

Disadvantages:

1. Drugs which deteriorate on exposure to atmospheric conditions are not

suitable for dispensing in powder forms.

Methodology

116

2. Bitter, nauseous, corrosine and unpalatable drugs cannot be dispensed in

powder form.

3. Deliguescent and hygrascopic drugs can not be dispensed in choorna form.

4. volatile drugs are not suitable for dispensing in powder form.

II. PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY

Phyto chemical investigation of crude extracts.

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Glycosides

QUALITATIVE TESTS:

I. Carbohydrate Tests:

i) Fehlings Test: Powder of the sample was heated with distelled water and then

to heated solution drop by drop a mixture of equal parts of Fehlings solution

No.1 and No.2 was added. A brick-red precipitate of cuprous oxide was

expected to confirm the presence of reducing sugar.

ii) Benedicts Test: To the test solution, solution (small quantity of extract + 2ml

of Benedict’s reagent was added and water) boiled on water bath. Reddish

brown precipitate was formed.

Methodology

117

II. Protein Test:

i) Biuret Test: 2-3 ml of solution was added with equal volume of 10% NaOH.

Now, 0.5 % copper sulphated was added drop by drop till the purple violet

colour is formed to confirm the presence of protein.

III. Glycoside Test:

i) Anthroquinone Glycoside Test:

Borntrager’s Test: The powder was macerated with ether and after filteration

aqueous ammonia/caustic soda was added. The presence of red colour was to

affirm the presence of anthroquinone derivatives.

ii) Flavonoid Test:

Shinoda Test: 1 gm of powder was extracted with methanol and extract was

dissolved in 10% HCl and Zinc dust was added to get pink colour to affirm

the presence of flavonoid.

Methodology

118

III. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Source of animals

24 Wister albino rats of both sexes were selected from A.L.N.Rao memorial

Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa. Animal house.

The rats weighing between 100 – 200 grams were selected.

Rat maintenance

All animals were maintained at the Animal House of A.L.N.R.M.A.M.College

Koppa, under identical condition of place light, temperature, food and other

condition.

All 4 cages used for the experiment was cleaned before the commencement of the

experiment.

All the cages were washed with detergent followed by disinfectant phenol

solution to maintain the hygiene.

After cleaning of cages, the bedding material was prepared using paddy husk and

it was changed once in three days till the end of experiment.

Feeding schedule

The quantity of food suggested for rats weighing 150 – 200 grams was about 15 –

20 grams/day and water was provided as required. Ready maid rat feed prepared by

Amrut feeds, Pranav agro industries limited , Sangli was procured and used.

Methodology

119

Examination of animal prior to experiment

All the Wister Albino rats were subjected to general check up for sex and weight.

The animals with abnormal behavior and health were excluded.

Animals of 3 months of age as specified by breeders were selected.

Sex is determined by looking at external genital organs.

Weight of each animal was checked by using spring balance.

Heart rate was counted as number of beats/ minute by feeding the heart rate by

thumb.

Respiratory rate was counted as number of inspiration and expirations /

minute.( observing the movement of abdomen)

Temperature was checked by inserting the digital thermometer in rectum of

animal and recorded.

Each rat in the experiment was identified by coloring the base of the tail by

using permanent markers.

The cage was labeled with the number of animals and the dosage groups.

Methods for inducing pyrexia in animals:

Commonly adopted methods for inducing pyrexia in experimental subjects as

follows.

i). T.A.B vaccine method

This method of inducing pyrexia is adopted only in rabbits. T.A.B vaccine is a

combined vaccine used to produce immunity against the disease Typhoid, paratyphoid A

and paratyphoid. 5 ml of T.A.B vaccine is taken and diluted with normal saline in the

ratio 1:15 this solution is given intraperitoneally. Generally after 3 hrs temperature rises

to peak point.

Methodology

120

ii) Chemical induction method.

This method also can be adopted only in rabbits. Pyrogens used in this method

Tetra hydro - naphthyl amine , this chemical is administered in rabbits in dose of 40 mg

/ kg body weight which shows significant rise of temperature.

iii) Yeast induced method.

This method is explained by Gujral.et.al 1955 also by Poonam et.al 1989.

In this procedure yeast known as Brewer’s yeast, is used as a pyrogen. 20% yeast

solution is prepared in normal saline and injected subcutaneously with the dose of 1 ml /

10 mg body weight, which induces pyrexia in 1 hr. this method can be adopted if the

experimental animals are Albino rats.

Materials and Method

According to availability and convenience Albino rats are selected for the

experiment, the yeast induced method is followed to induce the pyrexia.

Yeast can be developed in Laboratory in liquid medium, which is the mixture of

sugar and nitrogenous compounds. During manufacturing of alcoholic liquors can be

obtained as byproduct. Therefore this yeast is also called as Distillers yeast. Bakers yeast

or Brewer’s yeast. Using filter process separates yeast from liquid medium. Such

obtained yeast contains 70% of moisture for storage purpose it is converted in to dried

form. Yeast separated from liquid medium and dried by heating at a temperature not

exceeding 300c.

Methodology

121

Dried yeast appears like a pale buffer powder under microscope, it shows

spherical, elliptical or ovate cells up to 8 m long. Some shows budding, they are

transparent and have a cell wall enclosing granular protoplasm. They have one or two

glycogen vacuoles are present. Nucleus exits as a small mass near the center of the cell

and visible only after staining. It contains starchy material.

A potent sample of yeast which can act as a pyrogen is necessary for present

experiment. To evaluate reproducibility of Bakers yeast primary investigation was

conducted in Albino rats.

Standardization of collected sample of yeast. (pilot study)

Aim

To standardize Bakers yeast. It was procured from Koppa Market.

Selection of Animals

12 healthy Albino rats which are maintained in standard laboratory condition in

the Animal house of A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa are

selected. These rats are selected randomly of either sex. 12 rats are classified in to 2 equal

groups. Each rat is weighed and weight was recorded. Rats were marked for individual

identification. Both groups are kept in separate cages and marked as Group 1 (G1) and

Group 2 (G2) foods was withdrawn 18 hrs before the commencement of the experiment

but drinking water was provided.

Methodology

122

Preparation of Yeast solution

20 g. of collected sample of Bakers yeast is taken in a conical flask and dissolved

in 100ml of 0.9% of normal saline by constant stirring with a glass rod. In this way 20%

of yeast solution is prepared which is given subcutaneously with the dose of 1 ml/100gm

of body weight.

Procedures

Initial body temperatures of all the 12 rats were recorded using digital

thermometer. Rectal temperature of each rats were recorded before the commencement of

experiment before injecting the yeast or distilled water. Rats of Group1 (G1) were kept as

control group and were injected with Distilled water as placebo. Distilled water is

injected subcutaneously in the region of thigh with the dose of 1ml/100g. Of body

weight.

Animals of Group2 (G2) were kept as trial group and injected with 20% solution

Brewer’s yeast dose and procedure is similar as that of G1, and both groups were kept

under similar atmosphere in laboratory.

Observation

Rectal temperature of both groups was recorded once in a hour for successive 14

hrs.

In G2 (yeast induced) slight increase in temperature was noted for 1st hourly

reading.

Methodology

123

After 3 hrs it was noticed that all animals of G2 started trembling, furs erected and

face bent down.

Regarding body temperature, it was observed that after 2 hrs of yeast induction

there was a rise in body temperature by 20c. Temperature gradually increases up

to 7th hour and maintained at almost same level for next 4 hrs.

In Group1(Control group)there was no significant change except weakness due to

starvation and slight variation in temperature due to circadian change of

temperature.

Temperature of both the groups were calculated tabulated in table represented

graphically.

Discussion and Conclusion:

The mean temperature of group –II showed a gradual increase in temperature up

to 7th hour from the beginning of experiment. The hourly temperature chart of the group –

II animals indicated a marked elevation line where as in group –I it showed slight

elevation almost like straight line.

TABLE NO. 4.1SHOWING HOURLY MEAN TEMPERATURE OF ALBINO RATS OF GROUP I AND II TO EVALUATE THE ACTION OF YEAST ON

TEMPERATURE (Temperature in F)

Group IT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

I 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.4 98.2 98.8 99.4 99.6 99.8 99.4 99.6 98.4 97.6 97.4 97.4

II 97.4 100.0 101.2 102.6 102.4 102.8 103.4 103.6 103.4 101.6 99.8 99.4 98.8 98.4 96.8

IT – Initial Temperature

I – Control II – Yeast induced

Methodology

124

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Hours

Degre

e in

F

Group I

Group II

Chart No. 4.1 The effect of Baker’s yeast on body temperature in albino rats

STUDY DESIGN

It is known that subcutaneous injection of Brewer’s yeast can produce pyrexia in

Albino rats. We can achieve a decrease in temperature after administering antipyretic

drugs (Trial Drug).

The main of the study to experimentally evaluate and compare the jwaraghna

antipyretic property of Katphala Choorna and Usheera Choorna in Albino

Rats where pyrexia has been induced by administering Brewer’s yeast.

To evaluate and establish most efficient potent drug among Katphala and

Usheera.

Methodology

125

Experimental Study

Aim:

The main aim of the study is to experimentally evaluate and compare the

Jwaraghna (Antipyretic) effect of Katphala Churna And Usheera Churna in

albino rats where pyrexia has been induced by administering yeast.

To evaluate and to establish most efficient potent drug among Katphala and

Usheera.

Materials:

1. Digital Thermometer:

Digital thermometer was obtained from A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical

College Animal House. This thermometer having thermo sensitive end and digital

display screen for displaying temperature in Fahrenheit scale.

2. Brewer’s Yeast:

100 gms of dried Brewer’s yeast was purchased from Koppa market.

3. Paracetamol:

Paracetamol ;p suspension is used as standard for the experiment.

Suspension of Pharamaceuticals was purchased from themedical shop. The

suspension is administered orally. Referring the human dose and concentration of the

suspension, rat dose is fixed as 0.75 ml/100gm body weight.

Methodology

126

4. Trial Drugs:

i) Katphala choorna.

ii) Usheera Choorna.

Selection of Animals:

Healthy albino rats of either sex weighing from 150-200 gms were selected and

grouped into four. Each group contains 6 rats. Rats of each group were kept in separate

cages. Each group was named as G1, G2, G3 and G4. Rats of G1 were marked with

black colour, G2 were marked with blue colour, and Group G3 was marked with red

colour with marker pen for identification.

Table No.4.2 showing grouping of equipments

Group Naming Drug Purpose

G1 Control group Distilled wter To serve as Prophylactic control

G2 Standard group Paracetamol To serve as Prophylactic effect

G3 Trial group Katphala choorna To serve as Prophylactic effect

G4 Trial group Usheera choorna To serve as Prophylactic effect

Methods of inducing Pyrexia in experimental animals

Standard reference from the drug discovery and evaluation pharmacological

assays, by Gerhard Vogel Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia is the method adopted for the

present experiment stud. This method was introduced by

Gujral et.al (1955) and

Poonal et.al (1989)

Methodology

127

Procedure:

All the healthy albino rats which were selected for the experiment according

procedure,

Rats were grouped in to 4 groups and each group consisting of 6 rats.

Rats were kept under fasting for 18 hrs prior to the commencement of the

experiment.

But they were provided with water.

Rectal temperature of all rats were recorded with digital thermometer in the

next day morning and this will be the initial temperature or initial reading.

After recording the initial temperature the fever was induced to all rats by

injecting 20% Brewer’s yeast subcutaneously on the thigh region.

Dosage of Brewer’s yeast induced was 1 ml/100 gm body weight.

The site of injection is massaged to spread yeast beneath the skin.

Rectal temperature of each rat was recorded one hour after inducing the fever.

This temperature was noted to confirm the pyrexia.

After one hour of injection of Brewer’s yeast, corresponding medicine was to

be administered for all the group i.e.,

Rats of control group (G1) were provided with distilled water.

Rats of standard group (G2) were provided with Paracetamol suspension at

the dose of 45 ml/kg body weight by the feeding syringe.

Similarly rats of Trial group (G3) were fed with Kataphala choorna with a

dose of body weight by using feeding syringe.

And rats of trial group (G4) were fed with Usheera choorna with a dose of

body weight by using feeding syringe.

After administering corresponding drugs to each group hourly rectal

temperature of each rat is noted for next successive 14 hours.

Methodology

128

Mode of Administration

Drugs were administered through intragastric tube using 2ml disposable syringe

fitted with 20 gauze stainless steel needle provided with suitable smooth malleable plastic

catheter was used for drug administration to avoid injury to the esophagus of rat.

Predetermined quantities of drugs were taken in the syringe and pushed directly into the

stomach of the rats after inserting the catheter into esophagus carefully.

Calculation of Dose

Recommended human dose of choorna according to Ayurvedic classics is 1

Karsha i.e., 12 grams

This dose is converted into rat dose by using the formula

Rat dose = Human dose x 0.018/200 gm of body weight.

After calculating rat dose of choorna is fixed as 0.108/100 gm of body weight.

Vehicle for administration of the Drug:

The choorna was administered by mixing it with water and few drops of Tween

80 solution. Here through mixing of Churna with tween 80 solution should be done.

Observations:

After the induction of Brewer’s yeast, all the albino rats are closely observed for

their behavior and symptom. All the symptoms are mentioned below,

Temperature of all the albino rats increased.

Trembling is noted in most of the animals after one hour of induction of

Brewer’s yeast.

Furs were erected.

Face of the animals are bent down words.

Albino rats were found less active.

Methodology

129

All these symptoms were found in Albino rats confirm that they are suffering

from fever.

TABLE NO. 4.3 SHOWING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES OF ALBINO RATS

Before induction of Pyrexia

After induction of Pyrexia

1. Temperature Normal body temperature Raised body temperature even felt

with touch

2. Activenes More active Activeness was decreased

3. Behaviours Normal behaviours with

good food intake and water

intakes

Trembling

Face bent down words

Looking tired

Scanty urination

Less water intake

Trying to sleep one over the

other

Precautions:

The weight of animals should be weighing between 150-200 gms.

Selected albino rats should be healthy and unused in any experimental study.

Digital thermometer should be tested before conducting the experiment.

Same thermometer should be used for the entire experiment.

Before taking each reading it is ensured that the thermometer is freshly

switched on to ensure the initial reading as zero.

Bulb of the thermometer was completely inserted in rectal canal and kept still

the been sound comes, approximately for one hour.

Whole experiment should be done in the same climatic conditions.

Reading should be taken in cyclic order to maintain accurate hour gap

between each readings.

Results

130

CHAPTER V

RESULTS

The present study is undertaken to evaluate the anti pyretic property of trial

drugs Katphal choorna and Usheera choorna on Wister strain albino rats. Selected 24

rats were divided into 4 groups. Each group contained 6 rats.

Group I (Control group) - Given Distilled water.

Group II (Standard group) - Given Paracetamol suspension.

Group III (Trial group) - Given Katphala choorna.

Group IV (Trial group) - Given Usheera choorna.

After injecting yeast to induce pyrexia, hourly temperature of all 30 rats was

recorded. Significant result was obtained in Standard and two Trial groups when

compared with the Control group.

CHART NO. 5/01 AVERAGE INITIAL TEMPERATURE PATTERN

IN THE FOUR GROUPS

96.5

97

97.5

98

98.5

99

99.5

100

100.5

101

C G S G K C U C

C G

S G

K C

U C

Results

131

Initial temperature (NBT) of all the rats was recorded in the beginning of the

experiment. The initial temperature of all the rats was found in the normal range

between 98.22o F to 100.68o F.

CHART NO. 5/02 AVERAGE HOURLY TEMPERATURE PATTERN IN CONTROL GROUP

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

NBT IBT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Hours

Tem

pera

ture

F

C G

In Control Group, temperature suddenly increased in first 2 hrs, and further

increased gradually till 8th hr where it reached maximum of 102.380 F. It declined to

100.860 F by 12th hr and condition persisted as such. From there a slow dip in

temperature took place to reach99.60 F by 14th hr. The temperature never touched

normal.

CHART NO. 5/03 AVERAGE HOURLY TEMPERATURE PATTERN IN STANDARD GROUP

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

NBT IBT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Hours

Tem

pera

ture

F

S G

Results

132

In Standard group, temperature suddenly increased in first 2 hrs. Further there

was a gradual raise in temperature till 8th hr and reached a maximum of 99.460 F. It

started to decline from there uniformly and was observed to reach a normal

temperature of 96.450 F by 14th hr.

CHART NO. 5/04 AVERAGE HOURLY TEMPERATURE PATTERN IN

KATPHALA CHOORNA GROUP

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

NBT IBT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Hours

Tem

pera

ture

F

P K

In the Katphal choorna Group, a steep rise in temperature was observed in first

2 hrs followed by gradual rise in temperature till 7th hr and reached a maximum of

101.350 F. It started to decline slowly and reached 98.860 F by 12th hr. Then a sudden

dip was observed and temperature reached 97.730 F by 14th hr.

CHART NO. 5/05 AVERAGE HOURLY TEMPERATURE PATTERN IN USHEERA CHOORNA GROUP

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

NBT IBT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Hours

Tem

pera

ture

F

P Gv

Results

133

In Usheera churna Group, a steep rise in temperature was observed in first 2

hrs followed by gradual raise in temperature till 7th hr and reached a maximum of

102.10 F. Then it was gradually reduced to 97.360 F by 14th hour.

TABLE NO. 5/01 MEAN HOURLY TEMPERATURE IN DIFFERENT GROUPS NBT IBT 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th

C G 97.75 100.08 99.88 100.05 100.56 100.95 101.28 101.56 102.1 102.38 10188 101.41 100.91 100.86 100.2 99.6

S G 96.25 97.81 97.91 98.06 98.33 98.61 98.78 99.05 99.18 99.46 99.2 99.86 99.85 97.95 97.21 96.45

K C 96.98 97.23 98.76 97.61 100.46 100.96 101.73 101.6 101.35 100.45 100.35 99.51 99.2 98.86 98.36 97.73

U C 97.26 99.05 99.7 97.53 101.13 102.01 101.98 100.93 102.1 100.63 99.98 98.9 98.98 98.45 97.71 97.36

Note: NBT - Normal Body Temperature IBT - Initial Body Temperature

C G - Control Group S G - Standard Group

K C - Katphal choorna U C - Usheera choorna

CHART NO. 5/06 MEAN HOURLY TEMPERATURE PATTERN OF

ALBINO RATS OF ALL FOUR GROUPS

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

NBT IBT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Hours

Tem

pera

ture

F

C G S G K C U C

Results

134

CHART NO. 5/07 GRAND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (IN O F) IN ALL FOUR GROUPS

100.68

98.22

99.44

99.65

94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

C G

S G

K C

U C

Temperature F

The Grand average of temperature in different groups indicates that Standard

group has least grand average of 98.220 F and Control group has highest grand

average of 100.680 F in. By these readings it appears that bringing down of

temperature to normalcy has taken place best in Standard group and worst in Control

group.

Among both Trial groups, it appears that Katphala choorna group has a better

efficacy when compared to Usheera choorna group .

Table no. 5/02 Statistical Data of Experimental Groups

Group Grand Average Temperature

Control 100.68

Standard 98.22

Katphal churn 99.44

Usheera churna 99.65

However the Statistical Analysis carried out gave the following result.

Student`s Unpaired ‘t’ test was employed to compare the efficacy between the groups.

Results

135

TABLE NO. 5/03 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OBTAINED DATA

Sl no. Name of Groups ‘t’ value Corresponding ‘p’ value

01 S G & C G 6.5610 <0.001

02 K C & C G 1.4401 >0.1

03 U C & C G 1.3503 >0.2

04 S G & K C 3.4563 <0.01

05 U C & S G 0.4404 >0.2

06 K C & U C 2.0049 >0.05

C G - Control Group S G - Standard Group

K C - Katphal churn U C - Usheera churna

INTERPRETATION OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

When Standard drug was compared with Control group, the resultant ‘t’ value was

significant at p<0.001. This shows that Standard drug had highly significant anti-

pyretic property when compared to Control.

When Trial drug Katphal churn was compared with Control group, the resultant

‘t’ value was significant at p>0.1 This shows that Trial drug Katphal choorna had

significant anti-pyretic property when compared to Control.

When Trial drug Usheera choorna was compared with Control group, the resultant

‘t’ value was significant at p>0.2. This shows that Trial drug Usheera choorna had

significant anti-pyretic property when compared to Control.

When Standard Group was compared with Trial Drug Katphala Group the

resultant ‘t’ value was significant at p<0.01. This shows that Standard drug had

significant anti-pyretic property when compared to Trial drug Katphal churn.

Results

136

When Trial drug Usheera churna was compared with Standard group, the resultant

‘t’ value was insignificant at p>0.2 This shows that Standard drug had significant

anti-pyretic property when compared to Trial drug Usheera choorna.

when both the Trial drugs were compared with each other, the obtained ‘t’ value

was insignificant at p>0.05. This suggests that the anti-pyretic effect of both the

Trial drugs were similar.

However, the SD of all the groups are found to be almost equal. So the Grand

average temperature can be taken into consideration. Grand average temperature

of Katphala choorna group was lowest compered to Usheera choorna group.

Considering this, it may be grossly concluded that the apparent antipyretic effect

of Katphala choorna is better than Usheera choorna and hence the antipyretic

effect of Katphala choorna is better than Usheera choorna.

Results

137

Results

138

HISTOLOGY

Results

139

Results

140

Results

141

Myrica nagi Thumb

Pharmacognostical Study

Macroscopic Characters: Bark is channeled, inwardly bent, 6 - 25 x 4 – 6 x 0.8 – 2

cm3 in size with deep cracks, gyri and ridges on surface; texture rough, fracture hard

brittle; colour externally dark brown with small ash-coloured patches and internally

light reddish-brown colour; odour indistinct and taste astringent to bitter and pungent.

Microscopic Characters: 4-30 layered rectangular shaped cells containing brownish-

black content are present as external most cells followed by followed by 4-8 layers of

lignified cells of narrow lumen. Below this a wide zone of cortex consisting of

tangentially elongated parenchymatyous cells filled with orange or reddish-orange

contents of tannin and interfered with patches of stone cells lies. Some cells of cortex

also contains prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and starch grains. Under this,

region of phloem is found, consisting of phloem elements viz., sieve tube, companion

cells, phloem parenchyma. They are intermingled with patches of sclerenchymatous

fibres.

Powder characters: The pinkish brown powder is with indistinct odour, astringent to

slight pungent taste and consisting of rectangular shaped cells of cork cells,

parenchyma cells with and without starch grains and prismatic crystals of calcium

oxalate, stone cells of various shapes and sizes and sclerenchymatous fibres in both

surface as well as in sectional view.

Results

142

TS of Usheera

Macroscopy: Roots of 2-3 mm in diameter are present in clusters. They are wiry in

appearance, cream to light yellow in colour and are with longitudinal grooves on

surface. Fracture is splintery. Odour is characteristic aromatic while taste is bitter.

Microscopy: The outline of transverse section of root is almost circular with hair like

structures of rootlets and air-space in between lower cortical region. The detailed

study exhibits the single layer of epiblema composed of radially elongated cells with

anticlinal divisions and deposition of pigmenting and sugary material on outer wall.

Below this, hypodermis consisting of 3-6 layered zone of parenchyma cells lies.

Following this 2-3 layers of lignified sclerenchyma are present in cortical region. Just

beneath this, wide zone of aerenchyma is present giving a representation of wheel. A

layer of thick-walled endodermis separates the stellar region. Stele is covered with a

circular line of pericycle. Polyarch, radial type of vascular bundles are present in a

ring. Xylem is exarch type where metaxylem is present towards centre while

protoxylem is towards the periphery. Starch grains are distributed throughout the

parenchyma cells.

Powder Characters: Powder is yellowish brown with characteristic odour and

slightly bitter taste. It consists of parenchyma cells of hypodermis in surface as well

as sectional view, their overlapping with epidermal cells; fragments of strands of

aerenchyma, pitted xylem vessels, sectional and surface view of sclerenchymatous

fibres; simple and compound starch grains are distributed throughout the powder.

Discussion

143

CHAPTER VI

DISCUSSION

Conceptual Study

The present World is in the verge of welcoming the great science, Ayurveda

because of the new loom of resounding its various concepts in progressive manner to the

modern World. Now a days the health delivery system of various branches is facing

massive demands and this made the single drug therapy of Ayurveda – Dravya Guna

Shastra (very important) also to lift up its standards to the conventional models.

Every one in the universe has suffered from Jwara in their life time at least once.

So Jwara is the commonest disease. It affects all age groups irrespective of sex and

produces Santapa to the body and mind also. The reference of Jwara can be found in

Veda, it is considered as 1st disease to incarnate in the universe.

Acharya Charaka has given the prime importance to Jwara in his Nidana and

Chikitsa sthana. According to him Jwara is a disease that which occurs at the time of

birth and death.

In modern terms, Jwara can be put side by side to Pyrexia (Fever). Pyrexia is well

thought out as a symptom of some essential pathology rather than as a single disease.

The body temperature is kept in good condition by thermo regulatory centre. Thus rate of

production of temperature surpass rate of loses and this state is called as pyrexia.

Discussion

144

Pathologically fever is generated by gathering of pyrogens that inhibit thermo-

regulatory centre and set thermo-regulatory set point high, resulting in the condition of

Pyrexia.

Here in the present study, “Yeast induced Pyrexia method” was selected for the

Experimental Study. Brewer’s yeast is injected sub-cutaneously as a pyrogen in wister

strain albino rats for inducing pyrexia.

Comparison of yeast induced Pyrexia to Jwara, to arrive at Jwara samprapti –

As Yeast causes pyrexia within a short period of time, it can be taken as

Sannikrushta Nidana for Jwara and can be compared to Abhishangaja Jwara of the

Ayurveda. On the principles of Ayurveda, this Jwara Samprapti could be ascertained as

Grahapishacha Bhuta (Krumi) which is responsible to cause Pyrexia. Here, it first causes

Vata Dusti leading to Rakta Dushti which in turn leads to Pitta Dushti and because of

similar nature, there is involvement of Dehoshma, Tenoshma (Jataragninja Ushma) and

Svenoshma (Doshoshma) involving Sanga of Rasa vahasrothas, then the Ushana is

released in to the circulation there by resulting in Jwara which is a Samanya Lakshana in

Abhyantara.

Drug Discussion

Most of the Ayurvedic drugs and formulations are well known for its safe usage

and efficacy. So literary screening is done and found out the trial drugs. After

considering many Jwaraghna drugs mentioned in Ayurveda, for the present study I have

selected Katphala (Myrica Nagi) and Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn) Nash) as they

are easily available.

Discussion

145

Keeping all these points in view with an objective of scientific study and

evaluation of Jwaraghna action, experimental trial was done on Albino rats. Pyrogens are

introduced to produce the pyrexia and then the trial drugs are administered. Hourly

temperature is measured and analyzed statistically.

Before the commencement of the actual experiment, a pilot study is conducted to

prove the efficiency of the collected sample of Brewer’s Yeast. And the study revealed

that the Brewer’s yeast sample was effective in inducing pyrexia. So, the same sample

was used for the main experimental study.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY:

Experimental evaluation of antipyretic effect was done on Wister strain albino

rats. Before commencement of actual experiment, a Pilot study was conducted to prove

the efficacy of collected sample of Brewer’s yeast.

All the trial drugs were evaluated in a set of standard experimental albino rats.

They were divided into four groups named as G1, G2, G3, and G4 consisting of six rats

each. All selected rats were injected subcutaneously with 20% Brewer’s yeast solution,

prepared by using 0.9% normal saline with a dose of 1 ml/100 g body weight.

Group 1 was treated with Distilled water to serve as Control.

Group 2 was treated with Standard drug, i.e., Paracetamol suspension.

Group 3 was treated with Katphala choorna.

Group 4 was treated with Usheera choorna.

Discussion

146

Doses were fixed with rat dose conversion formula. After administering

corresponding drugs to all groups, hourly rectal temperature was noted for next 14 hours.

By observing the readings, marked relief was observed in Trial and Standard drugs when

compared with the Control. This suggests the positive effect of all the Trial drugs in

controlling pyrexia.

TABLE NO. 6.1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OBTAINED DATA

Sl no. Name of Groups ‘t’ value Corresponding ‘p’ value

01 S G & C G 6.5610 <0.001

02 K C & C G 1.4401 >0.1

03 U C & C G 1.3503 >0.2

04 S G & K C 3.4563 <0.01

05 U C & S G 0.4404 >0.2

06 K C & U C 2.0049 >0.05

CG – Control Group SG – Standard Group

KC – Katphala choorna UC – Usheera Churna

Standard and both Trial drugs showed significant anti-pyretic property when

compared to Control.

Standard drug showed significant anti-pyretic property when compared to Trial

drug Usheera Churna

Discussion

147

On comparing Standard drug with Trial drugs Katphala choorna and Usheera

choorna, the result was insignificant. This means that Standard and Trial drugs

Katphala choorna and Usheera choorna had similar anti-pyretic property.

On comparing the Trial drugs with each other, the result was insignificant. This

means both the Trial drugs have similar anti-pyretic action.

However, SD of all the groups are found to be almost equal. So the Grand

average temperature can be taken into consideration.Grand average temperature

of Katphala choorna group is less than Usheera Churna considering this,it may be

grossly concluded that the apparent antipyretic effect of Katphala Churna is

significant when compared to with Usheera Churna

Probable Mode of Action

Patho-physiology of disease Jwara is found that the pathological condition called

Jwara is due to Vaikrutha pitta, Agnimandya and Srothorodha. In literary research it is

found that the trial drugs Katphala and Usheera are having antagonistic properly for all

the above mentioned conditions. Trial drugs are having Laghu, Guna, Katu, Tiktha,

Rasa, Ushna Veerya and Sheetha Veerya by virtue of these properties. It is found to

combat Jwara effectively.

1. Katphala Choorna:

In almost all Nighantus, the properties of Katphala is mentioned as Katu, Tikta

Kashaya, Teekshana, Ushna, Kaphavatahara, Ruchya, Jwaragna, Pramehaghr\na and

Shwasahara.

Discussion

148

Tikta rasa itself brings about Jwaraghna action. Katu rasa acts as

As it is Kapha vata hara, it eliminates Amatwa, brings relieves in tastelessness.

As it is Ushna veerya helps for Ama Paachana and relieves Sweda awarodha.

Ushna veerya contributes for samprapthi vighana by inducing swedana. Laghu

Guna helps in Langhana which has been considered as the primary treatment to be done

in Jwara.

By the synergy of all the active constituents of Katphala, it brings about

Jwaraghna (property) action.

2. Usheera Choorna:

Usheera has Tikta rasa which acts as Jwaraghna and is also pathya in jwara.

Madhura Rasa actsa as a pitta shamak, daha prashamana. As it is Kapha pitta hara, it

eliminates amatwa and brings down to temperature to its normal level. Here its madhura

Rasa and Sheeta veerya acts as Pittaghna.

Being Tikta rasa dravya it is potent in Agnideepaka and Kapha shamaka and

Pachana.

Thus by the virtue of above said properties Usheera relieves Jwara by doing the

Samprapthi Vighatana in a better and efficient way and restores the health of the ailing

individual.

Conclusion

149

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION

1. References Regarding the trial drugs Katphala and Usheera having Jwaraghna

property are available in all most all of the authentic tets and Nighantus of

Ayurveda.

2. The disease Jwara is considered as an elevation of core body temperature

affecting both physical and mental health Shareera Manah Santapa.

3. The disease Jwaa is the most common complaint met in clinical practice

irrespective of age, sex, cast, religion etc. if it is left untreated then it leads to

serious and life threatening consequences.

4. Katphala and Usheera are two efficient drugs. Which are distributed in almost

all parts of India having all the necessary properties, to bring about Jwaraghna

action.

5. Here, in the present experimental study, the trial drugs Katphala and Usheera

showed remarkable antagonistic effect against the Brewer’s yeast induced fever

in wister strain albino rats.

6. Katphala choorna had significant role in reducting the induced temperature in

albino rats.

7. Therapeutic efficacy of Usheera choorna was found to be less when compared

to Katphala choorna as for as Jwaraghna property is considered.

8. Katphala and Usheera do not passes any harmful agents and thus do not produce

any side effects on oral administration and hence, can be considered as a safe

remedy for fever.

Conclusion

150

9. Further clinical studies should carried out based on this preliminary

experimental study to know its effectiveness on human beings.

Scope for further study:

This experimental study has been conducted in a primitive model. Relaying on

this primary data, better evaluation of the efficacy of the trial drugs should carried out in

higher models (Prophylactic or curative study) and arrived at a true, unbiased statistical

data from clinical trials, which is beneficial for the use of the ailing individuals of fever.

Summary

151

CHAPTER – VIII

SUMMARY

This experimental study entitled “EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION ON

JWARAGHNA EFFECT OF KATPHALA (Myrica nagi Thumb) AND USHEERA

(Vetiveria zizanoides Linn) - A COMPARATIVE STUDY” can be summarized as follows.

This study includes the following chapters viz.

1) Introduction

2) Objectives

3) Review of literature

4) Methodology

5) Results

6) Discussion

7) Conclusion and

8) Summary, which is presented below.

DRUG REVIEW

In order to have clear cut trial drug identity, review of classical literature was

essential and all the Ayurvedic information regarding the trial drugs Katphala and

Usheera were compiled under the heading review of literature. The exact botanical

sources were obtained from the contemporary literature and are put in its details under the

heading of modern drug review. It includes the botanical identification, habitat, habit,

family, genus, species, vernacular names, pharmacognostical features, phyto-chemical

studies and therapeutics along with its research works.

Summary

152

DISEASE REVIEW

Jwara is mainly caused due to derangement of Pitta. This Pitta is having Ushna

Guna which is very essential for all the normal metabolic activities and by the virtue of

its Ushna property it creates Tapa i.e., normal temperature inside the body. This Tapa

when exceeds normalcy due to various causative factors, it becomes abnormal, creating

Santapa in the body. This Santapa is the prime feature of Jwara.

Modernists have also defined Jwara i.e. fever as the upward setting of the

hypothalamic thermostat. Hypothalamus is the main organ that plays a vital role in the

thermo-regulatory responses of the body. It usually results due to the failure of thermo-

regulatory mechanism which may be sometimes physiological or many a times

pathological.

In many conditions rise in temperature is a part of immune response, which

causes sufficient damage to the body like myalgia, anorexia, alteration of mental status,

convulsions etc. All the details of the disease Jwara are placed systematically under the

headings of Hetu, Linga and Aushadha. Here Pitta is the Hetu, Santapa is the Linga and

many drugs are indicated for treating the disease Jwara both classical and patent.

METHODOLOGY

In the present experimental study, antipyretic action of the trial drugs Katphala

and Usheera are carried out by inducing hyperthermia in randomly selected Wister strain

Albino rats using Brewer’s yeast and its results are evaluated.

Summary

153

Brewer’s yeast was selected as a pyrogenic agent to induce fever in experimental

animals. Before the commencement of the experiment, a pilot study was conducted to

standardize the yeast. It was done to confirm the efficacy of yeast. Next 24 Albino rats of

either sex weighing between 150 to 200 g. were selected randomly and grouped into four

of six rats each and assigned as G1, G2, G3,and G4 . G1 group was administered with

distilled water while G2 with Paracetamol suspension, G3 with Katphala choorna,and G4

with Usheera choorna. 20 g. Brewer’s yeast was dissolved in 0.9% normal saline and

injected subcutaneously with a dose of 1ml/100 g body weight, at thigh region and fever

was induced for all the five groups. For all the rats hourly rectal temperature was

recorded. Temperature was taken for 14 hours at a regular interval of 1 hour and data

obtained was statistically analyzed by using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test.

RESULTS

It was observed that the time taken for reducing the fever in the standard group

was 7-8 hrs. And in that of trial group (G4) was 6-7 hrs. Later temperature has increased

in Usheera choorna when compared to standard. Standard group had better antipyretic

effect when compared to all the trial groups, tests showed that there is no difference in

antipyretic effects produced by the two trial drugs, however the grand average of

temperature of Katphala choorna group is lowest compered to Usheera choorna group.

Considering this, it can be grossly concluded that the apparent antipyretic effect of

Katphala choorna is better than Usheera choorna. Where as control group didn’t show

any reduction in temperature even at the end of 14th hour.

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TRIAL DRUGS Katphala Bark Usheera Moola Katphala Choorna Usheera Choorna

EXPERIMENTAL PHOTOS

1. Prepared Brewer’s Yeast 2. Inducing Yeast Solution

3. Erected furs and Bend down faces 4. Recording Rectal Temperature suggest Rise in Temperature

5. Standard Drug (Calpol) 6. Drug Administration

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES BENGALURU, KARNATAKA

COMPLETED FOR DISSERTATION PROFORMA FOR

REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

TITLE:

A PHARMACEUTICAL, ANALYTICAL & EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF “MRITHUNJAYA RASA”

W.S.R. TO ITS ANTI-PYRETIC ACTION BY

DR.S.VENU

M.D. (AYU.) SCHOLAR DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, P.G.STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTRE

S.J.G. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, KOPPAL-583231, KARNATAKA.

GUIDE

DR. P.H.C.MURTHY, M.D. (AYU) PROFESSOR AND HEAD,

DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, P.G.STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTRE S.J.G. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL,

KOPPAL-583231, KARNATAKA.

CO-GUIDE

DR. M.GOPIKRISHNA, M.D. (AYU.) ASST. PROFESSOR,

DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, P.G.STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTRE S.J.G. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL,


2010-2011

SHREE JAGADGURU GAVISIDDHESHWAR AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, GAVIMATH CAMPUS,


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From: Dr. S.VENU Ist Year M.D., Department of Post Graduate Studies in RasaShastra S.J.G. Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Gavimath Campus Koppal-583231, Karnataka. To: The Registrar, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka. Through: The Principal and the Head of the Department of RasaShastra S.J.G. Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Gavimath Campus Koppal-583231, Karnataka. Respected Sir, Sub: Regarding the submission of completed Proforma for Registration of subject for Dissertation.

I request you to kindly register the below mentioned subject against my name for the submission of dissertation to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka for the partial fulfillment of M.D. (Ayurveda).

Title of the Dissertation

A PHARMACEUTICAL, ANALYTICAL & EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF “MRITHUNJAYA RASA”

W.S.R. TO ITS ANTI-PYRETIC ACTION Here with I am enclosing complete Performa for registration of the subject for dissertation. Thanking you,

Yours faithfully

Place: Koppal Date:

Dr. S.VENU

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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES BENGALURU, KARNATAKA.

ANNEXURE II

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

ADDRESS : DR. S.VENU

NARAYANAMANDIRAM KALLIYOOR.P.O NEMOM TRIVANDRUM KERALA 695042

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTE : DEPT. OF P.G STUDIES

IN RASASHASTRA

S.J.G.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,

HOSPITAL AND P.G RESEARCH

CENTRE , GAVIMATH CAMPUS

KOPPAL-583231, KARNATAKA

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT

: AYURVEDA VACHASPATI M.D.(AY)

RASASHASTRA

4. DATE OF ADMISSION : 30th- OCTOBER-2010

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC : A PHARMACEUTICAL , ANALYTICAL & EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF

“MRITHUNJAYA RASA” W.S.R. TO ITS

ANTI-PYRETIC ACTION.

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6. Brief review of the intended work: - 6.1 Need for the study:

Ayurveda the knowledge of life science says, there is no substance in this world which cannot be use for medicinal purpose. They also indicated that a deadly poison can be used as medicine if used with logic1.

Our Acharya’s had considered jwara as first to be manifested amongst all diseases2 .It is also mentioned that jwara is a condition which causes santapa of deha and manas3. Fever is the part of body’s response to disease, it may be beneficial to the body and in many occasions there will be derangement of metabolic function.

Mrithunjaya rasa is one of the promising and clinically efficacious medications for jwara as referred in many classics4 like Rasa ratna sammuchaya5,Rasendra Chudamani6, Ayurveda Prakash7, Bhaishajya ratnavali8,Yogaratnakar9 etc. .There are variations in ingredients , method of preparation , dosage and anupana according to different texts as mentioned above. Hence a humble effort is planned to conduct a pharmaceutical, analytical and experimental evaluation of “Mrithunjaya rasa w.s.r to its Anti-pyretic action” as per the standard reference in Yogaratnakar with dose of one masha4. Trial is done to prepare the Mrithunjaya rasa following reference in Yogaratnakara jwaraadhikara with the hypothesis that the final product will have higher potency, longer shelf life and good acceptance to meet the trend of fast moving people of present era. 6.2 Review of Literature: Ayurvedic literatures and Modern texts are reviewed and screened at appropriate places, to test the hypothesis mentioned. For this the review of literature is planned under 3 chapters. i) Drug review:

The formulation for the present study is selected from Yogaratnakara (Yogaratnakara jwarachikitsa prakaranam page number..192.sloka number..38 39 40(rasa prakaranam) Various classics of rasa shastra will be screened for the anti-pyretic properties, mode of

action & the therapeutic value of the various drugs as ingredients of Mrithunjaya rasa. ii) Pharmaceutical review:

The pharmaceutical processes involved in the study are- Mrithunjaya rasa - As per Classical reference. Various classics are reviewed for the description of pharmaceutical processes.

iii) Disease review: Ancient classics, contemporary texts (Ayurvedic and Modern), previous works, journal etc will be reviewed for relevant information. Previous work done 1 Lauha mrityunjayarasa ka nirman evam yakrit pleehodara vyadhi vinashatmaka pareekshana ek adhyana by Dr .audichya Rajasthan university M.M.M ayurveda college Jaipur, 1996.

2 A clinical study on amavata (jvara orgin) & its management with mrityunjayarasa by dr patil dilip kumar Gopabandhu ayurveda mahavidyalaya Utkal university Bhuvaneswar, 1999.

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6.3 Objectives of the study:

1. To prepare “Mrithunjaya rasa” as per classical reference. 2. To evaluate “Mrithunjaya rasa” for its organoleptic, physico-chemical and

pharmaceutical tests. 3. To evaluate the anti-pyretic efficacy of “Mrithunjaya rasa” experimentally in animal

model by brewer’s yeast method. 4. To evaluate the anti-pyretic effect of trial drugs in comparison with standard drug

Paracetamol.

7. Materials and Methods: - 7.1 Source of data:

This being a pharmaceutical and experimental study the source of data will be under 3 headings. a) Pharmaceutical source:- The formulation selected for present study, Mrithunjaya rasa(yogratnakara-jwara adhikara) Mrithyunjaya rasa is prepared by taking 1 part of vatsanaba((Aconitum ferox), shudda gandaka(Sulphur), maricha(Piper longum), shudda tankana(Borax), and kana(Piper nigrum), 2 part of hingula(Cinnabar). Hingula(Cinnabar) given bhavana with jambeerarasa and vatsanaba((Aconitum ferox) shodhana done using gomutra .Then the drugs founded into powder in khalva yantra and mudga pramana vati is prepared in the Pharmacy attached to Ayurvedic Medical College and P.G Center, Koppal. b) Analytical study:- All the trial drugs will be subjected for the physico-chemical analysis. Different analytical procedures will be carried, are like-

Physico chemical parameters

Qualitative tests Quantitative tests

1. Mrithunjaya rasa

a) Total ash b) Acid insoluble ash c) Extractive values (Methanol, Water )

a) TLC b) XRD

a) Free mercury b) Free sulphur

and other tests will be carried as possible in the Laboratory attached to Ayurvedic Medical College and P.G Center,Koppal.

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c) Experimental source:- The experimental source based on study design as per standard reference10,11 including healthy albino rats of either sex, which are maintained under standard conditions in the animal house attached to Shri B.M.K Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya & Hospital shahpur Belgaum .590003 7.2 Method of Collection of data (Including sampling procedures): a) Sample: 18 Albino rats will be selected randomly. b) Grouping: Each group contains 6 rats & will be kept in separate cages.

Sl. No. Grouping No. of Rats Drug Dose/200gm.wt 1. Control 6 Distilled water 2ml 2. Standard drug 6 Paracetamol Tab powder 9mg 3. Trial drug 6 Mrithunjaya rasa powder 18mg

c) Inclusion Criteria: Healthy albino rats of either sex. Weight - 150 to 200gms.

d) Exclusion Criteria: Rats weighing below 150gms & above 200gms. Diseased and infected. Pregnant rats. Rats which are under trial for other experiments.

e) Procedure10,11: Animals will be kept on fasting over night. Next morning the initial rectal temperature of all rats will be recorded with digital Thermometer. Suspension prepared of 20% dried Brewer’s Yeast in normal saline, is to be injected subcutaneously in a dose of 1ml/100gm of body weight. After 2 hour of induction of fever, the respective trial drugs are to be administered. The dose for rats is determined by using Paget Barne’s table Method (rat dose

conversion formula)

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Rat dose/ kg body.wt = Human dose × Surface area Factor (0.018) × 5 Group-I will be observed as control. The animals of this group will receive distilled

water 2ml/200gm.wt. Group-II will be standard group. The standard drug i.e. Paracetamol tab powder

9mg/200gm.wt, will be administered with a suitable solvent. 90mg of standard drug (Paracetamol) will be added with 10ml of suitable solvent and

mixed well. Thus 1ml suspension may contain 9mg of Paracetamol approximately. So 1ml of this suspension will be administered for rats as a single dose.

Group-III is trial groups. The rats will receive Trial drug Mrithunjaya rasa powder form in a dose as per standard rat dose conversion formula with a suitable solvent.

Rectal temperature will be recorded at regular interval of one hour until the end of experiment.

The readings will be tabulated and analyzed statistically. f) Duration: Single dose (1 day). g) Observation:

Rectal temperature should be recorded with Digital Thermometer. Before administering Brewer’s Yeast (Normal temperature) 18 hour after administering Brewer’s Yeast (Temperature grade) and albino rats

having temperature more than 38 degree centigrade would be randomly divided into three groups and this would be zero hour temperature .

0 to 4th hour after administering the trial drugs. 0 to 4th hour after administering the standard drug. 0 to 4th hour after administering the control drug.

h) Comparison: All groups are inter-compared- Trial drug is compared with Control Group. Trial drug is compared with Standard Group.

i) Statistical test: Unpaired student’s ‘t’ test and ‘f’ test12. 7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patients or other human or animal? If so, please describe briefly: Yes, the experiment will be conducted on albino rats of either sex maintained under standard conditions (food and water etc.). It needs intervention as at every hour rectal temperature is to be recorded.

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7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case 7.3? Yes, ethical clearance has been obtained through the ethical committee formulated in the institution. 8. References: -

1. Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, English translation by Sharma Ramakaran and Dash Bhagwan, Varanasi Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 3rd Ed., 1998;, Chapter no.-1, Sutra sthana, Sloka no.-126, 60 pp

2. Acharya Charaka, Chraka samhitha, English translation by Sharma Ramakaran and Dash Bhagwan, Varanasi Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Office, 3rd Ed., 1998, Chapter no.-1, Nidana sthana, Sloka no.-16, 17 pp

3. Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, English translation by Sharma Ramakaran and Dash Bhagwan, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 3rd Ed., 1998; Chapter no.-3, Chikitsa sthana, Sloka no.- 4, 108 pp

4. Vaidhya Nagin Das Chhagan Lal Shah, Bharat Bhaisajya Ratnakar , with Bhavaprakash commentary in hindi by Vaidhya Gopinath Bhishagratna,Volume IV,page 255-259.

5. Vagbhatacharya, Rasaratna Samucchaya, editor Ambikadatta Shastri, 9th edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Ambarabharati Prakashana, 1998, chapter 12.

6. Acharya Somadeva, Rasendra Chudamani, editor Siddhinanadana Mishra, 3nd edition, Varanasi : Choukhamba Orientalia, 1999.

7. Acharya Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha, editor Gularaja Sharma Mishra, Varanasi : Choukhamba Bharateeya Academy, 1999, chapter 1.

8. Acharya Govind Das, Bhaisajya ratnavali sanskrit text with Hindi translation, translated by Pandit Kavirajnarendranathmitrapad, published by Motilalbanarasidas publishers 6th Ed: Chapter no.-1, Sloka no. - 418, 53 pp

9. Yogaratnakara, Vidyotini, hindi commentary by Laxmipati Shastri, 5th edition, Varanasi, Choukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana, 2008, Poorvardha, Jwaradhikara, p. 244.

10. Murugesan T, Mandal SC, Bhakta T, Das J, Pal M,Saha BP. Evaluation of anti-pyretic

potential of Jussiaea suffrutucosa Linn. Extract in rats.Phytomedicine, 7: 231-234, 2000. 11. Chattopadhyay D, Arunachalam G, Mandal AB, Mandal SC. Evaluation of antipyretic

activity of leaf extracts of Mallotus peltatus (Geist) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus: A Folk medicine. Phytomedicine, 9: 727-730, 2002.

12. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. editors. Statistical Methods, New Delhi, IBH Publishing Company. 1979.

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9. Signature of the Candidate : 10. Remarks of the Guide :

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11. Name and designation of guide : (In block letters ) 11.1. Guide : 11.2 Signature : 11.3 Co –guide : 11.4 Signature :

11.5 signature : 11.6 Head of the department : 11.7 Signature : 12 12.1 Remarks of Principal : 12.2 Signature :

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