Kakamega Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

Strategic EcosystemManagement Plan2015-2040

Kakamega Forest

Published by:Kenya Forest Service Kiambu RoadP. O. Box 30513-00100Nairobi, Kenya

© 2015

Plan development supported by GEF/UNDP through the “Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya project” coordinated by Nature Kenya

Implementers:Kenya Forests ServiceCommunity Forest AssociationsKenya Wildlife ServiceKenya Forestry Research InstituteNational Environmental Management AuthorityCounty Government of KakamegaCounty Government of VihigaNature Kenya

Disclaimer:The production, printing and distribution of this document to stakeholders has been with the financial assistance of the GEF and UNDP (Award ID: 00058356). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Local Planning Team that developed the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Plan 2015-2040, and cannot under normal circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the GEF nor the UNDP.

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Approval PageThis Kakamega Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan (2015- 2040) is hereby approved for implementation and may be reviewed as need arises.

.......................................................................................

Emilio N. MugoDirector,

Kenya Forest Service

Date .......................................................................

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Message From The Implementing Partners

The Kakamega Forest and its fragmented relics are of national value being the only rem-nants of the Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforest belt that once stretched Africa across the equator. The Forest ecosystem is thus home to species that only have a distribution within the area nationally. More than half the forest area has been lost since the 1920s and currently the growing human population and dependency of the economically marginalized section of the population for their livelihoods is the main threat to the forests health.

Further the ecosystem services from the Forest ecosystem such as the microclimate that supports commercial and small holder tea and sugarcane farming, dairy and food produc-tion; and water supply to rural and urban centres downstream, is yet to be appropriately in-cluded in the national economic valuation. The potential conservation synergy from upstream interventions and plough back of resources through payment for ecosystem services is far fro being realized. Notable are the gains from the engagement of the local communities through three Community Forest Associations in the co-management of the forests with Kenya For-est Service. This was mainly with the support from varied development partners since the mid 1980s which strengthened the community capacity and improved infrastructure towards effective management of the forests resources.

The ecosystem strategic management plan builds on this foundation and is a roadmap at mitigating the challenges and threats that the Kakamega Forest and adjacent forest frag-ments are facing. Developed jointly by a myriad of stakeholders at the various levels through an elaborate consultative process from June 2011 to December 2013 it is envisaged that a committed implementation process shall be followed by all those with a stake in the conser-vation and sustainable use of the forest ecosystem and the attainment of the Global Forest Goals of the United Nations Forum on Forests. In the plan seven forest management zones are identified, their specific management objectives stated and the management actions together with responsible institutions proposed. The local communities in the Forest Ecosys-tem adjacent area are recognized as important stakeholders who will actively participate in its management and conservation.

Mr. Emilio Mugo Dr. Paul Matiku Dr. Ben ChikamaiDirector Executive Director DirectorKenya Forest Service Nature Kenya Kenya Forestry Research Institute

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The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem tran-scends both Kakamega and Vihiga Counties. The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the protected forest units of the ecosystem as well as the surrounding buffer zones. The protected forest units com-prises of the; Kakamega Forest Reserve, Malava Forest, Isecheno Nature Reserve, Yala River Nature Reserve, Bunyala Forest Reserve, Kibiri Forest Reserve, Kakamega Forest National Reserve and Kisere Nature Reserve

The forest ecosystem plays a very important role in the provision of ecological, social and economic services to the local community and the country at large. In the past, man-agement of the forest has been partly guided by a 10 year Kakamega Forest Ecosystem management plan (2012-2022). This strate-gic plan is meant to provide the long-term vision guidance required for protected areas and will act as an integrative framework for the ecosystem management.

The ecosystem faces numerous challenges which require mitigation, and there are also

Foreword

opportunities that need to be tapped. The managers seek to address these challenges and make use of the opportunities through the implementation of strategies and activi-ties proposed in this plan.

The strategic planning process for the Kaka-mega Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the theme ‘Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane For-est Hotspot of Kenya’ and was supported by GEF/UNDP and coordinated by Nature Ke-nya. It is a 25-year management plan (2015-2040) for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem, developed through a collaborative initiative between Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Ke-nya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Envi-ronmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs).

Essau OmolloDeputy Director, Forest Conservation and ManagementKenya Forest Service

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vi Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Acknowledgement

The planning team acknowledges the support provided by respective institutions, community members and individuals in the development of the strategic plan. The planning team based in Kakamega made valuable contributions and worked closely with the four CFAs in the eco-system. Our thanks go to all the participants for their valuable contributions during the work-shops. Nature Kenya was facilitative in the development of the plan through their field Project Officer Mr. Joel Siele and Project Manager Mr. Washington Ayiemba. We do appreciate the role played by the plan facilitators; Messrs Joram Kagombe, James Kimondo and Stephen Kiama from KEFRI. The inputs to the Plan from the Forest Management Plans Section of KFS especially by Mr. John Macharia were of great benefit to the planning process. The KFS Data Office provided the maps. The Plan was developed through generous financial support of GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya.

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Executive Summary

The strategic planning process for the Ka-kamega Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the theme ‘Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya’ and supported by GEF/UNDP. It is a 25-year management plan (2015-2040) for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem, being a collaborative initiative between Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Ke-nya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Envi-ronmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs), that would be an integrative framework for ecosystem management. The plan has been developed with the recognition of various stakeholders and indeed, the planning pro-cess involved extensive participation from these stakeholders who reached consensus on how to manage the forest ecosystem sus-tainably for posterity.

The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the protected forest units of the ecosystem as well as the surrounding buffer zone, all of which make the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. These forest stations include Kakamega Forest Reserve, Kibiri forest in Vihiga County, Yala River Nature Reserve, Isecheno Nature Reserve, Malava and Bunyala Forests all under the management of the KFS and the Kakamega and Kisere National Reserves under the management of KWS.

Several important principles were taken into consideration during the plan formulation, and these will guide the plan implementa-tion process. These were:

• Inclusionofallrelevantstakeholders• Genderandyouthmainstreaming• Integrationofsoundscience

• Partnershipsframeworkestablishmentamong stakeholders

• Transparencyandaccountability

Vision, mission and strategic management objectivesThe main frame of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan emanates from a clear vision, statement of purpose, zonation of forest araea and the-matic management programmes. The vision is “To be the best managed forest ecosys-tem in the world, yielding maximum socio-economic and environmental benefits to the adjacent communities and the country”. The purpose is “Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”. The strategic forest manage-ment objectives are:1. To conserve water catchments and

enhance the unique biodiversity of the forest.

2. To contribute towards meeting subsis-tence needs and improving the liveli-hoods of forest-adjacent communities.

3. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilization of the forest.

Forest area zonationForest zonation provides a framework for guided management of the forest ecosystem on a sustainable basis. The Kakamega For-est Ecosystem zonation scheme takes into account the forest stand structure, function and sensitivity, as well as the opportunities for, and impacts of, existing and potential public use. In general, seven zones were identified and defined. These would be man-aged in specified manner for the realization of the strategic objectives proposed in this plan. These are livelihood support zone, na-ture reserve zone, eco-tourism and cultural

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sites/zones, utilization zones, conservation (core) zone, Nyayo Tea Zone, and excision areas.

Thematic management programmesThematic management programmes of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem which are of key elements of the strategic management plan were derived from the visioning and thematic workshop. These are expected to lead to the achievement of the strategic ob-jectives the plan. The development of each management programme followed the Logi-cal Framework Approach so that the links between the programme purpose statement, management objectives and the manage-ment actions to ensure that there are precise and coherent. For each of the programmes a brief background, underlying issues, objec-tives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party are given. The twelve pro-grammes are:i. Forest conservation ii. Commercial utilization of forest iii. Ecotourismiv. Farm forestryv. Participatory Forest Management vi. Environmental education and aware-

ness, vii. Forest protectionviii. Income generating activities and pay-

ment for ecosystem servicesix. Infrastructure development

x. Networking and Partnership xi. Research, monitoring and evaluationxii. Resource mobilization

GovernanceImplementation of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan rec-ognizes the importance and need of involve-ment of all stakeholders. The stakeholders were defined as any individual, group, or institution that has a vested interest in the natural resources of the project area and/or who potentially will be affected by project ac-tivities and have something to gain or lose if conditions change or stay the same.

Primary stakeholders were the main actors in the planning process and are expected to play the greatest and direct roles dur-ing the implementation of the management programmes. The key primary stakeholders include KFS, KWS, and CFAs, among oth-ers. During the implementation phase of this strategic management plan matching of the responsibilities and roles required for the de-livery of the management programmes with the stakeholders will strategically capitalize on the strengths and opportunities afforded by these stakeholders, for purpose of ensur-ing that activities are allocated in tandem with such profiling. A governance structure that defines the interactions that may ac-commodate the interests and importance of the different stakeholders is proposed in the plan.

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Table of Contents

Approval Page .................................................................................................................... iiiMessage from the Implementing Partners ...................................................................... ivForeword.............................................................................................................................. vAcknowledgement ............................................................................................................. viExecutive Summary ......................................................................................................... viiTable of Contents ............................................................................................................... ixList of Figures .................................................................................................................... xiList of Tables ...................................................................................................................... xiList of Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................. xii

PART 1 ................................................................................................................................. 11.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 11.1 Administrative status of Kakamega forest ecosystem ...................................... 11.2 Historical background of Kakamega forest ecosystem .................................... 3

PART 2 ................................................................................................................................. 42.0 Policy, legal and institutional framework .......................................................... 42.1 Legal and policy frameworks ........................................................................... 42.1.1 Forests Act, 2005............................................................................................. 42.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 ............... 42.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103: ............................................................... 42.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318 .................................................................................. 52.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327 ................................................................................ 52.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63) ....................................................... 52.1.7 Kenya’s Vision 2030 ........................................................................................ 52.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements ........................................... 6

PART 3 ................................................................................................................................. 83.0 Description of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem ................................................... 83.1 Biophysical description of kakamega forest ecosystem ................................... 83.2 Ecotourism .................................................................................................... 123.3 Culture: The Luyha Culture ............................................................................ 123.4 Socio-economic characterization of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem ............... 123.5 Forest fire risk ................................................................................................ 163.6 Infrastructure and equipments ....................................................................... 164.0 Vision, purpose and objectives of the plan .................................................... 174.1 The planning approach .................................................................................. 174.1.1 Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders ............................................................. 174.1.2 Gender and youth mainstreaming ................................................................. 174.1.3 Integration of Sound science ......................................................................... 174.1.4 Partnerships framework established among stakeholders ............................ 174.1.5 Transparency and accountability ................................................................... 184.2 The planning process .................................................................................... 184.3 Zoning ........................................................................................................... 19

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5.0 Management Programmes.......................................................................... 225.1. Forest conservation ....................................................................................... 225.2. Commercial utilization of forest ..................................................................... 245.3. Ecotourism .................................................................................................... 255.4. Farm forestry ................................................................................................. 275.5. Participatory forest management .................................................................. 295.6. Environmental education and awareness ...................................................... 305.7. Forest protection ............................................................................................ 325.8. Income generating activities & payment for ecosystem services .................. 345.9. Infrastructure development ............................................................................ 365.11. Research, monitoring & evaluation ................................................................ 395.12. Resource mobilization ................................................................................... 405.13. Threats and mitigation measures .................................................................. 435.14 Stakeholders ................................................................................................. 436.0 Governance .................................................................................................. 43

References ........................................................................................................................ 45Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 46Appendix 1 : Mapping of cultural forests in Kakamega and Vihiga counties and part of the Kakamega forest landscape .................................................... 46Appendix 2 : Categories and ranking of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem stakeholders.... 47Appendix 3 : List of participants in planning workshops ............................................... 49

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List of Figures

Figure 1 : Geographic extent of the Forest Ecosystem with the respective forest blocks ... 2Figure 2 : Map of Lake Victoria North Water Catchment .................................................. 12Figure 3 : Administrative units (sub-location) bordering Kakamega Forest Ecosystem ... 17Figure 4 : Urban centers/towns boundaring Kakamega Forest Ecosystem...................... 18Figure 5 : Management zones of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem ................................ 28Figure 6 : Governance structure for the implementation of the plan ................................ 58

List of Tables

Table 1 : Historical Overview of Kakamega Forest Reserve ............................................. 3Table 2 : Resources of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem .....................................................10Table 3 : Management zones, defining criteria and management options ..................... 26Table 4 : Strategies and activities to enhance forest conservation ................................. 31Table 5 : Strategies and activities to promote the sustainable commercial utilization of the forest ...................................................................................................... 33Table 6 : Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Kakamega Forest ecosystem ........................................................................... 35Table 7 : Strategies and activities to promote farm forestry around Kakamega Forest ecosystem ........................................................................................................ 37Table 8 : Strategies and activities to promote participatory forest management in the Kakamega Forest ecosystem ........................................................................... 39Table 9 : Strategies and activities to enhance environmental education and awareness 41Table 10 : Strategies and activities to enhance protection of Kakamega Forest ecosystem ........................................................................................................ 43Table 11 : Strategies and activities to promote income generating activities and payment for ecosystem services ...................................................................... 46Table 12 : Strategies and activities for infrastructure development and maintenance ...... 48Table 13 : Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders .................................................................................................... 50Table 14 : Strategies and activities to improve generation of knowledge on the Kakamega Forest ecosystem ........................................................................... 51Table 15 : Strategies and activities to mobilize resources and build capacity among stakeholders .................................................................................................... 53Table 16 : Threats and their possible mitigation ............................................................... 56

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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviations

CBO Community Based OrganizationCCF Consultative Conservation ForumCDTF Community Development Trust Fund CEF Community Environment FacilityCFA Community Forest AssociationDDC District Development CommitteesFAC Forest Adjacent CommunityFFS Farmers Field SchoolGEF Global Environment FacilityGoK Government of KenyaIBAs Important Bird AreasIGAs Income Generating ActivitiesKAFOGA Kakamega Forest Guide AssociationKEBS Kenya Bureau of StandardKEEP Kakamega Environment and Education ProgramKEFRI Kenya Forestry Research InstituteKFS Kenya Forest ServiceKIFCON Kenya Indigenous Forest ConservationKTB Kenya Tourism BoardKWS Kenya Wildlife ServiceLPT Local Planning TeamLBDA Lake Victoria Basin Development AuthorityLVNWSB Lake Victoria North Water Service BoardMMUST Masinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyMoA Ministry of AgricultureMoL Ministry of LivestockMoT Ministry of TourismNBEs Nature Based EnterprisesNEMA National Environment Management AuthorityNGOs Non -Governmental OrganizationsNK Nature KenyaNMK National Museums of KenyaPAs Protected AreasPELIS Plantation Establishment and Livelihoods Improvement SchemePES Payment for Ecosystem ServicesPFM Participatory Forest ManagementUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeWRMA Water Resource Management AuthorityWRUA Water Resource Users Association

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 1

Kakamega Forest

1.0 IntroductionThe Kakamega Forest is situated in Western Kenya, 35 km from Lake Victoria, and approximately 1.6-22.4 km east of Kakamega town at the nearest and farthest points respectively. It is located in Kakamega and Vihiga Counties, as shown in Figure 1. The Forest is known to be the eastern-most fragment of the Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforest belt, which once stretched from Kenya across Uganda, East and Central Africa to the West African coast. The ecosystem is an important watershed for some of the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria. It is valuable to the people living around it, as a source of timber, fuel-wood, herbal medicines, building materials, food, income and viewed by part of the population as new land for agriculture and settlement. The ecosystem is also a unique sanctuary for many endemic insects, plants and birds with between 10 to 20% of the animal species in the Forest that are nationally unique. The huge variety of birds, reptiles and insects make it a specialist eco-tourism attraction for bird watchers and wildlife photographers. Large mammals are, however, rare encountered.

1.1 Administrative status of Kakamega Forest EcosystemKakamega forest ecosystem encloses about 23,000 Ha including the gazetted forest stations, forest and nature reserves. A little less than half of this area currently remains as indigenous forest. There are numerous grassy clearings and glades. Part of the forest also contains unique and rich

highland ecosystems. The ecosystem spans two Counties namely Kakamega and Vihiga. In Kakamega County, Kakamega Forest Station is the largest block in the ecosystem, with a total gazetted area of about 15,984 Ha and is managed by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS). To the north-west of Kakamega Forest Station is the Kakamega National Reserve of 4,468 Ha, that was given national forest reserve status in 1985 and is under the management of Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). Further north is the Kisere Forest Reserve covering an area of 471 Ha also managed by KWS.

The Isecheno Forest Station Nature Reserve, estimated to cover an area of 138 Ha, is situated in the western portion of the Kakamega Forest Station area and is managed by KFS. Yala River Nature Reserve covers an area of approximately 538 Ha and is situated in the southern portion of the Kakamega Forest. North-west of Kisere Forest Reserve is Malava Forest Reserve covering an area of 718.8 Ha and is managed by KFS. North-west of Kakamega Forest Station area is the Bunyala Forest covering an area of 826.6 Ha also managed by KFS.

In Vihiga County, Kibiri Forest station is the largest, covering an area of 3691 ha. This forest is part of the tropical rain forest of Kakamega and administered from Vihiga district under KFS. Kaimosi forest, situated along the boundary of Vihiga and Nandi Counties and south of Kibiri Forest, is administered by the Missionaries of Friends Quakers, Kaimosi.

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1.2 Historical background of Kakamega Forest Ecosys-

temAccording to Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Management Plan 2010-2020 (BIOTA, 2010), the first demarcation of the forest boundary was done around 1908-1910, though the for-est was managed under the Local Native

(Source: BIOTA 2010)

Figure 1: Geographic extent of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem with the respective forest blocks


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Council. The discovery of gold in the district led to the Kakamega gold rush of the early 1930s and many parts of the forest were opened up to gold prospectors. With the sud-

den need for pit-props, fuel wood and timber, this led directly to the first exploitation of the forest for timber. Table 1 gives a summary of historical background of the KFE.

Table 1: Historical Overview of Kakamega Forest Reserve

Year KFE Historical Overview / policy and legislation

1933 Kakamega Forest was declared a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which set aside 23,777.3 Ha as Kakamega Forest together with the Malava Forest Block. Currently, it covers 19,792.4 Ha in size after several excisions over time.Kakamega Forest Excisions(i) 17.60 Ha excised via boundary plan No. 180/209 for Virhembe, to settle people

who were displaced to create room for the current Mukumu Secondary School;(ii) 9.476 Ha excised to give room to the construction of Kaptik Secondary School

and surveyed as per L/R 206/94;(iii) 10 Ha excised for relocation of Kisaina Primary School;(iv) 1.8 Ha excised for Kisaina Clinic;(v) 40.47 Ha excised for Kakamega Agricultural Show ground;(vi) 422 Ha excised for the extension of Shikusa Prison; (vii) 13 acres excised from the national reserve for Buyangu Primary School. The

area of excision is now under review.(viii) 98.8 Ha excised from Ishiru as per boundary plan No. 180/215; and,(ix) 138.8 Ha excised to settle people displaced from the land occupied by Mbale

Hospital and Vokoli Girls Secondary School.(x) Ikuywa settlement of 1934 measuring 53.4 Ha ((Refer to Kakamega Forest

Sheet No. 8)

1933 Malava Forest Reserve through Proclamation No.14, of Feb 13th, 1933 was declared a forest reserve with an area of 718.8 Ha.

1956 Bunyala Forest Block declared a forest area vide Proclamation No. 421 of 1956 with an area of 825.6 Ha

1967 Isecheno Forest Station Nature Reserve was declared a forest nature Reserve via Boundary Plan number 180/40-42 and is estimated to cover an area of 138 Ha.

1967 Yala River Nature Reserve was declared a forest nature reserve via Boundary Plan number 180/40-42

1985 In May 1985, under Legal Notice No. 95, 3,984.9 Ha of the Kakamega forest was set aside as Kakamega Forest National Reserve (KNR), the boundaries of which are delineated in Boundary Plan No. 272 of 14th November 1986 (Muthari and Wachihi, 1994). KNR is under the management of KWS.

1985 Kisere Forest was gazetted under the same Legal Notice No. 95 as Kisere National Reserve covering an area of 471 Ha. It is managed by KWS.

Kibiri Forest covers an area of 3,691 Ha and is part of the tropical rain forest of Kakamega. It is in Vihiga County and administered from Vihiga County under KFS.

1956 Bunyala Forest covers an area of 826.6 Ha and gazetted Ander proclamation No. 421 of 1956 and is managed by KFS.

(Source: BIOTA 2010)

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2.1 Legal and policy frameworksThese consist of the laws and policies that will facilitate and guide the implementation of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strate-gic Management Plan, and other aspects relating to the various functions and values attributed to the Forest ecosystem.

2.1.1 Forests Act, 2005There are various sections of this Act that are guidelines and provide opportunites for participatory forest management and con-servation. These provisions allow for the Director KFS with the approval of the KFS Board to enter into an agreement with any person for joint management of any forest which may enjoin such person to use or refrain from using such forest or any part thereof in a particular manner in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity. The Act also allows a member of a forest com-munity together with other members or per-sons resident in the same area, to register a community forest association (CFA) under the Societies Act. The CFA may then apply to the Director for permission to participate in the conservation and management of a state forest or local authority forest in accor-dance with the provisions of this Act. Where there is no management plan in respect of the area, or where the association proposes that there be a new management plan, the application shall be accompanied by a draft management plan.

2.1.2 Environmental Manage-ment and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999

This Act has various sections concerned with the protection and conservation of for-ests and watersheds. The Act permits the

National Environment Management Au-thority (NEMA ) to provide guidelines, pro-cedures and measures which shall control the harvesting of forests and any natural resources so as to protect water catchment areas, prevent soil erosion and regulate hu-man settlement within or around the forest. The Act also empowers NEMA to promote the conservation of energy and planting of trees and woodlots, especially through re-search in appropriate renewable sources of energy, taking measures to encourage the planting of trees and woodlots by individual land users, institutions and by community groups etc. Other relevant sections include: Section 50: Conservation of biological diver-sity; Section 72: Water and pollution prohi-bition and the EMCA, Water Quality Regu-lations 2006: Regulation 4 (Prevention of water pollution) and Regulation 6 (Protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other water sources).

2.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103: This Act mainly promotes the development and use of renewable energy technologies, including but not limited to biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol, charcoal, fuelwood, solar, wind, tidal waves, hydropower, biogas and municipal waste. The promotion of such may be through: formulating a national strategy for coordinating research in renewable energy; providing an enabling framework for the efficient and sustainable production, distribution and marketing of biomass, solar, wind, small hydro-power projects, municipal waste, geothermal and charcoal; promoting the use of fast maturing trees for energy production including biofuels and the establishment of commercial woodlots including peri-urban plantations harnessing opportunities offered

PART 2


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under clean development mechanism and other mechanisms including, but not limited to, carbon credit trading to promote the development and exploitation of renewable energy sources among others.

2.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318This Act provides for the management of agricultural systems and practices. The Act provides for the enactment of rules and regulations, and in this regard, the Agriculture (farm forestry) Rules, 2009 were enacted. The objective and purpose of these rules is to promote the establishment and sustainable management of farm forestry for the purposes of maintaining a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10 percent of any agricultural land holding; conserving water, soil and biodiversity; protecting riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non wood products; providing fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services. The Rules require that every person who owns or occupies agricultural land shall establish and maintain a minimum of 10 percent of the land under farm forestry which may include trees on soil conservation structures or rangeland and cropland in any suitable configurations provided that the species of trees or varieties planted shall not have adverse effects on water sources, crops, livestock, soil fertility and the neighborhood and should not be of invasive nature, and that no agricultural landowner or occupier shall grow or maintain any Eucalyptus species in wetlands and riparian areas.

2.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327Section 3 of this Act prohibits the burning of vegetation without authority. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall set fire to any vegetation which is not his property unless he has lawful authority so to do. Subsection 2 further states that: No person shall willfully or negligently kindle any fire which by spreading, may damage or destroy the property of any other person.

2.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63)

Section 3 of this Act covers issues relating to license required for certain tourist enter-prises. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall on or after the appointed day carry on, or assist in carrying on, any regulated tourist enterprise otherwise than under and in ac-cordance with the terms of a license issued to him and for the time being in force. Sub-section 3 refers to carrying on an enterprise activity in subsection (1) of this section in-cludes negotiating, soliciting, canvassing or accepting business for that enterprise and engaging in correspondence with a person who may become a customer of that enter-prise, or with the agent of such a person, concerning business of that enterprise.

2.1.7 Kenya’s Vision 2030

Economic Pillar: Tourism Goals for 2030 The Vision for the tourism sector is to “be-come a top ten long-haul tourist destination in the world that offers a high-value, diverse and distinctive visitor experience”. To achieve this objective, there will be a critical focus on the quality and the diversity of tourism products in the country through partnership between the Government, the private sector and other stakeholders.

Social pillar: The vision for environmentThe vision for the environmental sector is “a people living in a clean, secure and sus-tainable environment”. The vision is inspired by the principle of sustainable development and by the need for equity in access to the benefits of a clean environment. To realize this vision, the focus will be on four strategic thrusts, among them conservation.

ConservationThe country will intensify conservation of strategic natural resources (forests, water towers, wildlife sanctuaries and marine

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ecosystems) in a sustainable manner without compromising economic growth. Kenya intends to have achieved four percent forest cover by 2012 and 10 per cent forest cover by 2030. In addition, specific measures will be adopted to promote bio-prospecting activities e.g. research and development of commercial products such as drugs, cosmetics and detergents.

The overall goal in forest conservation by 2012 is to increase current forest cover by 50 per cent. This will include significantly improving the contribution of forest services to the economy and providing a base for the growth of the forestry sector. Regarding wildlife conservation, the goal is to fully protect all wildlife ecosystems. This will sustain the anticipated high growth rate of the tourism sector. The country will also develop an environmentally-friendly mining policy.

Under Environmental planning and governance, the goals in this thrust aim to integrate planning approaches and improve overall governance of the environment. Specific goals include:● Increase coverage of spatial data from

the current 30 per cent to 50 per cent for land use and 30 per cent to 70 per cent for land cover;

● Enforce all environmental regulations and standards; and

● Attract at least 5 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects per year in the next five years.

2.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements

2.1.8.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES), also known as the Washington Convention is an international agreement between governments, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The text of the convention was agreed upon in 1973, and CITES entered into force on 1st July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 33,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.

2.1.8.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is an international legally bind-ing treaty. The Convention has three main goals:1. conservation of biological diversity (or

biodiversity);2. sustainable use of its components; and3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits

arising from genetic resources

Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable develop-ment. The Convention was opened for sig-nature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

2.1.8.3 Rio Declaration on Environment

The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations “Conference on Environment and Development” (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. The


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Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world. A few of the relevant principles include:

Principle 4: Environmental Protection in the Development ProcessIn order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

Principle 10: Public ParticipationEnvironmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including infor-mation on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making in-formation widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be pro-vided.

Principle 22: Indigenous Peoples have a vital RoleIndigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their knowledge

and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development.

2.1.8.4 Kyoto ProtocolThe Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”

The objective is the “stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”The G77 wanted strong uniform emission cuts across the developed world of 15%. Countries, such as the US, made suggestions to reduce their responsibility to reduce emissions. These suggestions included:● The inclusion of carbon sinks (e.g., by

including forests, that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere).

● Having net current emissions as the basis for responsibility, i.e. ignoring historical emissions.

● Carbon storage in forests and soils (carbon sinks), which contribute highly to carbon sequestration.

Kakamega Forest


3.0 Description of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Table 2: Resources of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Category Exceptional Resource Value

Biodiversity ➤ Important Bird Area (IBA) ➤ IDiversity of primates such as the De Brazza’s monkey➤ IHigh insect diversity ➤ IEndemic snakes ➤ IRich diversity of tree species ➤ IA remnant of Guinea Equatorial forest

Scenic➤ Beautiful panoramic view points - Lirhanda, Mahiakalu and Buyangu hills ➤ Isiukhu and Yala River ➤ Natural glades ➤ Beautiful green canopy of Kakamega Forest

Social ➤ Source of livelihood - fodder for cattle, bee keeping, sericulture (wild silk) harvesting, medicinal plants, wild vegetables – mushroom, grass harvest-ing and tree nursery establishment

➤ Ecotourism potential - tour guiding, bandas, bird watching, butterfly farming, snake farming

➤ Good micro climate - high rainfall, water shed for lake basin➤ Domestication and commercialization of Mondia and Ocimum spp ➤ National economic importance

Cultural➤ Shrines / circumcision sites - Tiriki ➤ Community - bull fighting, dog market at Lubau, cock fighting, traditional

dances, pottery at Ilesi and Mukhonje

The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is endowed with multiple physical, biodiversity, social, economic, cultural, and scenic/eco-tourism resources (Biota, 2010). These resources and their importance to the area

were confirmed by stakeholders during the planning process. Table 2 below is a list of some of these resources while in the proceeding sections more details of the resource base is provided.

3.1 Biophysical description of kakamega forest ecosystem

ClimateKakamega Forest Ecosystem is generally wet throughout the year, with an annual average rainfall of approximately 2,000 mm. Rainfall is heaviest in April and May (long rains), with a slightly drier June and a second peak

roughly in August to September (short rains). January and February are the driest months. Temperatures are fairly constant throughout the year, with a mean daily minimum of about 110C and mean daily maximums of about 260C.

PART 3


Kakamega Forest

Geology and soilsThe geology of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem can be described by underlying rocks that include basalt, phenolites and ancient gneisses of the Kavirondo and Nyanzian Systems which are associated with gold bearing quartz veins. The rocks form moderately fertile clay-loam soils. Forest cover, with its continuous nutrient recycling activity can maintain itself permanently on these soils.

TopographyThe Forest Ecosystem lies in Lake Victoria Basin, about 150 km west of the Great African Rift Valley, from which it is separated by highlands stretching from Cherangani Hills in the North to the Mau Escarpment in the South (KIFCON, 1994). It borders the Kakamega Escarpment to the northeast, falling to lowland of relatively flat topography with altitude ranging between 1,500 and 1,600 m above sea level and up to 2,060 m atop a few scattered forested hills such as Bunyala and Lirhanda.

HydrologyThe Kakamega Forest Ecosystem forms part of the Lake Victoria Basin. It has a good system of rivers which run from the North East to South West. Rivers Nzoia and Yala are the main rivers. River Nandamanywa drains into Isiukhu River, which ultimately drains into Nzoia River, having criss-crossed the forest for the entire length. River Nzoia eventually drains into Lake Victoria. A general hydrological map of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is shown in Figure. 2. For most of these rivers, sub-catchment management plans have been developed and some are being implemented. These include Banja, Isiukhu, and Garagoli rivers.

Biodiversity Due to its former connection to the Guinea–Congolian rain forest system, the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is home to many species that are related to the Central and West African flora. There are also several endemic

species, i.e. animals and plants that are not found anywhere else in the World. However, it is no longer a primary forest but an old secondary forest, despite small patches in the Central forest areas that have, to all appearances, the attributes of a primary forest (Holstein et al, 2010).

Flora More than 120 species of trees have been recorded in the Kakamega Forest Ecosytem. More than 70% of all plant species are of minor or major medicinal importance. Some of the conspicuous plants of Kakamega Forest include: Whitlow Root – Solanum sessilistellatum Bitter; Spiny bole – Chaetacme aristata Planch; White thorn – Acacia sp; Spiny – Acanthus – Acanthus pubescence; Afromomum sp, Aneilema johnstonii; Antheroma naudinii; Desmodium repandum; Dissotis speciosa; White flowering Commelina – Comelina albiflora; Wild fig – Ficus thonningi; Gomphocarpus semilunatus; Habenaria malcophylla; Tree Orchid – Tridactyle bicaudata; Impatiens hochstetteri; Lantana – Lantana camara; Klip Dagga – Leonotis nepetifolia; Mussaenda arcuata Poir; Pollia condensata; Tall Woodland Sugarbush – Protea madiensis; Guava – Psidium guanjava; Kakamega Flame – Spathodea campanulata; Nitobe Chrysanthemum Tithonia diversifolia; Kenaf – Hibiscus cannabinus amongst many others (Holstein et al, 2010).

The forest is also home to threatened tree species, Elgon teak and Prunus africana which are species of special conservation concern (locally threatened and rare). These species are prone to over exploitation due to their high quality timber and medicinal value.

On the other hand, scientific research has indicated the presence of 13 different plant communities each representing a different succession stage. Forest plantations in the forest reserve covering about 3,199 ha com-prise of Pinus patula, Pinus eliotii, Cupres-sus lusitanica, Eucaluptus saligna, Grevillea robusta and Bischofia japonica have been established for productive purpose.

Kakamega Forest


FaunaLike the flora, the fauna of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem show some peculiarities. Birds are numerous with almost over 500 different species. Up to now, over 487 butterfly spe-cies have been recorded, which amounts to more than half of all butterflies that inhabit

Kenya (about 900 species). However, many animal groups have not yet been studied in depth, and this applies particularly to insects and arachnids (Holstein et al, 2010).

The Kakamega Forest is the only known habitat of about 20% of Kenya and East Africa

Figure 2: Map of Lake Victoria North Water Catchment


Kakamega Forest

vertebrates. A number of species, especially invertebrates, are endemics of Kakamega Forest. Apart from venomous snakes, none of the animals in the Forest is dangerous to man (Holstein et al, 2010). Some of the most common fauna of Kakamega Forest are: Blue Monkey – Cercopithecus mitis; Black and White Colobus – Colobus guereza; Olive Baboon – Papio anubis; Mountain Fruit Bat – Rousettus lanosus; Verreaux’s Eagle–Owl – Bubo lacteus; Black-and-White-casqued Hornbill – Bycanistes subcylindricus; Pale Flycatcher – Melaenornis pallidus; Montane Side-striped Chameleon – Chamaeleo ellioti; Rhino-Viper – Bitis nasicornis; Gabun Viper – Bitis gabonica; Olive Sand Snake – Psammophis mossambicus; Lineolate Blind Snake – Typhlops lineolatus; Spotted Toad – Amietrophynus maculatus; Common Tree Frog – Hyperolius viridiflavus; Jumping spider – Menemerus congoensis (Holstein et al, 2010). These are just but a few of the animal species found in the forest.

There are also at least 72 species of Dragonflies found in Kakamega forest area and 19 are nationally recognized as occurring only in Kakamega Forest. This is also alongside with many endangered riverine species such as hippopotamus and other globally extinct or rare such as the Bushbuck and leopard. The forest is also home to globally threatened bird species, Turner’s Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin’s Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu); a further 15 species regionally threatened, and 46 species known in Kenya only from the forest. Most of these species are found in plantations of mixed indigenous tree species.

Many bird species are crucial for the forest ecosystem, because most tree species depend on birds for seed dispersal. In this regard, the Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus) is an important species for seed dispersal in Kakamega Forest. The forest also has high diversity of primates, with monkeys being the most conspicuous group of mammals in the forest, amongst which the Blue Monkey

(Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni), the Redtail Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti), and the Black-and-white Colobus Monkey (Colobus guereza) are the most common. Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus), although probably fairly common and widespread, are nocturnal and much harder to detect. Baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) are also present in the forest and are well known as pests in the farms adjacent to the forest. The forest is home to de Brazza’s Monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus) which is rare in Kenya and is confined to the riverine vegetation of Kisere Forest. It is the only monkey that could be considered in some form threatened, due to its small population, small habitat range and harassment from local communities.

The forest is also characterized by high insect diversity. Butterflies are represented with 487 species which constitutes 54% of the 900 species known to Kenya, with many of them reaching their easternmost limit in Kakamega. Moths are also species rich in the forest with recorded totals of 53 Hawkmoths (Sphingidae), 37 Emperor Moths (Saturniidae), and 43 Tiger Moth species (Arctiinae). A total of 72 dragonfly species, representing 42% of Kenya’s dragonfly fauna, has been recorded in the Kakamega forest. Twenty species are of national importance for Kenya, since they are only found at this site within the country. At the global level, Onychogomphus styx and Chlorocnemis pauli are classified as ‘Near Threatened’, although most species are listed as ‘Least Concern’.

The Kakamega Forest has a recorded total of 170 species of ants with estimated species numbers lying between 200 and 250. Several ant species which have been described as new to science were first collected in Kakamega Forest, particularly those in the genus Axinidris. It is very likely that Kakamega Forest holds more species than any other locality in Kenya and nationally the ant fauna of this forest is unique as most of the dominating species in

Kakamega Forest


the forest are of Guineo - Congolian origin. Termites are among the most important groups of invertebrate decomposers and have enormous impact on soil properties and nutrient cycling. Research suggests that, of the 62 termite species described in Kenya, 25 species have so far been found in Kakamega Forest. To date there are 243 species of bees known in the Kakamega Forest.

The forest hosts endemic snakes with so far 36 snake species being recorded. Majority of these snakes are from West Africa includ-ing the Forest Cobra, the Black-lipped Co-bra, Jameson’s Mamba, the Bush Viper, the Rhinoceros-horned Viper and the Gaboon Viper. The Gold’s Cobra and Kaimosi Blind Snake are endemic to the Kakamega forest and are believed to be in danger of extinc-tion. Species characteristic of West African forests and reaching their eastern limit in Ka-kamega or the Kakamega Forests are Gold’s Tree Cobra (Pseudohaje goldii) and the For-est Night Adder (Causus lichtensteini).

3.2 EcotourismThe Forest’s high diversity of both flora and fauna (endemic and non – endemic), unique cultural practices of the forest neighboring communities and natural features portray a great Ecotourism potential. Community participation in Ecotourism activities in the forest can greatly contribute to its social and economic development, but only if the activities are well planned, organized, co-ordinated and managed. Examples include: the endemic snake, plants, insect and ani-mal species; cultural sites e.g. the Tiriki Cir-cumcision sites, sacred graves and shrines; Cultural practices such as circumcision, bull and cock fighting and natural features such as caves and underground water channels flowing into Lake Victoria. There are also well established bandas, camp and view sites, snake-parks and information centre.

The Local community also has rich indige-nous knowledge on the forest, which can be

of great value and interest to tourists. Com-munity tour guiding can be a viable option for ensuring that Ecotourism benefits the local community. Kakamega forest ecosystem is at the core of Western Tourism Circuit which if well harnessed would add to the monetary value of the ecosystem.

3.3 Culture: The Luyha CultureThe Luyhas’ have very rich and distinct cul-ture. However, as is common all over Kenya, traditional societies and cultures are in-creasingly coming under threat, and in many cases cultural norms are breaking down as younger generations migrate to urban areas in search of alternative livelihood opportuni-ties. The forest management seeks to nur-ture this rich culture through establishment of cultural centres and gazettement of some of the unique features and events of the Luyha community.

The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is an im-portant place for traditional ceremonies and worship. There are sacred sites within the forest such as the Ikavakava Shrine used for cleansing community offenders by select-ed traditional healers and the Tiriki Sacred patches of forests used mainly as circumci-sion sites by the Tiriki sub-tribe of the Luhya community.

Some of the notable cultural events include; bull fighting, cock fighting and traditional dances. The people of Ilesi and Mukhonje continue to make a living out of pottery. Lubao town hosts dog sellers every week making it a unique market in the region. Appendix 1 is a list with the specific details (names of key sites and the latitude and longitude coordinates) for some of the important cultural sites.

3.4 Socio-economic characterization of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

AdministrationThe largest forest block of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem falls in Kakamega County.


Kakamega Forest

Figure 3 shows the (administrative) sub-location units within Kakamega Forest Ecosystem that number about 35. Some of

these units are occupied by the gazetted forests and reserves while others are mainly the forest-adjacent settlement areas. The

Figure 3: Administrative units (sub-location) bordering Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Kakamega Forest


Figure 4: Urban centers/towns boundaring Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

latter encompasses the rural settlements or agricultural areas as well as the urban areas and that form the critical buffer or

intervention zone with regards to the Forest Ecosystem management. Figure 4 shows the urban centers/towns and road network.


Kakamega Forest

Population size and distributionThe local inhabitants of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem are mainly the Luhya community. The settlements are densely populated with a mean household size six members in the rural areas. From the 2009 Population and Housing Census, the county population was 1,660, 651 (KNBS, 2010). The population growth rate for the county is estimated at 2.5 percent, with projected county popula-tion put at 1,929,401 and 2,028,324 by 2015 and 2017 respectively. This has put great pressure on social facilities; especially in the health and education sectors.

Resources that could have otherwise been utilized elsewhere, have been diverted to meet the health and education needs leaving very little for investment into other development needs.

Socio-economic profileThe social, economic and cultural characteristics of the community adjacent and dependent on Kakamega forest were captured through a socio-economic survey (2011), and characterises attributes such as household and family sizes, education levels, employment status and types, average daily household expenditure, average monthly income, main sources of income amongst other socio-economic aspects of the community members. Dependence on the forest by the community was also assessed together with other benefits associated with forest resources.

Generally the family and household sizes are large relative to the limited resources upon which the communities can depend, with a small average farm size of about 0.5 acre per household. Most farmers own small pieces of land less than an acre upon which they cultivate crops and rear animals. Access to land as a factor of production has been hindered by land fragmentation.

With respect to farming system, majority of the community members are subsistence

farmers. The main crops grown are maize, beans, sweet potatoes, cassava, sorghum, cowpeas, grams, cassava, arrowroots, groundnuts, bambara-nuts, soya beans, finger millet and sugarcane. Of the main food crops, maize and beans are the most important staples. However, a substantial segment of farming families practice cash crop farming. The most important and dominant cash crop is tea but some farmers also grow sugarcane and coffee. Generally, most farmers practice both subsistence and commercial farming. Mixed farming is the dominant farming practice in the area. Animal rearing is practised by a few farmers, with animals kept being mainly cattle, goats, sheep, poultry and pigs.

Hygiene and sanitation conditionsSanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of waste. Lack of access to adequate water is associated with poor sanitation and has enormous health and economic costs for households, with consequences to the environment. Poor waste disposal at Kakamega Forest Ecosystem staff quarters attracts wild animals such as primates, scavenging birds, wild cats, among others, which in turn predate on some domestic animals such as chicken. Inappropriate waste disposal for those living inside protected areas poses serious environmental hazards. Garbage seriously affects the sanitation aspects of natural bodies of water (both surface and subterranean), as well as soil, vegetation, cultivation, and pollutes the air.

Dependence on forest resourcesMajority of the Kakamega Forest commu-nity are primarily dependent on the forest for their livelihood. Forest resource utiliza-tion takes place all year round with levels of utilization being determined by the dry and wet seasons. For example, fruits and some vegetables are mostly utilized during the wet season, while grass (for thatching) is most-ly used during the dry season. Throughout

Kakamega Forest


the year the most utilized resources are firewood, pasture/grass, herbs, charcoal, mushroom and timber. Forest resources uti-lized by most people during the dry season include: firewood, honey and grass. During the wet season most people utilize charcoal, fruits, sand, herbs, honey and bushropes.

3.5 Forest fire riskThere is a low risk of forest fires to the Kaka-mega Forest Ecosystem due to the frequent rainfall received in the area throughout the year. As such, the Forest Ecosystem man-agement aims to minimize the negative im-pacts of wildfires and promote the use of prescribed fires for ecological management purposes where necessary. This will guided by a fire management plan that will inform acquisition of the appropriate fire fighting equipments and training of staff on the use of these equipments and how to fight fires when they occur.

3.6 Infrastructure and equipmentsThe roads in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem cover a total length of approximately 54 km. Some of these roads have been abandoned and others rendered impassable. However, all the forest stations are accessible and the road network considered of optimum density as long as they are maintained to all weather conditions. There are no road work equipments stationed in the Forest Ecosystem. KFS previously relied on Pan Paper Mills and the GoK for road work equipments but is now re-equipping its Road Unit. For Kakamega Nature Reserve under KWS, the equipments from the Conservation Area headquarters in Kitale are used when required.

The current transport situation in the eco-system varies among the two management units. KWS has two serviceable land-cruis-ers used for administration and security pur-poses and one motorcycle. KFS units have recently been provided with additional ve-hicles thereby greatly easing the transpor-tation challenge.. At Vihiga (Kibiri Forest)

the existing two vehicles are old and are frequently grounded because of the high maintenance and operation costs. They are supplemented with motorbikes reducing operations effectiveness especially when a large team needs to be moved during man-agement operations.

The office buildings in Kakamega Forest Ecosystem are generally in good condition with some like those under KWS having been rehabilitated recently, the Biodiversity Information Centre (BIC) has been opened for public visits, while an information centre under KFS which also houses the Head of Conservancy has recently been completed at the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem offices. Malava and Bunyala stations have no offices but have outposts with houses that are old and dilapidated and need to be condemned and new ones constructed. A station should be constructed to house and offer offices for officers in the Vihiga zone as they are under pressure to vacate the Vihiga District Head-quarter.

Housing in Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is inadequate and most of the structures need rehabilitation and additional ones construct-ed. The Buyangu Station houses are in good condition and have been branded by KWS, while at Kakamega (DFOs) staff houses are in disrepair and dilapidated and lack water and electricity amenities. The lack of ame-nities is evidenced in most stations that in-clude Kakamega Station, Kibiri and Bunyala. It is proposed that the stations and outpost houses be branded accordingly to reflect uniformity in respect with respective orga-nization brand, and the requisite amenities provided as required.

The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is not ad-equately served by wireless communication technology. Internet connectivity through internet modems, cell-phones, and email is still limited in some places with the eco-system. All the forest management offices lack important and basic equipments and


Kakamega Forest

furniture with the existing ones being very old and outdated. Most forest stations such as Malava, Bunyala and Isecheno are not served with electricity, though plans have been initiated to have them supplied.

4.0 Vision, purpose and objectives of the plan

Vision“To be the best managed forest ecosystem in the world, yielding maximum socioeconomic and environmental benefits to the adjacent communities and the country”

Purpose“Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”.

Strategic objectivesThe KFS strategic objectives are broadly the national objectives for forest manage-ment and conservation of indigenous forest in Kenya, as expressed in the Draft National Forest Policy. Since National Policy Objec-tives are by definition broad, they have been further refined in this plan to fit the unique local context. In order of priority, the strategic forest management objectives are:

1. To conserve water catchments and enhance the unique biodiversity of the forest.

2. To contribute towards meeting subsis-tence needs and improving the liveli-hoods of forest-adjacent communities.

3. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilization of the forest.

4.1 The planning approachThe strategic management plan for the Ka-kamega Forest Ecosystem has deliberately taken consideration of several important principles during the plan formulation, and that shall guide the plan implementation. These include:

4.1.1 Inclusion of all relevant stakeholdersThe Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is a meet-ing point of diverse and multiple interest groups. All relevant stakeholders (primary, secondary and tertiary) were identified con-sultatively and played key roles during the planning process. Their valuable contribution will guide the plan implementation process.

4.1.2 Gender and youth mainstreamingIn the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem, wom-en are the majority subsistence users of the forest, in terms of collection of firewood and fruits, and engaging in PELIS. Youths in surrounding communities are mostly unem-ployed, thereby eking their livelihood illegally from forest. Their involvement was deliber-ately sought in the planning process. Con-sensus building was used to accommodate the various views and opinions of the diverse stakeholders in the planning process.

4.1.3 Integration of Sound scienceIt was recognized that the long term realiza-tion of the management vision for the Ka-kamega Forest Ecosystem would be firmly based on sound science. Reference was made s made to relevant government docu-ments and scientific data during the plan-ning process. The implementation of the pro-posed management programmes in the plan envisages the need for continuous research, education and monitoring.

4.1.4 Partnerships framework established among stakeholders

Experiences in the Kakamega Forest Eco-system to date suggest that partnership ar-rangements among different government agencies and other groups in civil society can be an effective way to create joint responsi-bility and “ownership” of actions. The need to strengthen Forest Level Management Com-mittee as a tool for coordinating partnerships was recognized. No single body or organi-

Kakamega Forest


zation has the sole right to plan, implement and benefit from actions, and best results will come through collaborative efforts.

4.1.5 Transparency and accountability

Good communication, common vision, and accountability for actions can come only through the use of open and transparent working practices. Civil society today de-mands more accountability, and the advance of communications technology has made it much easier to practise this style of working: both within the government agencies con-cerned, and between the government agen-cies and other stakeholder groups in society.

4.2 The planning processThe plan development and preparation pro-cess had three critical stages that included a reconnaissance survey, visioning workshop, thematic workshop and zonation workshop. In all the stages stakeholders participated.

The reconnaissance survey was carried out in June 2011 in all the forest blocks to fa-cilitate discussions with KFS personnel and select stakeholders to establish the prevail-ing situation on the ground. This was done to avoid duplication of activities where in-formation was already available and thus a cost effective strategy in development of the plans. The specific objectives of the recon-naissance field survey were to: (i) assess the status of the development of the ecosystem management plan against planned activities (ii) establish the availability of documents and data related to development of ecosys-tem forest management plan; and (iii) visits specific areas to familiarize with field condi-tions and the prevailing management issues.

In creating a consensus among stakehold-ers, a visioning workshop was held with the aim to develop a common vision for the ecosystem. The objectives of the workshop was to (a) create an understanding on sta-tus of development of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem management plan (b) develop

a common vision for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem for the next 25 years (c) identify challenges/obstacles to realizing the vision; and (d) develop general strategies for real-izing the vision. The workshop was held on 19-20th December 2011 in Kakamega town at Sheywe Guest House. A total of 37 partici-pants drawn from the various organizations from the counties within Kakamega forest ecosystem attended the workshop.

Following this, a thematic workshop was held from 12-14th June 2012 at the same venue with 39 participants drawn from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), community forest associations (CFAs) and local leaders hailing from the counties within which Kakamega Forest Ecosystem land-scape. Thematic group discussions were held, covering 12 management programmes previously proposed during the visioning workshop. During the group discussions, a brief background information was compiled; and strategies and actions for addressing identified issues agreed and prioritized for each theme. The thematic workshop provid-ed an opportunity to consolidate information sourced from different stakeholders.

In October 2012, the zonation workshop was held at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega. The objective was to define and agree on the zoning criteria and delineate the zones within the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem as informed by the proposed management ob-jectives. Since the zones had been defined in the ten year PFM plan, the plenary checked their consistency with strategic management objectives for adoption.

The above consultations culminated in the production of a zero draft management plan which was reviewed and validated at stake-holders’ workshops in July 2013. Additional comments from the workshops were incor-porated to produce the Final Draft which the LPT presented at grass-root sensitization meetings to their respective communities.


Kakamega Forest

Appendix 2 is a summary of stakeholders analysis outputs held during the thematic workshop that analyzed the interest, impor-tance and influence of each stakeholder; and categorized them either as primary, secondary or tertiary stakeholder. Appendix 3 is the lists of the participants at the various workshops that were held in the course of the planning process.

4.3 ZoningForest zonation provides a framework for guided management of resources in a forest ecosystem on a sustainable basis. During the zonation workshop, criteria for zonation were defined, and while the scheme previ-ously defined in the existing 10 year PFM Plan for Kakamega Forest was more or less adopted, there were few changes proposed to enrich the plan to be consistent with the strategic management objectives. The defi-nition of the identified management zones took cognizance of the respective biophysi-cal potential and socio-economic charac-teristics of the surrounding communities. In the determination of the zones, the following were the general considerations:

Protection zone (nature reserve zone)These are zones accorded high protection status. The zones are characterized by natu-ral forest with low historical disturbance and thus difficult to access to forest resources. The area forms a good representation of lo-cal forest types undisturbed by human activ-ity and is very ideal for research work and acts as a sink or refuge for species.

Core forest zoneThese zones are meant to provide large natural forest areas for protection of vegeta-tion and wildlife. This zone also covers areas where permanent corridors are planned that will be important for forest connectivity.

Potential utilization zoneThese are strategic forest areas that offer a

buffer to the forest reserves, with ease of ac-cess to the forest resources since they are adjacent to the local communities. Signs of heavy disturbances both in the past and in the present are visible: in some areas they are dominated by traditional grazing land and bush land. Most of these areas are currently not utilized for industrial plantation. The main aim for this zone is to enhance sustainable utilization of the forest and contribute to lo-cal livelihoods while protecting the rest of the more intact forest ecosystem. Also parts of these areas can be restored to more pro-ductive tree stands. Some areas in this zone will also promote the protection of the cor-ridors as well as provide grazing areas with minimal forest interference. The promotion of KFS income via possible monocultures and exotics is provided under this zone.

Livelihood Support ZoneThis zone comprises a 2 km buffer form the forest boundary of high priority located on private land and owned by local community. However, the buffer shall be extended up to five kilometers depending on needs as may be deemed necessary by the management. Ideally, this is the area targeted for sustain-able livelihood support programs in order to reduce pressure on the forest and to protect forest biodiversity from utilization pressure. The communities in this buffer zone are the greatest consumers of the forest resources and thus contribute most to forest distur-bance. It is an important zone that will lead to reduction of illegal use of the forest re-sources, improve KWS/KFS-local relations and to protect biodiversity. Since the zone is on private land, the management will ex-tend their mandate to creating awareness of the importance of the forests and biodiver-sity conservation. Within these zones, KWS/KFS will work collaboratively with institutions mandated to prepare physical development plans and action plans in supporting the communities.

Table 3 lists the identified management

Kakamega Forest


zones, criteria used in their identification and possible management options to be em-ployed in the respective zones. In Figure 5 the geographic location of the zones within the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem landscape

is illustrated. These are livelihood support zone, nature reserve zone, eco-tourism and cultural sites/zones, utilization zones, con-servation (core) zone, Nyayo Tea Zone, and excision areas.

Table 3: Kakamega Forest Ecosystem management zones, criteria for their delineation and possible management options

No. Zone Criteria Management Options

1 Livelihood support zone • Householdsdirectlyde-pendent on forest

• Generallywithinabuf-fer of 5km from the forest boundary

• Farmforestry• Livelihoodimprovement

programme

2 Nature Reserve Zone • AllareasdefinedasNature Reserves by Legal Notice

• NaturalRegeneration• Fencing

3 Eco-tourism and cultural sites/zones

• Siteslocatedinsideoroutside the forest and of cultural or eco-tourism significance

• Developmentoffacilitiesand/or infrastructure

• Marketing

4 Utilization zones • Plantationareas• Naturalgladesbeyond

nature reserves and desig-nated conservation (core) zones/areas

• PELIS• Sustainableutilization

5 Conservation (core) Zone • Areasgenerallylocatedbetween two nature reserves (Isecheno N.R. and Kakamega National Reserve; and Isecheno N.R. and Yala N.R.) and in Malava forest block, con-necting the two patches of N.R.

• Instituteandenhancecon-nectivity and by reducing extent of utilization zone between Yala N.R. and Isecheno N.R.; between Isecheno N.R. and Kaka-mega National Reserve; and the area connecting the two patches of N.R. in Malava forest block.

• Enforcenon-consumptiveutilization

• Promoteassistedregener-ation (enrichment planting of indigenous trees)

6 Nyayo Tea Zone • Beretainedonlywhereit is currently established within the 100m buffer along forest boundary

• Keepingto100mbufferbelt• Promotewage-basedliveli-

hood

7 Excision areas • Areasofficiallysetforresettling people

• Speed-uptheconclusionofthe issue


Kakamega Forest

Figure 5: Management zones of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem (Source: BIOTA 2010)

Kakamega Forest


5.0 Management Programmes

The management programmes were derived from the visioning and thematic workshop and their implementation should lead to the achievement of the planned strategic objec-tives. Under each programme is provides a brief background, underlying issues, objec-tives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party. The 12 plan manage-ment programmes as follows:i. Forest conservation ii. Commercial utilization of forest iii. Ecotourismiv. Farm forestryv. Participatory Forest Management vi. Environmental education and aware-

ness, vii. Forest protectionviii. Income generating activities and pay-

ment for ecosystem servicesix. Infrastructure developmentx. Networking and Partnership xi. Research, monitoring and evaluationxii. Resource mobilization

Each of the strategies for the delivery of the management programmes have action points ranked from 1 to 5: rank 1 being the top priority while rank 5 is the least priority.

5.1. Forest conservation

BackgroundThe Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is en-dowed with rich biodiversity, some of which are rare fauna such as monkeys, butterflies, snakes (spitting cobra, puff adder) as well as flora like Maesopsis eminii , Mondia whytei, Prunus africana, Olea capensis.

There are also quite a number of cultural sites of great importance to the local com-munities.

The Forest Ecosystem is of great hydrological importance, contributing large volumes of water to the Rivers Isikhu, Yala and Malobi. The Forest Ecosystem also influences the

rainfall regime/pattern in the region. Despite this importance the Forest Ecosystem is being subjected to a lot of pressure from the high population of the surrounding communities, urbanization and related development.

The Forest Ecosystem has suffered several excisions. A belt of tea under Nyayo Tea Zone was also established in 1994. Out of these pressures for settlement and development, it is likely that the remaining size of the ecosystem is about a third of the original size when the gazettement was done in 1934. Poaching of wild animals especially monkeys and snakes are also rampant in the Kakamega Forest, being attributed to cultural inclination of the surrounding communities. Besides protected forests, the ecosystem has gradually been losing culturally important forests as most are being converted to agricultural land such as the Tiriki Cultural Forest, Shipala near Cheptulu Market, Mungakha Forest in Bunyala.

Many hills like Ikoli Hills, Kakamega Escarpment, Bukhakunga Hills have also remained bare due to deforestation and encroachment by surrounding communities. In some of the rivers, the water volume has gradually gone down due to loss forest cover and encroachment to the riverbanks and wetlands.

Main issues to address • Illegalloggingandcharcoalburning• Forestencroachment• Poachingoffauna• Uncontrolledgrazing• Unsustainableharvestingorextraction

of herbal products• Human-wildlifeconflict• Laxityinenforcementofexistingenvi-

ronmental laws• Management conflict between man-

dated institutions Inadequate environ-mental awareness among local com-munities

• Forestexcisions


Kakamega Forest

• Inadequatemonitoringandevaluation• Lossofbiodiversity• Conversion of high value cultural for-

ests to other land uses e.g. Tiriki Forest

Objective of the forest conservation programme To enhance conservation of biodiversity and increase forest cover

Table 4: Strategies and activities to enhance forest conservation

Strategies Action Responsible organisation/person

Priority

To promote forest rehabilitation programmes

Zone degraded areas in forest KWS, KFS, CFAs i

Recover or reduce land previously excised but not degazetted

KFS, KWS, County Government

1

Promote production of seedlings of high value indigenous tree species for rehabilitation

Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, CFAs

2

Strengthen enforcement and compliance unit for proper law enforcement

KFS, KWS, NEMA, County Government, Nature Kenya

1

Capacity-build local communities on seed collection, handling and nursery management techniques

KFS, KEFRI, CFAs, CBOs 1

Continuously monitor survival and growth performance of planted seedlings

KEFRI, KFS, CFAs, CBOs 2

Identify and map degraded hills, riverbanks and wetlands

County Government, KFS, KWS, WRMA, WRUAs, CFAs

2

Initiate rehabilitation of degraded hills, riverbanks and wetlands

County Government, KFS, CFAs, KWS, WRMA, WRUAs

2

Protect natural regenerations KFS, KWS, CFAs 3

Strengthen conservation of endangered flora and fauna in Kakamega forest

Enhance joint intelligence gath-ering and security patrols

KWS, KFS, CFA 1

Identify trouble-spot areas and initiate forest fencing to reduce illegal activities and human-wild-life conflict

KFS, KWS, NMK, CFA 1

Increase area under nature reserve

Nature Kenya, KFS, MMUST, KWS, NMK

2

Kakamega Forest



Priority

Identification and commercialisation of high value and locally threatened flora in Kakamega forest

KWS, MoALF, KEFRI, KFS, CFAs

2

Promote alternative livelihood NGOs, KEFRI, CFAs, MoA, MoE

1

Adoption of energy saving options such as green energy

NGOs, KEFRI, CFAs, MoA, MoE

1

Promote sustain-able harvesting of forest products

Assess and map the stock of forest products

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, CFAs, NMK

1

Capacity-build harvesters/collectors of forest products on sustainable harvesting methods

KEFRI, KFS, MMUST, Nature Kenya

2

Carry out ESIA/EA NEMA, KFS, KWS, County governments

2

To support activities aiming at increasing forest coverage both in protected and non-protected areas

Increase forest cover through afforestation and reforestation

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, CFA 1

Improve productivity of commercial forest plantations

KFS, CFAs, KEFRI, Private companies

1

Lobby for corporate support in tree planting

Civil Societies, CFAs, KFS, MMUST, KWS, MoA,

2

Initiate regular tree planting events

KFS, NEMA, MoA, KWS, MMUST, CFAs

2

Promote carbon trade KFS, KWS, CFAs 1

5.2. Commercial utilization of forest

Background:There are about 4,307.9 Ha of forest area re-served for plantation forest. Of these about 1,108.3 Ha are backlog areas. Currently, commercial utilization of the Forest Ecosys-tem continues under pre-qualified saw mill-ers with permission from the Director, KFS. Occasionally there are illegal activities such as charcoal burning, poaching of poles and other non-wood forest products e.g. herbs, honey, murram and sand harvesting.

Main issues to address• Population pressurewhich is creating

high demand for forest products• High poverty index (58% in KFE i.e.

Ikolomani-68%, Shinyalu-58%, Hami-si 62% and Kakamega Central-56% against the nation average of 46%).

• Lowlevelofadoptionofforestryinitia-tives

• Highurbanization ratewithin theeco-system creating demand for forest products

• Lowsoilfertilityonfarmlands• Small farm sizes/continuous sub divi-

sion of land


Kakamega Forest

Objective of the commercial utilization programme To maximize sustainable commercial utilization of Kakamega forest ecosystem

Table 5: Strategies and activities to promote the sustainable commercial utilization of the forest


Priority

Maximise productivity of plantations

Improve adoption of high yielding and high quality tree varieties

KFS, KEFRI 1

Enhance sustainable harvesting cycle within the plantation zones

KFS, CBOs 1

Adopt appropriate plantation establishment methods e.g. PELIS

KFS, CBOs 1

Improve efficiency in harvesting plantations and conversion

KFS, CBOs, private sector 2

Utilizing productive potential of indigenous forest

Identify potential products and services from indigenous forest

KFS, MMUST, KWS, KEFRI, NMK, CBOs, NGOs, CFAs

1

Undertake an assessment of sustainable off-take levels

KFS. KWS. KEFRI, NMK, CBOs, NEMA, MMUST

1

Develop and institutionalize mechanisms for monitoring removals

KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NMK, Nature Kenya, CBOs, MMUST

1

5.3. EcotourismBackgroundBefore 1985 tourism was low in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem due to the inadequate awareness of its potential. In the recent past, several sites have been identified for ecotourism activities that include River Isukhu for swimming and boat riding, Tiriki Cultural sites, waterfalls along River Yala, weeping (crying) stones among others. A tourism plan has also been developed for the ecosystem. In the early 1990s, the community awareness on ecotourism started manifesting through tour guiding with support from KIFCON project. Today there are various ecotourism enterprises including tour guiding, bird watching, hotel industries, traditional dancers and bullfighting.

Main issues to address• Low community awareness on eco-

tourism initiatives• Inadequateinfrastructure• LowmarketingoftheWesterntourism

circuit• Inequitable benefit sharing among

stakeholders• Un-tapped domestic tourism opportu-

nities• Pricingofproductsandservices

Objective of the ecotourism programmeTo enhance eco-tourism enterprise manage-ment of Kakamega forest ecosystem

Kakamega Forest


Table 6: Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Kakamega Forest ecosystem


Priority

Identify and develop potential ecotourism sites

Identify and map the potential ecotourism sites

KWS, KFS, CFAs, county govt. 1

Develop the ecotourism sites KWS, KFS, CFAs, county govt. 2

Diversify and enhance Eco-tourism

To diversify eco-tourism products KFS, KWS, CBOs 1

Capacity-building stakeholders to manage ecotourism enterprises

KFS, KWS, Private sector 2

Establish standards of products and services

KWS, KFS, KTB, Private sector, Nature Kenya

1

Value add products and services KWS, KFS, KTB, Private sector, Nature Kenya

1

Enhance marketing of ecotourism products and services

KWS, KFS, KTB, Private sector, Nature Kenya

1

Develop a village-based funding mechanism to be used for local development activities

Nature Kenya, Micro finance Institutions

2

Promote home stay tourism Nature Kenya, CFAs, KWS, Ecotourism Society

3

Promote cultural activities that enrich tourist experience

Community, Private Investors, MoSC&Arts

2

Improve infrastructure network in eco-tourism sites

Developing campsites/tourism facilities in already identified sites

KWS, KFS, CBOs, Nature Kenya, Private Sector

1

Improve road network KWS, KFS, CBOs, KURA, Private Sector

1

Improve communication infrastructure

KWS, KFS, Private Sector 1

Improve security for tourists & infrastructures

KWS, KFS, CBOs, Kenya Police Service

1


Kakamega Forest


Priority

Sensitization and awareness on ecotourism potentials

Promote ecotourism initiatives through Community barazas, workshops, FBOs, Civil Societies, schools, Media houses

KFS, KWS, CBOs, Educational institutions

2

Carry out community field trips & exchange visits

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, CBOs, Private sector

2

5.4. Farm forestry

Background Farm Forestry has been in practice for a long period. Currently, due to population pressure on land, the average farm size per house-hold has significantly reduced to less than 0.5 Ha within the Kakamega Forest adjacent area, resulting to increased competition for respective land uses. The demand for fu-elwood, poles and construction timber has also increased.

Food production has declined with the changing farming practises to cash crops such as tea and sugar cane. This has caused further clearing of trees on farms. Tree plant-ing on farms targeting Eucalyptus species is currently done in woodlots and along farm boundaries for commercial purposes.

Main issues to address • Lack of efficiency in fuel-wood use

(energy conservation)• Poorwoodharvestingandconversion

techniques• Food insecurity (decreased food

production)• Increasedpopulationpressure• Dependencyonafewspecies• Unsustainable farmingpractices lead-

ing to soil degradation• Low adoption of farm forestry

techniques (agro-forestry)• Plantingof inappropriate tree species

along rivers• Dependencyonpublicforest• Culturalbeliefsandcustoms

Objective of the farm forestry programme To improve livelihood and reduce pressure on public forests

Table 7: Strategies and activities to promote farm forestry around Kakamega Forest ecosystem


Priority

Improve on-farm high-value trees

Sensitize local communities on high value tree species and planting techniques

KFS, KEFRI, MoA, CFAs 1

Capacity-build local community on tree nursery management & tree husbandry techniques

KFS, KEFRI, CFAs, NGOs, MoA

1

Kakamega Forest



Priority

Promote domestication of various high value plant species, e.g. Mukobero (Mondia whyteii)

KFS, KEFRI, CFAs, NGOs, MoA

2

Promote at least 10% tree cover as per the government policy

KFS, KEFRI, CBOs, MoA, WRMA

2

Promote planting of suitable tree species alongside tea belt

Improve benefit from on-farm trees

Sensitize local communities on valuation of standing trees

KFS, NGOs, CFAs, County Govts., MoA

1

Improve access to market information on tree products

KFS, MoA, CFAs, KEFRI. KWS, Local media, NGOs

1

Establish and strengthen tree-enterprise based schemes

Ministry of Cooperative, KFS, MoA, CBOs, CFAs

3

Value addition of tree products KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, MoA

4

Initiate farm tourism (agro-tourism)

CFAs, KFS, KWS, NGOs 2

Promote efficient harvesting and processing of tree products

KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, MoA

1

Promote efficient utilization of tree products e.g. sawdust briquetting, use of improved jikos

KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, MoA

1

Encourage formation of woodlot association to improve on marketing

CFAs, NGOs, CBOs, KFS, Dept. Gender & Social Services

3

Sensitize communities to engage in tree enterprise as a business e.g. tree nursery production,

2

Adopt improved farming practices

Create awareness among communities on appropriate farming practices

MoA, KFS, County Govts, CFAs, NGOs

1

Establish on farm demonstration plots

MoA, KFS, CFAs 2

Training of Trainers using model farmers, FFS

KFS, MoA, NGOs, KEFRI 2

Planting suitable species along river banks

KFS, MoA, NGOs, KEFRI 1


Kakamega Forest

5.5. Participatory forest management

BackgroundPFM was started in the Kakamega Forest in 2005 to bring on board the neighbouring community into the management of the Forest. This led to the formation of the CFAs were formed to support the management. The respective CFAs were registered as follows: Muileshi 2007, Bunyala 2008, Kibiri 2008 and Malava 2008. Other CBOs have also been formed in the ecosystem to cater for other needs e.g. WRUAs for the water conservation aspects as provided under the Water Act 2003. The Muileshi CFA has PFM Plan for its forest area signed by KFS. This plan has guided their engagement in forest management, while the other three CFAs

are yet to have plans for their respective forest areas.

Main issues to address• PFMisattheformativestageswithre-

gards to CFAs engagement • Lackofcleararrangementoncostand

benefit sharing mechanism• Lackofjointforestmanagementcoor-

dination forum• Absence of management agreement

among stakeholders• ConflictamongstCBOs,CFAs

Objective of the PFM programmeTo enhance participatory forest management for improved conservation and better livelihood of the adjacent forest communities

Table 8: Strategies and activities to promote participatory forest management in the Kakamega Forest ecosystem


Priority

Establish PFM engagement process.

Sensitize stakeholders on PFM Process

KFS, NEMA, NK, KWS, Provincial Administration

1

Capacity building of CFAs KFS, NGOs, NK, CDTF 2

Create stakeholders’ forum in the Kakamega ecosystem.

KWS, KEFRI, NK and KFS

5

Provide incentives to the forest adjacent communities

Build capacity in resources mobilization among the local communities.

KFS, NK, KWS, CDTF 1

Lobby for formalization of increased benefit from the forest ecosystem

NGOs, CBOs, CFAs 1

Value addition and standardization

KEBS, CFAs, ICIPE 3

Improve access to markets. NGOs, CFAs, 3

Promote increased funding for PFM.

Training community in proposal writing.

NK, NGOs, INSTITUTIONS 1

Kakamega Forest



Priority

Linking community with development partners

NGOs, NK 2

Improve PFM Governance among community.

Improve coordination on PFM activities

KFS, CFAs 2

Improve accountability and transparency

CFAs, KFS and KWS 1

Institutionalize gender mainstreaming

CFAs, 1

Institutionalization of ethics in PFM implementation

CFAs, KFS, NEMA 1

5.6. Environmental education and awareness

Background The level of education around the Kakamega Ecosystem/landscape is high with more than 50% of the population having basic educa-tion. In addition, there are several on-going environmental education and awareness programs within the Ecosystem. Among the conservation partners mandated to manage parts of the Ecosystem, KWS runs an Edu-cation and Awareness Department.

Another partner with education and awareness actions is the Kakamega Environment and Education Program (KEEP), a CBO established in 1995 and registered in 1999 through the Ministry of Gender, Culture and Social Services. The organization operates around Kakamega Forest and has five fully operational and well established branches. Other organisations conducting environmental education and awareness are Kakamega Forest Guides Association (KAFOGA), village conservation groups established by KIFCON in 1989,

Goibei Girls, Kakamega Rainforest Tour Guides, KFS, KEFRI, NEMA, and Ministry of Agriculture. In addition, institutes of higher learning such as University of Eastern Africa Baraton; Moi University; Egerton University; Kenyatta University; the University of Nairobi and Maseno University are close collaborators with KEEP. The Center for Kakamega Tropical Rain Forest Studies is continuing to strengthen its ties with the community around the Kakamega Forest via KEEP. There is need to upscale the activities of these organisations for wider public reach.

Main issues to address• Lowlevelsofenvironmentaleducation• Poor packaging of environmental

information• Low awareness of the existence and

importance of cultural sites

Objective of the environmental education and awareness programmeTo enhance capacity building in environmen-tal conservation


Kakamega Forest

Table 9: Strategies and activities to enhance environmental education and awareness


Priority

Create environmental awareness in conservation

Harmonize environmental information among service providers

NEMA, MoA, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, CBOs, NGOs, Media Houses

1

Sensitize stakeholders on the value of environmental relevant policies & legislations

NEMA, MoA, KFS, KWS, CBOs, NGOs, MoE, Media houses

2

Enhance conservation education NEMA, MoA, KFS, KWS, CBOs, NGOs, MoE

2

Monitor the impact of environmental education

NEMA, KFS, KWS, KEFRI 2

Enhance environmental education on cultural forests

2

Strengthen environmental education

Develop environmental education curriculum for specific target group

KFS, NEMA, MoE 2

Mainstream environmental education at all levels of education

MoE, KFS, MEDIA 2

Use of local print and electronic media in promoting Environmental Education

Media houses 3

Enforcement of existing environmental policies and laws

NEMA, KFS, Min. of Agric., Min. of WaterMoE

1

Rewarding groups and other organizations working towards environmental. conservation

NEMA, KFS, Min. of Agric., Min. of WaterMoE

3

Enhance informationdissemination

Establish and support resource centres

CFAs, NGOs, NK, KFS 1

Develop user friendly information packages/tools for specific target groups

CFAs, Min. of Education, Media, KEFRI, Tea and Sugar factories, hotels

1

Establish and enhance the existing demonstration sites, on-farm and in PAs

NGOs, MoA, KEFRI, KFS, KWS

1

Tour and exchange visits NGOs 2

Kakamega Forest


5.7. Forest protection

BackgroundVarious actors are engaged in the protection of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem natural resources. At the grass roots are the stake-holders’ personnel such as KFS Ranges, KWS Rangers and community rangers/scouts. With respect to fire management, the whole ecosystem has insufficient fire monitoring facilities, with only two observa-tion towers in the Kakamega Forest, namely Lirhanda hills and Buyangu hills, both sup-plemented by a tower in Kakamega forest station. The other forests fragments do not have such facilities. The few fire-breaks are poorly maintained.

All forest stations have inadequate forest protection equipment and vehicles. Only two stations have vehicles that are in poor me-chanical condition. Communication equip-ment such as radio calls, walkie-talkies are lacking. The number of joint patrols is low but in all forest stations the working relations are good cordial among the partners. There has

been little surveillance of pest and disease in the ecosystem.

Main issues to address• Little awareness of fire detection and

fighting techniques• Inadequateoffirefightingequipment• Unmaintainedfirebreaks• Inadequatejointpatrols• Inadequateempowermentforcommu-

nity scouts• Forestencroachment/excisionand re-

alignment of forest boundaries• Inadequatemotivation/incentivetofor-

est adjacent communities• Politicalinterference• Inadequatepatrolstaffi.e.rangers• Ineffective mechanisms for resolving

human-wildlife conflicts• Forestpestanddiseases

Objective of the forest protection programmeTo improve the protection of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Table 10: Strategies and activities to enhance protection of Kakamega Forest ecosystem


Priority

Strengthen fire prevention, detection and suppression

Sensitize and create awareness on dangers of forest fires

KWS, KFS, CFA, KEFRI, NEMA

1

Capacity-build local communities in fire fighting skills

KEFRI, KFS, KWS, Nature Kenya, County Government

2

Modernise fire fighting equipment and train the staff on their use

Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, County Government

2

Increase fire observation towers across all forest blocks/observation points

KFS, KWS, Nature Kenya 2

Increase and maintain fire breaks KFS, KWS, CFAs 3


Kakamega Forest


Priority

Decentralise fire fighting units KWS, KFS 3

Strengthen co-operation between adjacent communities and forest managers

Intensify joint patrols and information gathering

KWS, KFS, CFA 1

Increase collaborations between KFS and KWS and the adjacent communities

KFS, KWS, CFAs 2

Formalize involvement of community scouts by giving them identification

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, CFAs

1

Establish a mechanism for rewarding community participation in forest protection

KFS, KWS,NEMA, Nature Kenya

2

To modernise and improve existing infrastructure and facilities

Procure modern communication equipment

KWS, KFS, Nature Kenya, County Government

1

Procure adequate and appropriate vehicles for each forest station

KFS, KWS, County Government

1

Extend and improve on existing road networks

KFS, KWS, County Government, KeRRA

2

Rehabilitate existing staff houses and offices

KFS, KWS, County Government, Nature Kenya

1

Construct controlled forest entry/exit points

KFS,KWS, Nature Kenya 2

Minimize wildlife/ human conflict

Identify trouble spot areas and fence

KWS, KFS, CFAs 1

Manage wildlife outside protected areas

KWS, CFAs 1

Minimize effects of forest pest and diseases

Initiate constant surveillance on pest and diseases

KFS, KEFRI, KWS, MMUST 2

Strengthen research on pest and diseases

KFS, KEFRI, KWS, MMUST 2

Kakamega Forest



Priority

Carry out management interven-tion of diseases and pests

KFS, KEFRI, Community 3

Strengthen and enforce implementation of legislation

Enforce zero tolerance to corruption

KWS, KFS, Community 1

Lobby for harmonisation relevant policies among stakeholders

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS CFAs, NEMA

2

Educate and create awareness on existing legal framework

KFS, KWS, Nature Kenya, NEMA, MoA, WARMA

2

5.8. Income generating activities & payment for ecosystem services

BackgroundIn the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem there are a number of organized groups and individual farmers engaged in income generating ac-tivities. Some of the groups include: KEEP with eco-tourism compatible activities such as bandas, butterfly farming, tour guiding, silkworm, snake park, reptiles, and commer-cial enterprise in briquetting and a medicinal rub from Mondia whyteii; KAFOGA on tour guiding; Muliru Self Help Group in process-ing; IFECO Action group in processing and value addition in fruits, wine making, extrac-tion of propolis for medication, solar drying of fruit and vegetable, tree seedlings; Malava CFA in fish farming, poultry-NRM, tree seed-lings, PELIS; Bunyala CFA in PELIS, tree seedling; Muilleshi CFA in PELIS, Carbon trade project-afforestation, stoves for life; and Kibiri CFA in fish farming, tree nursery.

In the Northern side of the Kakamega Forest (Buyangu) the groups include KEEP branch engaged in tree nursery, bee keeping; KA-FOGA in tour guiding; and ICIPE assists the local groups in value addition and marketing of honey and silk.

The Kaimosi Rural Service Program trains the forest adjacent communities on tree nursery establishment and energy saving

devices e.g. energy saving jikos, kuni mbili, ceramic jikos. Other institutions involved in capacity building in NBEs are NK, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NEMA, ICIPE, FAN, ECO2, LBDA, Isiekuti Organic farming youth group engages in farmer to farmer training dairy cattle farming under zero grazing has been provided by Green Zones Support project (KFS) in Kibiri (Muungano FFS). These ac-tivities are geared towards reducing pres-sure on the forest resources from extractive utilization and promote the conservation of the ecosystem.

Main issues to address• Conflictwithingroup• Inadequatefinance• Inadequatevalueaddition• LowcapacityinIGAs• Poormarketaccess• Poorgovernance• Un-favourablegovernmentpolicies• Negativeattitude/culturalbeliefs(local

community against establishment of snake park)

• InsecurityforestablishedIGAs• Lackofproductcertification• Governmentbureaucracy• Lackofbusinessplans

Objective of the management programmeTo enhance conservation-based incentives to improve livelihood of forest-adjacent com-munities


Kakamega Forest

Table 11: Strategies and activities to promote income generating activities and payment for ecosystem services


Priority

To diversify and strengthen nature-based enterprises

To diversify NBEs e.g. mushroom, Aloe farming

NK, ICIPE, KFS,KWS, KEFRI, LBDA, NEMA, MoA, CBOs

1

Capacity building on IGAs NGOs, CBOs, ICIPE, KFS,KWS, KEFRI, LBDA, NEMA, MoA

1

Value-adding and standardization (honey, fruits, medicine, wine)

KEBS, KIPR, KEMRI, KFS, KWS, CBOs, Hotel

2

Create and sustain market Min. of Cooperative Dev. & Markt., Min. of Agric., KEFRI, KWS, KTB

2

Create/develop business plans Min. of Cooperative Dev. & Markt., Min. of Agric., KEFRI, KWS, KTB, NK

2

Capacity build the CFAs KEFRI, KFS, KWS, KTB, NK 2

Develop credit schemes Min. of Cooperative Dev. & Markt., Min. of Agric.,

3

Exchange visits to success sites NGOs, CFAs, CBOs 1

To promote payment for ecosystem services on conservation based activities

Develop a framework for PES KFS, WRMA, KEFRI, NEMA, KWS, NGOs, CFAs

1

In-built legal mechanisms to support PES

KFS, WRMA, KEFRI, NEMA, KWS, CFAs, NGOs, County govt.

1

To pilot PES , e.g. carbon, water, eco-tourism, biodiversity prospecting, energy

KFS, WRMA, KEFRI, NEMA, KWS, LVNWSB, CFAs, NGOs

1

Develop framework for carbon market

KFS, KEFRI, ECO2, CFAs, 2

Kakamega Forest



Priority

Develop framework for bio-fuel initiatives

KFS, KEFRI, ICIPE, NGOs, MMUST

2

Sensitization on PES NK, NGOs, MMUST, CFAs 1

Valuation of environmental ser-vices

KFS, KEFRI, NEMA, Min. of Agric, ICIPE, NGOs, MMUST, CFAs

2

Enhance information dissemination on IGAs

Production of user-friendly awareness creation material (brochures, pamphlets)

NGOs, CFAs, KWS, KEFRI, KFS

3

Set up demonstration sites on-farm and PAS

KFS, KWS, KEFRI, CFAs 2

Sensitization of stakeholders on alternative IGAs

KFS, KWS, KEFRI, CFAs 2

5.9. Infrastructure development

BackgroundThere are a number of facilities within Kakamega Forest Ecosystem ranging from offices, staff housing, road networks, nature trails, bridges, gates, watch towers & communication facilities. Infrastructure development varies of status and distribution depended on the KFS and KWS who are the key managers. Infrastructure such as roads; buildings need to be maintained & new ones established. Communication facilities and computers are required in most of the offices, especially by KFS. Electricity & water is vital in the offices & staff houses for the work effectiveness especially with move to digital work platforms in institutions. Having road works equipments within at the Forest Ecosystem that can be shared by partners

could be most appropriate for maintenance of the roads network.

Main issues to address • Inadequatecommunicationequipment

and network • Inadequateofficespaceforkeyplayers• Poorroadconditions• Inadequaterangers’outposts• Lackofbridgestoconnectforestblocks• Inadequateresourcecenters• Inadequatetouristfacilities• Poorhousingforforestguards• Lackofelectricity• Inadequatewatersupply

Objective of the infrastructure development programmeTo rehabilitate, establish and maintain adequate infrastructure for the Ecosystem management.

Table 12: Strategies and activities for infrastructure development and maintenance


Priority

Improve and increase the existing road network and man entry points to the forest

Upgrade road condition within the ecosystem

KWS, KFS, public works, county government

1


Kakamega Forest


Priority

Carry out regular surveys of road conditions to ensure that maintenance efforts are properly targeted and prioritized

KFS, KWS, CFAs 1

Construct more controlled forest entry/exit points

KFS, KWS, CFA & County Government

2

Mobilise resources to maintain road network & establish new ones

KFS, KWS, CFAs 1

Maintain and increase the nature trails and observation towers

Establish & maintain the existing nature trails

KWS, KFS, CFA 1

Construct & maintain observation towers

KFS, KWS, CFAs 2

Put signage in all the nature trails KFS, KWS, CFAs, 1

Install the electricity & improve existing water supply,

Install the electricity in the offices & staff housing

Kenya Power 1

Supply water to the staff houses Lake Victoria North Water Services, KFS, KWS, County Government

1

Promotion of rain water harvesting

KFS, KWS, CFAs, NGOs 2

Improve and maintain housing facilities

Rehabilitate existing staff houses and offices

KWS, KFS 1

Mobilise resources to maintain & construct new houses

KFS, KWS 1

Rationalise and Construct ranger’s Outpost

KFS, KWS 1

Kakamega Forest


5.10. Networking and partnership

BackgroundThere is no formal coordinating unit that brings all the stakeholders together. As a result the existing informal coordination is often weak and operates on goodwill basis. At times actors undertake various projects/activities without reference to activities be-ing carried by others. This normally leads to duplication of efforts and waste of re-sources. However, there is some networking amongst some stakeholders and develop-ment partners. Project priorities are at times

influenced by development agencies without regard to local needs.

Main issues to address• Duplicationofefforts• Lackofdatabaseofprojects/activities

undertaken• LackofacoordinatingForum

Objective of management programmeStrengthen partnerships and networking among stakeholders and development partners

Table 13: Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders


Priority

Enhance coordination and partnership among stakeholders

Sensitize stakeholders on the need to work together

KFS, CFAs, KWS, County Govts, NGOs

1

Establish a Coordinating forum All stakeholders 1

Develop guidelines and frameworks on coordination and partnership

All stakeholders 2

Lobby for legalization of the developed guideline and forum

NGOs and all others stakeholders

3

Establish database management

Mobilize resources to facilitate the development of a database

Coordinating forum 1

Establish a Resource Centre Coordinating forum 1

Collect & store information from among the stakeholders and development partners


Develop protocols on data sharing among stakeholders



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5.11. Research, monitoring & evaluation

BackgroundThere are research activities that are ongo-ing but there is no joint coordination of ac-tions at the moment e.g. University of Co-lombia, BIOTA, NMK, KEFRI, ICRAF, local universities. Data generated from different research activities is not freely and readily available to inform management decision making. The areas of research that would contribute most to management decisions are not given proper priority e.g. restoration/ rehabilitation, improving yield of indigenous species, PFM (including community in es-tablishment, policing). Research is mainly skewed towards Kakamega main forest block

leaving out most of the other fragments e.g. Bunyala, Malava & Kibiri.

Main issues to address• No joint coordination of ongoing re-

search • Nojointcoordinationofmonitoring• Researchfindingsnotreadilyavailable

to all stakeholders • Research activity not spread to other

forest fragments e.g. Bunyala, Malava & Kibiri

Objective of the management programme To mainstream and strengthen participatory research, monitoring and evaluation for im-proved sustainable conservation of Kaka-mega forest ecosystem

Table 14: Strategies and activities to improve generation of knowledge on the Kakamega Forest ecosystem


Priority

To coordinate research activities

Establish research coordination unit with a clear ToR

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, CFAs 1

Enhance Research protocol NMK, KEFRI, KWS, KFS, NEMA, KARI, MMUST

1

To strengthen biodiversity information center to improve databank warehousing

Capacity-building Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, Universities, KWS, MoA, County governments

1

Data banking and warehousing Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, Universities, KWS, MoA, County governments

1

To enhance dissemination of research findings

To identify and sensitize of stakeholders on on-going researches

MoA, Min. of Gender and Youth, KFS, KWS, Universities, KEFRI, County Government, NEMA

2

To establish demonstration sites, on-farm, on-station and in protected areas (PAs)

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, KARI, Universities, MoA

1

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Priority

To package research findings on specific targets on a user-friendly packaging manner of information for specific targets e.g. flyers, pictorials, brochures

KARI, KEFRI, MMUST, KWS, KFS, NGOs, Ministry of Information, Media houses

3

Enhance participatory monitoring and evaluation

To establish a participatory M&E Unit with a clear ToR

KFS, KWS, CFAs 1

To build capacity of the established new Unit (M&E)

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, Universities

1

To develop corrective mechanisms for non-conformity

M & E Unit 2

To improve facilities and infrastructure for M&E Unit

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, County Government, NEMA

3

To create awareness of and enhance EIA and audits

NEMA, KFS, KWS 1

To develop monitoring and evaluation indicators and procedures

KFS, KWS, CFAs 1

To promote community-based monitoring/evaluation

M & E Unit 2

To prioritize research activities within Kakamega Forest Ecosystem (KFE)

To evaluate the research needs/requirements of KFE

MMUST, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NMK, CFAs

1

To intensify research within KFE Research Coordination Unit, KARI, Universities, KEFRI, KWS, KFS

2

To incorporate emerging R & D themes in research programs

Researchers, Research Coordination Unit, KARI, KEFRI, KWS, KFS

2

5.12. Resource mobilization

Background There are a number of NGOs, government institutions, donor and private sector involved in the conservation of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. Over the past two decades the actors have included: KIFCON (1988-1994 indigenous forest conservation and poverty eradication), ICIPE (establishment

of honey and Mondia tonic processing plant and provision of beehives), Forest Action Network, ACTS-Kenya, FORD Foundation; MacArthur Foundation, BioVision, Pittsburg Zoo, UNDP, USAID, Danish International Development Agency, Swedish International Development Agency, KWS, WKCD/FMP, Finnish International Development Agency, Japan International Cooperation Agency FAN (advocacy and capacity building and tree planting), BIOTA worked in the forest for 10


Kakamega Forest

years. PACT-Kenya (carbon offset project), FORD foundation (environmental education and research), Marc-Urther foundation (land for ocimum and research dormitories processing plant), Bio Vision (processing of the nature rub), Pittsburg Zoo (resource centre), UNDP/NK (bandas, watchtower and gift shops), DANIDA/NK (capacity building, natural forest rehabilitation and biodiversity) SIDA, KWS, WKCD/FMP, FINIDA, JICA.

The Kenya government through KFS, KWS and NEMA are also involved in conservation activities in the ecosystem. The CFAs established in the ecosystem are also involved in forest protection, tree nursery establishment, tree planting excursions and awareness creation mainly as in kind contribution or volunteerism.

Main issues to address• Inadequate skills on proposal writing,

financial management and group dynamics

• Uncoordinateddistributionofresources• Inadequate accountability and trans-

parency• Duplicationofactivities• Unsustainability of donor funded

projects• Conflictingdonorinterest• Lobbyforestablishmentoffundcoordi-

nation unit• InadequateallocationfromGoKfunds

Objective of management programmeTo enhance resource-sustainability for conservation activities

Table 15: Strategies and activities to mobilize resources and build capacity among stakeholders


Priority

Carry out resource matrix in the ecosystem

Resource identification All stakeholders 1

Resource utilization All stakeholders 1

Lobby for increased resource allocation from the Government of Kenya (GoK)

Include environmental activities in County budget

County Govt., NEMA,KFS,KWS,WRMA

1

Mainstream activities in the management plan in the work-plans of relevant sectors

KFS,KWS,CFA/CBOs, WRMA and NEMA

2

Promote inter-sectoral collaboration

CFCC(expected), KFS,KWS,NEMA

1

Explore payment for environmental services in support conservation activities

NEMA, KFS, KWS, WRMA, MoA, LVBDA

1

Partner with private sector in conservation

Sensitize the private sector in the importance of conservation

NK, NGOs, KFS, KWS, NEMA, CFAs, county govt.

2

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Priority

Develop mechanisms for their involvement in conservation

NK, NGOs, KFS, KWS, NEMA, CFAs, County Government

2

Promote revolving funds in conservation

KFS, KWS, WRMA, NEMA, LBDA, MEDIA, Tertiary learning Institutions and Private sector

3

Collaborate with local and international partners

Market Kakamega ecosystem management plan to development partners

CBOs, CFAs, NGOs, Media, KFS, KWS, KEFRI

1

Develop proposals for funding in various activities

KFS, KWS, NEMA, LBDA, WRMA, CBOs, CFAs, NGOs, WRUAs, Tertiary learning Institutions and Private sector

2

Implement and monitor conservation proposals

KFS, KWS, NEMA, LBDA, WRMA, CBOs, CFAs, NGOs, WRUAs, Tertiary learning Institutions and Private sector

2

Lobby for tax relief on conservation work

Seek tax waivers on land rates and incentives that reduce capital investment required

KFS, NEMA 1

Strengthen the capacity of CFAs in proposal writing

Capacity build the CFAs in proposal writing skills

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, County Govt.

2

Develop proposals for funding in various activities

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA

2

Resource mapping Identify and map all the resources within the ecosystem


1

Enhance adequate human resource

Capacity build the community CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, County Govt.

2

Develop mechanisms to ensure proper resource utilization


2

Establish MoU among partners

Negotiate roles and responsibilities and develop a framework for joint operations


4


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5.13. Threats and mitigation measures

Table 16: Threats and their possible mitigation

Threat Mitigation Measures

Population increase Family planning education

High cost of living, including inflation Introduction of IGAs and diversification

Fear of unknown Awareness programs

Possible intimidation by illegal loggers/poachers on CFAs, managers, other stakeholders

Employment of more forest rangers & involving poachers/ loggers in the community scouting;Enhance environmental education

Global economic recession Self sustenance especially on food & promotion of domestic tourism; Promotion of local tourism

Urban development Controlled planning & diversification of energy technology

Political instability & lack of political goodwill Promote good governance & awareness on the importance of the ecosystem

Disasters like fire, floods, landslides, el-nino, la-nina

Develop disaster response strategies and promote awareness

High Poverty levels Micro finance the very poor & vulnerable

Develop cottage industries – Honey processing, silk processing, basketry, pottery, wildlife utilization

Improve on food security

Establish village banks & introduce revolving fund approach

Subsidize farm input to the poor

6.0 Governance 6.1 StakeholdersA rapid stakeholders’ analysis was conducted in identification of stakeholders critical to the effective co-management of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. A stakeholder was defined as any individual, group, or institution who has a vested interest in the natural resources of the project area and/or who potentially will be affected by project activities and have something to gain or lose if conditions change or stay the same.

The goal of the stakeholders’ analysis was two-fold:

• Todevelopastrategicviewofthehu-man and institutional landscape, and the relationships between the different stakeholders and the issues they care about most, and

• To identify all primary and secondarystakeholders who have a vested inter-est in the issues with which the project is concerned

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Stakeholder’s identification was carried out in a workshop setting and as brainstorm-ing activities, where participants listed all potential stakeholders, being guided by the definition of the concept. Implementation of the second activity employed a matrix form ranking the respective membership of each stakeholder for purpose of categorizing the stakeholders into classes. Stakeholders were categorized based on their affinity to the three criteria namely their interest(s), their importance and their influence.

The stakeholders’ were put into three catego-ries/classes. These were: primary, second-ary and tertiary. Primary stakeholders, who were the main actors in plan development process, are also expected to play the great-est and direct roles during the implementa-tion of the management programmes. This is based either on their legal mandate or their direct livelihood dependence. They include

KFS, KWS, CFAs, among others. Secondary stakeholders are also key actor but essen-tially play an indirect role in the process. Ter-tiary stakeholders are those perceived to be potentially affected either positively or nega-tively by the activities. The profile of some of some these stakeholders are captured in Appendix 2.

6.2 Governance FrameworkIt is expected that during the implementation phase of this strategic management plan, allocation of responsibilities captured in the management programmes will make use of the output of stakeholders’ analysis, for pur-pose of ensuring that activities are allocat-ed in tandem with such profiling. Here, we present a proposed governance framework that will serve to harmonize the roles and re-sponsibilities of the multiple stakeholders as seen in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Governance structure for the implementation of the plan


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References

G. Schuab, B. Khayota, G, Eilu and W. Wagele (2010). The BIOATA East Africa Atlas. Rainforest Change over time. BIOTA East Africa

Holstein et al. (2010) A Short Guide to Kakamega Forest. BIOTA East Africa

KIFCON (1994). Kakmega Forest survey reports. Unpublished Reports.

KNBS (2010). The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume 1A Population Distribution by Administrative Units. August 2010.

Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Management Plan. (2010 - 2020) (November 2010 Edition) by KFE Manager, KFE stakeholder, KWS Biodiversity Planning Department, KFP Planning Department

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Mapping of cultural forests in Kakamega and Vihiga counties and part of the Kakamega forest landscape

ID NAME LAT LONG Y_PROJ X_PROJ

1 Kaptechi CF 0.1575 34.8241 17421.5369 703005.5437

2 Kaptechi Kapkorosi 0.1638 34.8254 18110.3391 703150.7395

3 Muhudu CF 0.1639 34.8352 18122.2024 704247.8766

4 Mulundu Mkt CF 0.1401 34.8355 15494.4397 704283.3745

5 Mulundu Mkt Dancing Field 0.1399 34.8358 15471.3612 704310.7462

6 Walukalia CF 0.1391 34.8501 15382.9820 705908.8314

7 Siekuti CF 0.1692 34.8559 18706.7034 706552.7760

8 Siekuti B CF 0.1602 34.8594 17711.1005 706938.2272

9 Bulukhombe CF 0.1558 34.8458 17224.0618 705421.3723

10 Makuchi CF 0.1524 34.8581 16856.9934 706799.4543

11 Shaviringa CF 0.1384 34.8665 15306.3280 707730.0746

12 Voita CF 0.1464 34.8670 16195.6839 707787.7393

13 Siekuti Dancing Field 0.1624 34.8493 17958.5562 705819.3169

14 Shaviringa B CF 0.1420 34.8756 15704.8121 708747.5322

15 Musasa CF 0.1353 34.8823 14965.1991 709487.3657

16 Shiiru Dancing field 0.1545 34.9150 17081.3387 713135.2318

17 Shiiru CF 0.1532 34.9104 16939.5591 712623.4405

18 Musurkha CF 0.1159 34.8544 12821.5389 706388.6261

19 Wasakwa CF 0.0898 34.8495 9935.2590 705842.1626

20 Kamunono CF 0.0982 34.8550 10862.5182 706449.8879

21 Shamakhokho CF 0.1093 34.8373 12081.8996 704481.0169

*LAT and LONG are in decimal degrees while Y_PROJ and X_PROJ are in UTM

Observations/Comments1. Three sites were not mapped: Kavuteini located in Hamisi area was too far; the location of

Iyoongo Mukavayi and Wakasoni Mukavayi were unknown to the community assistants.2. Identification of the listed cultural forests was difficult because an area had several

cultural forests and the parcel numbers offered little assistance as none of the assistants from the community recognized the numbers. And so, they recommended that the village name and the name of the caretaker should be added to the list to ease recognition of the sites.

3. There are several cultural forests which had title deeds and were missing from the list. He hoped that they would be included before the management plans were developed.


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Appendix 2: Categories and ranking of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem stakeholders

Stakeholders Interest score

Importance score

Influence score

Average Score

Overall Category

Government Departments and agencies

Kenya Forest Service 9 10 10 10 P

Kenya Wildlife Service 10 10 10 10 P

National Environment Management Authority

4 10 10 8 P

Kenya Forestry Research Institute

8 10 7 8 P

Ministry of Agriculture 6 8 7 7 P

Agricultural Society of Kenya 1 1 1 1 T

Ministry of Planning & National Development &Vision 2030

7 10 10 9 P

County Government 5 10 10 8 P

Water Resources Management Authority

3 7 7 6 S

Dept. of Social Services 5 8 5 6 S

National Museums of Kenya 6 7 7 7 P

Lake Basin Development Authority

5 5 7 6 S

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

8 6 7 7 P

Dep of Mine & Geology 1 5 3 3 T

Min of Energy 3 4 3 3 T

Min of Forestry & Wildlife 2 10 10 7 P

Min of Tourism 2 2 4 3 T

Min of Envir. & Mineral Resources

2 10 10 7 P

NGOs

Nature Kenya 10 10 9 10 P

Forest Action Network 6 5 1 4 T

Winrock International 5 2 1 3 T

ICIPE 8 5 4 6 S

Wildlife Clubs of Kenya 5 4 1 3 T

Resource Project 5 4 2 4 T

East African Wildlife Society 4 3 3 3 T

Rural Enterprise 4 1 1 2 T

KAMADEP 2 1 1 1 T

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Stakeholders Interest score

Importance score

Influence score

Average Score

Overall Category

Community and faith-based organizations

Muileshi CFA 10 10 10 10 P

Malava CFA 10 10 10 10 P

Kibiri CFA 10 10 10 10 P

Bunyala CFA 10 10 10 10 P

Kakamega Forest Guide Association 10 10 8 9 P

Tiriki Cultural Forrest 10 10 8 9 P

Faith-based-Kaimosi 10 10 8 9 P

Private Sector

Ecolibrium 8 9 5 7 P

Media 6 5 6 6 S

Sugar companies 5 4 7 5 S

Hotels 8 7 6 7 P

Tea companies 8 8 7 8 P

Timber companies 9 9 8 9 P

Seed companies 9 10 8 9 P

Learning Institutions

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

10 10 8 9 P

Moi University 10 10 8 9 P

Baraton University 8 6 5 6 S

Maseno University 5 5 4 5 S

Kenya Forestry College, Londiani 10 10 9 10 P

Friends University, Kaimosi 5 7 4 5 S

Baraka college 1 1 1 1 T

KWS Training College 10 10 8 9 P

Bukura College of Agriculture 5 6 5 5 S

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

3 4 3 3 T

Community

Adjacent schools 10 10 6 9 P

Community Based Organisations 10 10 8 9 P

Farmers 10 10 8 9 P

Faith Based Organisations 8 7 5 7 P

KEEP 10 10 8 9 P

Western tree planters association 6 5 3 5 T

Development partners

CDTF -CEF 8 10 8 9 P

GEF-UNDP 10 10 10 10 P

Mac Arthur Foundation 6 5 3 5 T

UNEP 10 10 10 10 P


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Appendix 3: List of participants in planning workshops

Participants of Visioning Workshop held on 19-20th December 2011 at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega

# Name Organization Address Tel # Email address

1 Leonard Muhang’a NK 2731, Kakamega 0724202393 [email protected]

2 Isaac Mutanyi WRMA/LVNCA 774, Kakamega 0700507604 [email protected]

3 Johnson A. Mayabi CFA-Kibiri 204, Tiriki 0718923064

4 Nixon Safita KAFOGA 879, Kakamega 0716294939 [email protected]

5 Stephen Kiama KEFRI 13953, Nairobi 0714048573 [email protected]

6 Jennifer Adero NK 1233, Kakamega 0722630535 [email protected]

7 Dr. Tsingalia MMUST 190, Lubao 0732628258 [email protected]

8 Humphrey Isiye Mission F. Kakamega 35, Tiriki 0700635629 [email protected]

9 Mwai Muraguri KFS 1233, Kakamega 0722676627 [email protected]

10 Julius M Luvayo CFA-Kibiri 132, Tiriki 0722481309 [email protected]

11 Stanley Chiveti CFA-Malava 33, Malava 0723677047 [email protected]

12 Clement Mmaitsi CFA-Kibiri 132, Tiriki 0738526530 [email protected]

13 Victor Otieno KEFRI-HQ 20412, Nairobi 0721593953 [email protected]

14 Mary Shimwenyi CFA-Malava 33, Malava 0718087807 [email protected]

15 James Maua KEFRI-Kakamega 1901, Kakamega 0721601497 [email protected]

16 James Shihuma CFA-Malava 1085, Webuye 0713156189

17 Mambili S. Lutiali CFA-Muilesshi 1233, Kakamega 0724205777 [email protected]

18 Alfred Mulamba Kakamega CC 36, Kakamega 0723125633 [email protected]

19 Pauline Okode KWS 879, Kakamega 0719108614 [email protected]

20 Wellington Mahelo KFS-Hamisi 781, Maragoli 0714883890 [email protected]

21 Kennedy S. Azenga MoA 110, Shinyalu 0729716342 [email protected]

22 Benjamin Okalo KEEP 11, Shinyalu 0735610095 [email protected]

23 Laban Adero NEMA 499, Kakamega 0723308155 [email protected]

24 Patrick W. Erima CFA-Bunyala 28, Nambacha 0726495708 [email protected]

25 James M. Kimondo KEFRI-HQ 20412, Nairobi 0722630487 [email protected]

26 Newton Lime DDO-Rep 1383, Vihiga 0726958316 [email protected]

27 Benard Lugohe NEMA-Vihiga 785, Vihiga 0727086696 [email protected]

28 Cllr. Jackson Musoga Vihiga CC 246, Tiriki 0721327659

29 Joram K. Kagombe KEFRI-HQ 20412, Nairobi 0733809949 [email protected]

30 Joel Siele NK 0722067337 [email protected]

31 Wilberforce Okeka Opinion Leader 2731, Kakamega 0720672603 [email protected]

32 Mkung Daniel Snr. Forester KFS 1233, Kakamega 0733987939

33 Daniel Nabwayo Media 2123, Kakamega 0723834463 [email protected]

34 Washington Ayiemba NK 44486, Nairobi 0721291231 wayiemba@naturekenya

35 John Luseno ECO2 2731, Kakamega 0710796519 [email protected]

36 Anton Espira ECO2 560, Kakamega 0712117018 [email protected]

37 Fred Manoa Sahara 131, LND 0728476010 [email protected]

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Participants of Thematic Workshop held on 12-14th June 2012 at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega

No. Name Organization / Insti. Address Email address

1 Joel Siele Nature Kenya 11 Sirwa [email protected]

2 Boaz C. Mung’aya KFS 1233 Kakamega [email protected]

3 Johnson A. Mayabi Kibiri CFA 204, Tiriki

4 Beatrice Mwale Kaimosi EAYM 35 Tiriki [email protected]

5 Ken Bolingo LBDA 2648 Bungoma [email protected]

6 Clement Mmaitsi Tiriki Cultural Forests 132, Tiriki [email protected]

7 Stanley Chiveti Malava CFA 33, Malava [email protected]

8 Okello Belle Joshua KFS AHoC Kakamega 460, Kakamega [email protected]

9 Emilly Munian’gi B.C.F.A 28, Nambacha

10 Agrippina Khakabo ICIPE 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

11 Kennedy S. Azenga M.o.A 110, Shinyalu [email protected]

12 Charles N. Ongweya KEFRI 1901, Kakamega [email protected]

13 Dr. Saul Kibe WRMA 774, Kakamega [email protected]

14 James Maua KEFRI 1901, Kakamega [email protected]

15 James B.M. Shihuma Malava CFA 1025, Webuye

16 Julius M. Luvayo Kibiri CFA 132, Tiriki [email protected]

17 David Osir Rondo Retreat 2153, Kakamega [email protected]

18 Justus Kinara KWS 879, Kakamega [email protected]

19 Henry Mukhola KAFCOA 879, Kakamega [email protected]

20 Chelang’a Maiyo MSPND&VISON 2030 1077, Kakamega [email protected]

21 Philip Kirui KEFRI 20412, Nairobi

22 Makalasia B. Khwesa KEEP 2180, Kakamega [email protected]

23 Philip Osembo BCFA 28, Nambacha [email protected]

24 Patrick W. Erima BCFA 28, Nambacha [email protected]

25 Laban Adero. O. NEMA 499, Kakamega [email protected]

26 Mary Shimwenyi Malava CFA 33, Malava [email protected]

27 Jennifer Adero NK 460, Kakamega [email protected]

28 Leonard Mahanga NK 2731, Kakamega [email protected]

29 Wilberforce Okeka Opinion Leader 2731, Kakamega [email protected]

30 Victor Otieno KEFRI 20412, Nairobi [email protected]

31 Anastacia Mwaura KWS 879, Kakamega [email protected]


Kakamega Forest

No. Name Organization/Insti. Address Email address

32 Stephen Kiama KEFRI 20412, Nairobi [email protected]

33 Caleb Makalasia ECO2librium 20, Shinyalu [email protected]

34 Mwai Muraguri KFS 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

35 Mkung Daniel Forester KK 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

36 Alfred Mulamba County Council of Kakamega

36, Kakamega [email protected]

37 Dr. Tsingalia H.M MMUST 190, Lubao [email protected]

38 Nixon Soyita KAFOGA 879, Kakamega [email protected]

39 Joram Kagombe KEFRI 20412, Nairobi [email protected]

40 Mambili S. Lutiali Muileshi CFA 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

41 Kuya Robert KFS, Intern 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

42 Dr. James Kimondo KEFRI 20412, Nairobi

Participants of Zonation Workshop held on 17-18th October 2012 at Shey-we Guest House, Kakamega


1 Joel Siele Nature Kenya 11 Sirwa [email protected]

2 Boaz C. Mung’aya KFS 1233 Kakamega [email protected]

3 Johnson A. Mayabi Kibiri CFA 204, Tiriki

4 Beatrice Mwale Kaimosi EAYM 35 Tiriki [email protected]

5 Ken Bolingo LBDA 2648 Bungoma [email protected]

6 Clement Mmaitsi Tiriki Cultural Forests 132, Tiriki [email protected]

7 Stanley Chiveti Malava CFA 33, Malava [email protected]

8 Emilly Munian’gi B.C.F.A 28, Nambacha

9 Agrippina Khakabo ICIPE 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

10 Kennedy S. Azenga M.o.A 110, Shinyalu [email protected]

11 Charles N. Ongweya KEFRI 1901, Kakamega [email protected]

12 Dr. Saul Kibe WRMA 774, Kakamega [email protected]

13 James Maua KEFRI 1901, Kakamega [email protected]

14 James B.M. Shihuma Malava CFA 1025, Webuye

15 Julius M. Luvayo Kibiri CFA 132, Tiriki [email protected]

16 David Osir Rondo Retreat 2153, Kakamega [email protected]

Kakamega Forest



17 Justus Kinara KWS 879, Kakamega [email protected]

18 Henry Mukhola KAFCOA 879, Kakamega [email protected]

19 Chelang’a Maiyo MSPND&VISON 2030 1077, Kakamega [email protected]

20 Philip Kirui KEFRI 20412, Nairobi

21 Makalasia B. Khwesa KEEP 2180, Kakamega [email protected]

22 Philip Osembo BCFA 28, Nambacha [email protected]

23 Patrick W. Erima BCFA 28, Nambacha [email protected]

24 Laban Adero. O. NEMA 499, Kakamega [email protected]

25 Mary Shimwenyi Malava CFA 33, Malava [email protected]

26 Jennifer Adero NK 460, Kakamega [email protected]

27 Leonard Mahanga NK 2731, Kakamega [email protected]

28 Wilberforce Okeka Opinion Leader 2731, Kakamega [email protected]

29 Victor Otieno KEFRI 20412, Nairobi [email protected]

30 Anastacia Mwaura KWS 879, Kakamega [email protected]

31 Stephen Kiama KEFRI 20412, Nairobi [email protected]

32 Caleb Makalasia ECO2librium 20, Shinyalu [email protected]

33 Mwai Muraguri KFS 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

34 Mkung Daniel Forester KK 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

35 Alfred Mulamba County Council of Kakamega

36, Kakamega [email protected]

36 Dr. Tsingalia H.M MMUST 190, Lubao [email protected]

37 Nixon Soyita KAFOGA 879, Kakamega [email protected]

38 Joram Kagombe KEFRI 20412, Nairobi [email protected]

39 Mambili S. Lutiali Muileshi CFA 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

40 Kuya Robert KFS, Intern 1233, Kakamega [email protected]

41 Dr. James Kimondo KEFRI 20412, Nairobi


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Participants of Validation Workshop held on 3rd July 2013 at Mugumu Musasa-Kibiri, Kakamega

# Name Organization\ Address Telephone #

1 Joel Siele NK 11, Sirwa 0722967337

2 Johnson A. Mayabi CFA Chair 204, Tiriki 0738502607

3 Rachel Khayosa Kibiri F. Scout 28, Tiriki 0729359055

4 Iganza Onzere MoA Hamisi 28, Hamisi 0716500795

5 William G. O. DDO Hamisi 33, Hamisi 0720280529

6 Simeon Munyeti Andashe Tiriki U. Culture 62, Tiriki 0721965919

7 Rev. Lucas Mudoga FCK/NCCK 175, Tiriki 0723720788

8 Selestine Khavere Group Chairlady 162, Tiriki 0727678255

9 Thomas Okode Tiriki U. Culture 62, Tiriki 0731685878

10 Jeridah I. Sore Kamulembe F. Group 146, Tiriki 0727682685

11 Rose Khavere Mungako 38, Tiriki 0710466098

12 Margaret Chumbo Mungako 38, Tiriki 0715223882

13 Aggrey Isale 1638, Sirwa 0720163880

14 Paul Maseche 223, 0728854070

15 Simon Sesi Kibiri F. Scout 132, 0721261121

16 Charles Ambunya Friends Church 35, Tiriki 0710718172

17 Beatrice Mwale Friends Church 35, Tiriki 0725724140

18 Ephraim Konzolo Friends Church 35, Tiriki 0722920502

19 Julius Maluha CFA 132, Tiriki 0722481309

20 Petronillah Shiriebi Ecotourism 35, Tiriki 0721625532

21 Sheila Ingato Ecotourism 35, Tiriki 0706214560

22 Wellington Mahelo KFS 781, Maragoli 0714883890

23 George Managa CFA 0722698819

24 Florah Indashi Mushanga 204, Tiriki 0729504648

25 Membo Khavugwi G. member 204, Tiriki 0728242580

26 Emily Amuhaya G. member 181, Tiriki

27 Chrispine Shidoro Makuchi Firewood 223, Tiriki 0727952848

28 Clement Mmaitsi FCL Western 99, Serem 0721526530

29 Josephine O. Khalwale Chief 223, Tiriki 0726239760

30 Lt. Sarah Bitolwa Host 159, Tiriki 0726281275

31 Cpt. Martin Bitolwa Host 159, Tiriki 0726716957

Kakamega Forest



32 Dr. Okello Belle Ass. HOC/Western 460, Kakamega 0700875241

33 Fredrick Kisia Scout 0702944817

34 Solomon Beru Scout 0729493548

35 Anne A. Owiro NEMA 781, Maragoli 0725712826

36 Protus Musawa NEMA-Vihiga 781, Maragoli 0715247167

37 Hellen Ogashi Youth Scout 159, Tiriki 0726746957

38 Atheris Atango CFA-Treasurer 10, Kaimosi

39 Ephraim Livambwa KFFFS 172, Kaimosi 0726228815

40 Ken Barlogony Inspector KFS 460, Kakamega 0721562778

41 Esther Nwache Ass. Chief 204, Kaimosi 0726772578

42 Seth Jiveti Ass. Chief 78, Kaimosi 0712985115

43 Hillary Serede Ass. Chief 7, Tiriki 0720696559

44 Matayo Maleya 172, Kaimosi 0729894378

45 Vivenye Shikutwa 204, Tiriki

46 Wamalwa Daniel NK 190, Kakamega 0701188738

47 Monica Moraa NK 1168, NAKURU 0723281273

48 Githinji Wamahiu DO, Hamisi 2, Hamisi 0721693415

49 Jennifer Adero NK 460, Kakamega 0722630535

50 Leonard Muhanga NK 2731, Kakamega 0724202393

51 Pius Konzolo Ass. Chief 158, Tiriki 0725714590

52 Robert Inyanjo Chief 246, Kaimosi 0724604989

53 Patrick Lime CDF Executive member 372, Tiriki 0721938319

54 Butiya Nickson MCA [email protected] 0722722577

55 Richard Lagat NEMA 0725369227

56 Jared Sajita NK [email protected] 0733197119

57 Charles K. Koech KEFRI 0723707136

58 Joram Kagombe KEFRI [email protected] 072014897759 Samwel Kimani KEFRI kimanisam86@yahoo.

com0721171025

60 Victor Otieno KEFRI [email protected] 0721593953

61 Peter Muiruri KEFRI 0720494951

62 David Anusu KTDA-Director 0721241253

63 Kennedy O KFS 0720836859

64 B. V. Kisawya KFS 0721412047

64 B. V. Kisawya KFS 0721412047

65 Eunice Wendo Mushanga group 0729324178

67 Benjamin Makula Community Scout 0738109567


Kakamega Forest

Participants of Validation Workshop held on 4th July 2013 at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega


1 Joel Siele NK 11, Sirwa 0722967337

2 Israel Makau KWS 753, Kitale 0722397554

3 Dr. Okello Belle KFS-W 460, Kakamega 0700875241

4 James Shihuma Malava CFA 1045, Webuye 0713156189

5 Stanley Chiveti Malava CFA 33, Malava 0723677047

6 Mazisola Naliaka Malava CFA 28, Malava 0728794449

7 Gladys M. Tendwa Muilesshi CFA 101, Kakamega 0729485437

8 Mwakwi M. Stephen National Coord. Gvnt. 209, Shinyalu 0723339835

9 Benedict N. Kakuku KFS 23, Kakamega 0723218366

10 Philip O. Kukali CFA 28, Nambacha 0713713801

11 Aggrey L. Mambili Muilesshi CFA 78, Shinyalu 0729098336

12 Adan N. Waswa Bunyala CFA 28, Nambacha 0719332245

13 Wycliffe Khamis Muranda Ward Rep. 198, Kakamega 0720373175

14 Hellen Imbusi 2, Ileho 0725281577

15 Jadris K. Mmayi Murhanda Ward 474, kakamega 0721724762

16 Skevin Asivula Murhanda Ward 42, Shinyalu 0710171097

17 Elias Lisangaro Murhanda 925, Kakamega 0717584748

18 Ezakiel Shitanda Administrtaion 65, Malava 0723692169

19 Francis F. Muhenge Agriculture 110, Shinyalu 0721213803

20 Vincent Mwanzi Munasio Youth Group 936, Kakamega 0722641960

21 Ken Bolingo Lake Basin Dev. 2648, Bungoma 0720919731

22 Henry Mukhola KAFCOA 879, Kakamega 0718138570

23 Patrick W. Erima Bunyala CFA 79, Kakamega 0726495708

24 Nixon K. Sajita KAFOGA 879, Kakamega 0716294934

25 Abraham Imbai KKFTG 2153, Kakamega 0726951764

26 Nancy Andega Muilesshi CFA 861, Kakamega 0202066042

27 Leonard Muhanga NK 2731, Kakamega 0724202393

28 Wilberforce Okeka Opinion Leader 2731, Kakamega 0720672803

29 Carolyne Busuru KFS 1901, Kakamega 0729422331

30 Saul Shamala KAFCOA 93, Kakamega 0712369426

31 Zablon Chesoni KAFCOA 93, Kakamega

Kakamega Forest


# Name Organization Address Telephone #

32 Moses Wekulo Nambacha, Snr Chief 156, Kakamega 0722243058

33 Christopher Amutabi Eco2 560, Kakamega 0720648274

34 Francis Mitalo Eco2 560, Kakamega 0726241101

35 Jacqueline Ayuka KWS 879, Kakamega 0720924730

36 Agrippine Khakabo ICIPE 1233, Kakamega 0725326340

37 James Maua KEFRI 1901, Kakamega 0721601497

38 Patrick M. Luloka KAFOGA 879, Kakamega 0713874898

39 Prof. Tsingalia M. Moi University 3900, Eldoret 0722286082

40 Musiko Halater Chief 198, Kakamega 0722254573

41 Mambili S. Lutiali Muilesshi CFA 14, Shinyalu 0724205777

42 H. Kiruaye WRMA 774, Kakamega 0722359596

43 Alfred Mulamba Sub County Kakamega 36, Kakamega 0723125633

44 Vitalis I. Musoka National Admin. 648, Kakamega 0726082464

45 Hellen Mwavishi Vamla 1954, Kakamega 0702447143

46 Mutsami Patrick KEEP North 18, Kakunga 0724242656

47 Chelang’a maiyo Planning 1077, Kakamega 0724669918

48 Wamalwa Daniel NK 190, Kakamega 0701188738

49 Ernest N. Mmasavia Administrator 277, Malava 0729828022

50 Monica Moraa NK 1168, Nakuru 0723281237

51 Peter M. Kulecho County Rep. 32, Kambiri 0722988676

52 Dr. Saul Kibe WRMA 774, Kakamega 0720382685

53 Duncan Osale NEMA 499, Kakamega 0724141776

54 W. Omondi Were NEMA 499, Kakamega 0722293387

55 Duncan Ochola KNA 0722298208

56 Robert Lutatwa 2294, Kakamega 0729498038

57 Brenda Wawire MMUST FM 2307, Kakamega 0725348319

58 Abubakar M. kovi Kakamega 2782, Kakamega 0722675346

59 Mary Shimwenyi Community 32, Malava 0718087807

60 Hon. Richard Nahonzo MCA 125, Shinyalu 0721450144

61 Jared M. Sajita NK 460, Kakamega 0733197119

62 Benjamin Okelo KEEP [email protected] 0735610095

63 Hillary Kipyator KWS 753, Kitale 0727358577

64 Samwel Kimani KEFRI 20412, Nairobi 0721171025


Kakamega Forest

# Name Organization Address Telephone #

65 Jennifer Adero NK 460, Kakamega 0722630535

66 Anastacia Mwaura KWS-Research 879, Kakamega 0722486515

67 Gervase Shisundi Shamakhubo HC 175, Shinyalu 0715694976

68 Kennedy Ayuya Driver 27, Kambiri 0720381498

69 Chris Indagasi Driver 32, Kambiri 0716798796

70 Kuhecho Victor Driver 32, kambiri 0713981289

71 Wilson Sigilai NEMA 499, Kakamega 0721733796

72 Emily Barasa Radio Sahara 0718382923

73 Hilda Atika MEDIA [email protected] 0710614520

74 Victor Otieno KEFRI 20412 Nairobi 0721593953

75 Joram Kagombe KEFRI 20412 Nairobi 0720148977

Kakamega Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

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Transcript of Kakamega Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040