KAKAMEGA COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAM, 2013 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education...

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KAKAMEGA COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAM, 2013

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)

231 / 1

BIOLOGY

(THEORY)

PAPER 2

1. State the significance of classification (2mks)

2. The diagram below represents two organisms belonging to the same group.

(a) Name the phylum to which the organisms P and O belong. (1mark)

(b) (i) State two distinguishing features that show that the organisms above belong to two different classes. (2mks)

(ii) Name the class to which the organism P and 0 belong. (2marks)

3. (a) State the function of a chloroplast (1mark)

(b) (i) State the adaptation of palisade mesophyll to photosynthesis. (1mark)

(ii) State the role of guard cells in photosynthesis. (lmark)

4. (a) State the role of A TP molecule during active transport across the cell membrane of the plant root hair.

(1mk)

(b) State two factors that affect active transport

5. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of digestion of starch by an enzyme.

The results obtained are shown below. (2marks)

Temperature oC 5 15 25 30 35 38 45 50

Rate of reaction 0.2 1.02 2.0 3.5 4.8 4.8 2.0 0.5

(a) (i) Account for the reaction during the digestion of starch between 5°C and 25°C. (2marks)

(ii) What is the name given to the range of temperature between 350C and 38°C in the above reaction (lmark)

(b) Name the likely enzyme that was used in the experiment and the product obtained at the end of the experiment.

Enzyme ............................................................................................................................... .................... (1mark)

Expected product ..................................................................................................................... ..................... (1mark)

6. The diagram below shows a section of conducting tissue in a flowering plant.

(a) Name the conducting tissue represented by the diagram above (1mark)

(b) State the function of the structures labelled M and N (2marks)

7. Name the part of the microscope responsible for concentrating and directing light on the stage. (1mark)

8. State two structural adaptations of the gill filaments of the bony fish (2rnarks)

9. Work out a phenotypic ratio of children of a couple with normal skin but are carriers of the albino trait. Use letter

A to represent the gene for normal skin pigmentation. (4marks)

10. The diagram below shows the rate of an enzyme catalyst reaction.

(a) Account for the rate of reaction between Band C (2marks)

(b) State two properties of enzymes (2marks)

O

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11. State two control measures that can be used to eradicate an outbreak of malaria (2marks)

12. (a) Sate the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in human body (1mark)

(b) Name the diseases caused by insufficient production of the above hormone in the body. (1mark)

13. (a) State two ways in which carbon (IV) oxide is transported in the blood. (2marks)

(b) State two forces involved in the transport of water and mineral salts through the plant. (2marks)

14. State two factors that bring about dormancy in seeds. (2marks)

15. Using the table below state three distinguishing features between mitosis and meiosis (3marks)

16. The diagram below shows a section of the shoot.

(a) Name the zones of the shoot tip labeled A, B and C (1mark)

(b) State the function of cells found in the zone labelled B (1mark)

17. State the role of the following structures during excretion in the human body. (2marks)

(a) Sweat gland in the skin,

(b) Gall bladder in the liver

18. Explain how high blood sugar level in the human body is regulated. (3marks)

19. (a) Explain the significance of natural selection in evolution. (2marks)

(b) State the importance of convergent evolution of organisms. (1 mark)

20. Define the terms (2marks)

(a) Carrying capacity

(b) Ecological niche

21. State three functions of the mammalian endoskeleton (3marks)

22. State the role of myelin sheath in the sensory neurone. (1mark)

23. (a) State one distinguishing feature between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. (1mark)

(b) Give two economic importance of anaerobic respiration in an industry (2marks)

24. State two characteristics of the alveoli of the mammalian lungs. (2marks)

25. The following is a dental formula of a certain group of mammals.

i3/3, c 1/1, pm 4/4, m 2/3

(a) Work out the total number of teeth present in the mammal (2marks)

(b) (i) State the likely mode of feeding for the group of mammals (1 mark)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (i) above (1mark)

26. An experiment was carried out to investigate an aspect of tropism.

(a) Name the type of tropic response that was being investigated above. (1mark)

(b) Account for the observations in seedlings A and B.

A (1mark)

B .................... ............................................. (2mark)

27. State the function of the following structures.

(a) Fallopian tube ............ ................................................... (1mark)

(b) Endometrium ....... .................. .................................................... (1mark)

28. State the role of the cerebrum in human beings. (1mark)

29. State one characteristic of a ball and socket joint (l mark)

30. (a) Name the tissue in the stem and leaves of hydrophytes that allows them to store air for gaseous exchange.

(l mark)

(b) State the function of pneumatophores (l mark)

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KAKAMEGA COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAM


231 / 2

BIOLOGY

(THEORY)

PAPER 2

SECTION A (40MKS)

1. The diagram below shows the longitudinal section of a maize grain.

(a) (i) Name the parts labelled B and H. (2marks)

(ii) State the function of the part labelled D. (1mark)

(b) Account for the observation made in each of the part labelled Band C when iodine solution is applied on the cut

surface. (2marks).

(c) (i) Name the type of germination exhibited by the maize grain (1mark)

(ii) Explain how the type of germination you have named in c(i) above is achieved. (2marks)

2. The figure below is a photomicrograph of a section of mammalian skin. Study it and answer the questions that

follow.

(a) Name the parts labelled A and D. (2marks)

(b) State two functions of the secretion from the part labelled C (2marks)

(c) Explain the behavior of structure E when environmental temperature falls to100C (2marks)

(d) Give two adaptations of the animals that live in arctic regions to their environment (2marks)

3. A red cow was mated with a white bull. All the F1 were roan (individuals with white and red patches.)

(a) Using letter R to represent the gene for red colour and W to represent the gene for the white colour, workout the

genotypes of the F2 offsprings when F1 were mated. (4marks)

(b) Write down the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of F2 generation. (2marks)

(c) Suggest a reason why the F1 were all roan. (1mark)

(d) State the importance of a test cross? (1mark)

4. The flow chart below shows a blood transfusion pathway

(a) What three conclusions can you draw from the flow chart? (3marks)

(b) State two precautions that must be observed during blood transfusion (2marks)

(c) Explain how-blood clot is formed once a blood vessel is cut (3marks)

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5. The figure below represent the tip of a root and three cells A, B and C taken from regions Rl, R2 and R3.

(a) Name structures S and T (2marks)

(b) What is the role of the structure labelled T? (1mark)

(c) Outline three characteristics of cells found in region Rl (3marks)

(d) From which regions were cells A and C obtained from (2marks)

SECTION B (40 MARKS)

Answer question 6(compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8

6. An experiment was set up to investigate some of the factors affecting germination of pollen grain of-salvia flower.

Four lots A, B, C and D of five Petri dishes each were treated as bellow:

Lot A: Different concentrations of sucrose solution and a constant amount of crushed stigma tissue of the same

species of flower were placed in each of the Petri dishes.

Lot B: Different concentration of fructose solution and a constant amount of crushed stigma tissue of same

species were placed in each Petri dish.

Lot C : Different concentration of sucrose solutions only were added to each Petri dish.

Lot D: Different concentration of fructose solutions only were added to each Petri dish.

The same amount of pollen grain from a flower of this species was added to each Petri dish. After five days, the

percentage of pollen grains which had germinated pollen tubes was calculated. The results are shown in the table

below.

LOT A LOT B

% of sucrose concentration % of pollen grain germination % of sucrose concentration % of pollen grain germination

0 3 0 1

10 22 10 5

20 62 20 13

30 65 30 10

40 48 40 3

LOT C LOT D

% of sucrose concentration % of pollen grain germination % of sucrose concentration % of pollen grain germination

0 2 0 0

10 9 10 2

20 25 20 6

30 45 30 13

40 12 40 9

(a) Using the same axes, draw graphs of the percentage of pollen grains germinating against sugar concentration for each of the

four lots of treatment. (8marks)

(b) With reason, state the conclusions to be drawn from graphs with respect to sugar concentration. (5marks)

(c) (i) What is the effect of crushed stigma tissue on percentage of pollen grains germinating (1mark)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in c(i) above. (1mark)

(d) Suggest with a reason what result you might get if crushed stigma tissue from a flower of a different family had

been used. (2marks)

(e) State the importance of the growth of pollen tube to the plant (1mark)

(f) Explain the significance of pollen grains of a wind pollinated flower having a smooth texture (2marks)

7. Describe how the mammalian heart is adapted to its function. (20marks)

8. (a) State the various causes of seed dormancy (8marks)

(b) Describe various factors that affect the process of seed germination (l2marks)

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KAKAMEGA COUNTY EVALUATION EXAM, 2013


231 / 3

BIOLOGY

(THEORY)

PAPER 3

1. You are provided with 8 pieces of Irish potato cylinders labeled specimen D10, cut them into equal length of

20mm each. Label four Petri dishes L, M, N and P. Into each of the petri dishes, place two pieces of

specimenD10. Into Petri dish labeled L, add distilled water to fully cover the two species of specimen D10.

In N 25% sucrose solution and in P 55% sucrose solution. Make sure that the pieces are completely

submerged. Leave them to stand for 30 minutes. Remove the pieces from each petri dish, dry them using the

tissue paper provided, then measure them to the nearest millimeter.

(a) (i) Calculate the average length of the final length and record your results in the table below. (2marks)

Petri

dish

Original

length(mm)

Final average length

(mm)

Change in length

(mm)

Calculate of percentage

change in length

L 20

M 20

N 20

P 20

(ii) Calculate the change in length and percentage change in length and record in the table above

appropriately. (4marks)

(b) Explain the results in; L, P (6marks)

2. You are provided with specimens labeled Rand S obtained from the same mammal. Examine them.

(a) Name the region from which each of the specimens R and S were obtained. (2marks)

(b) Identify each of the specimens R and S. Give a reason for your answer in each case.

(c) State three observable differences between specimens R and S (3marks)

(d) Draw the anterior view of specimen S. Label it. (5marks)

3. Photographs E and F below are specimens obtained from the same animal. Examine them.

(a) With a reason in each case identify specimens E and F (4marks)

(b) Name the class of organism from which specimens E and F were obtained. Give a reason for your answer

Class (1mark)

Reason (2marks)

(c) State two differences between specimen E and F.

(d) How is each of the specimens adapted to its function? (2marks)

Specimen E

Specimen F

e) Label three parts on specimen F. (3marks)

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UGENYA - UGUNJA DISTRICT JOINT EVALUATION, 2013

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

231/1

BIOLOGY

PAPER 1

JULY/AUGUST 2013

TIME: 2 HOURS

1. Name the causative agent of the following diseases in man.

a) Candidiasis (lmark)

b) Syphilis (lmark)

2. State the survival value of

a) Negative photo taxis in fly larvae . (2marks)

b) Thigmotropism. (lmark)

3. The figure below represents a section of a certain nucleic acid.

a) i) Identify the type of nucleic acid from which this strand was obtained . (lmark)

ii) Give a reason for your answer in a (i) above. (lmark)

b) State two structural differences between the RNA and DNA. (2marks)

4. The diagram below represents a mature embryo sac. Study it and answer the questions below.

a) On the diagram name part p, S (2mark)

b) What is the name given to the type of fertilization in flower. (lmark)

c) What is an entomophilus flower? (lmark)

5. a) Name two metallic ions which are involved in nerve impulse transmission. (2marks)

b) During resting potential, the inside of the nerve gets negatively charged while the outside gets positively

charged. Explain. (2marks)

6. Which class of phylum Arthropoda has the greatest number of individuals? (lmark)

7. The figure below shows growth curve of a certain organism. Use it to answer the questions that follow

a) Name a group of animals which are likely to be represented by the above graph. (lmark)

b) What is the name given to such a graph? (lmark)

c) From the graph above, mark and name the following.

i) Moulting phase (lmark)

ii) Phase of growth (lmark)

iii) lntermoult phase (lmark)

8. A crystal of potassium permanganate was gently placed in a beaker of distilled water. It was later realised that

water turned purple.

a) Suggest the possible physiological process which was being investigated. (lmark)

b) Suggest three possible ways of increasing the rate of the above process in (a) (3marks)

9. What is the importance of the following in an ecosystem? (2marks)

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a) Decomposers

b) Predation

10. a) What do you understand by the phrase 'cell specialisation'? (2marks)

b) Name examples of organ systems in animals and state the function of each. (4marks)

11. a) What is meant by natural selection . (3marks)

b) State two ways in which Homo sapiens differ from Homo habilis. (2marks)

12. State four importance of transport in both plants and animals. (4marks)

13. Distinguish between pyramid of numbers and pyramids of biomass. (2marks)

14. a) Define excretion. (lmark)

b) State two advantages which a constant body temperature gives endotherms. (2marks)

15. a) A plant cell doesn't lose its shape even after it has lost water completely by osmosis. Give an explanation for

this. (2marks)

b) When would a red blood cell

i) Get haemolysed? (1mark)

ii) Get crenated? (lmark)

16. Briefly describe the relationship among the sieve element sieve tube and phloem tissue. (3marks)

17. State the advantages of natural selection of organisms. (2marks)

18. Give a reason why two species in an ecosystem cannot occupy the same niche. (2marks)

19. a) Explain why students tend to visit the latrines more frequently on cold days than on hot days. (lmark)

b) Predict how a drop in blood pressure would affect urine output. Give reasons for your prediction. (2marks)

20. What do you understand by the following phrases and terminologies as used in the study of classification?

a) Thalloids. (2marks)

b) Alternation of generations (2marks)

21. The diagram below shows part of the mammalian lung. Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow

a) Identify the part of lung represented by the figure and give a reason for your answer. (2marks)

b) By using arrows; show on the diagram how the two respiratory gases are exchange between blood and air in

cavity A. (1 mark)

22. The symbol equation shown below represents what usually takes place in a certain region of the alimentary canal

of man.

a) i) Name chemical substances A, B and C. (3marks)

ii) Process D. (1mark)

b) Name part of alimentary canal where the process represented by the above equation takes place. (lmark)

c) What is the opposite of process D? (lmark)

23. The rates of gaseous exchange by different respiratory surfaces of plants were determined and recorded in the

table below.

Structure Gaseous exchange

A 89

B 3

C 0.3

Suggest the possible plant structure represented by A, B, C (3marks)

24. Briefly explain the value of the body maintaining a constant body temperature. (2marks)

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231/2

BIOLOGY

PAPER 2

JULY/AUGUST 2013

TIME: 2 HOURS

SECTION A (40 MARKS)

Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. Below is a chemical equation, study it and answer the question that follows.

Carbon (IV) oxide + water oxygen + glucose

a) Name the forward and Backward process A, B. (2marks)

b) What is the biological significance of;

i) Process A? (1 mark)

ii) Process B? (l mark)

c) In which organelles does process A and B take place? (2marks)

d) Name two stages of process A. (2marks)

2. In Dragon flies, there exists two varieties, one with red eyes and the other variety with white eyes. In a

population of these insects, the red eyed greatly outnumbered the white eyed. A white eyed female was crossed

with red eyed male. All the females from the cross were red eyed while the males were white eyed.

Using this information answer the following questions

a) Which gene is:

i) Dominant (l mark)

ii) Recessive (l mark)

iii) Which chromosomes carry the genes mentioned in a(i) and (ii) above? (l mark)

b) If one of the female offsprings above was crossed with the white eyed male. What will be the genotype of

their offsprings? (Show your working) (4marks)

c) What is test cross? (lmark)

3. In an experiment a disc of peeled ripe banana placed in a beaker was mashed into a paste using a glass rod.

Distilled water was then added and the extract decanted into a visking tubing. The open end of the tubing was

tightly tied to ensure no leakage. The outside of the tubing was rinsed with water after which the tubing was

immersed in l 00ml beaker containing iodine solution. The set up was allowed to stand for 30 minutes. The

results were as recorded in the table below.

Extract inside tubing Iodine solution Outside tubing

Before the Experiment Creamish white Yellow colour of iodine

After the Experiment Blue-black Yellow colour of iodine

a) Suggest the process being investigated above. (lmark)

b) Why was the visking tubing rinsed with water in the outside? (lmark)

c) Account for the results obtained in the table above. (4marks)

d) Suggest and explain the likely effect of warming the beaker with iodine solution during the experiment.

(2marks)

4. The diagram below shows three different types of neurones a long a reflex arc.

a) Identify the neurone labelled 1, 2, 3. (3marks)

b) Using arrows show the direction of impulse transmission on the diagram. (1mark)

c) Name the part of the spinal cord where the cell bodies of neurone 2 and 3 are located. (1mark)

A

B

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d) Describe the transmission of impulse across the part labelled P. (3marks)

5. The diagram below shows part of a mammalian circulatory system

a) Name the blood vessels marked Y and Z. (2marks)

b) A student took a meal rich in proteins and carbohydrates, it was found that the glucose level in blood vessel

W is lower than in blood vessel Y. Explain. (3marks)

c) During fasting the level of blood glucose in vessel W will be higher than in blood vessel Y. Explain. (2marks)

d) Name the blood vessel which has the higher concentration of urea among blood vessels W, X, Y and Z. (lmark)


This section has question 6 (compulsory) and do either question 7 0r 8 in the spaces provided.

6. During germination and growth of a cereal, the dry weight of endosperm, the embryo and the total dry weight

were determined at two day intervals. The results are shown in the table below.

Time after planting Dry weight of Endosperm(mg) Dry weight of Embryo (mg) Total dry weight

0 43 2 45

2 40 2 42

4 33 7 40

6 20 17 37

8 10 25 35

10 6 33 39

a) Using the same axes, draw graphs of drywcight of endosperm, Embryo and the total dry weight against time

b) What was the total dry weight on day 5 (1mark)

c) Account for:

i) Decrease in dry weight of endosperm from day 0 to 10. (2marks)

ii) Increase in dry weight of embryo from day 0 - 10. (2marks)

iii) Decrease in total weight from day 0 - 8. (lmark)

iv) Increase in total dry weight after day 8. (lmark)

d) State two factors within the seed and two outside the seed that cause dormancy.

i) within seed (2marks)

ii) outside the seed (2marks)

e) Give two characteristics of meristematic cells. (2marks)

7. Describe how the human respiratory system is adapted to carry out its functions. (20marks)

8. In Britain, it was observed that two varieties of peppered moths (Biston betularia)these were the specked while

peppered moth and the malanic forms. Before industrialisation there were more specked white peppered form

than the melanic form but with the coming of industrialisation population of the white forms began to decrease

while the population of the melanic forms began to increase.

a) Explain the evolutionary principle behind the above observation. (16marks)

b) State and explain the principles of Larmacks theory of evolution. (4marks)

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231/3

BIOLOGY

PAPER 3

JULY/AUGUST 2013

1. You are provided with solutions PI P2 and P3. P2 is the same as P3 except that P3 has been boiled.

- Label three test tubes A, Band C.

- Into the test tube A add 1ml of solution Pl.

- Into the test tube B add l ml of PI and 1ml of P2.

- The test tube C add 1ml of PI and 1ml of P3

a) Withdraw a drop of solution immediately from test tube A, Band C and place on a white tile, then to each drop

add a drop of iodine solution. Record your observation in the table below. (2marks)

Test Tube Observation Conclusion

A

B

C

b) Place the test tube A, Band C into a water bath at 37°c. Leave the set up to stand for above 30 minutes.

Withdraw a drop of solution from test tube A, B and C and place in a white tile. To each drop add a drop of

iodine solution. Record your observation and conclusion in the table below.

Test Tube Observation Conclusion

A

B

C

c) Account for the results at the end of the experiment in the test tube labelled. (2marks)

i) B

ii) C

d) i) Suggest the identity of solution P2 (lmark)

ii) Give reasons for your answer in d(l) above. (2marks)

2. Study the photograph below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the types of a teeth labelled K, L, M and N. (4marks)

b) Name the part labelled P and state its importance. (2marks)

c) i) Suggest the mode of nutrition of the animal with the jaw bone shown above. (lmark)

ii) Give reasons for your answer in c(i) above . (2marks)

3. You are provided with two specimens T and V

a) Name the part of plant represented by each of the following specimen T and V and give reason for your answer

in each case. (4marks)

b) Cut a longitudinal section through specimen T and specimen V. Put two drops of iodine solution on the exposed

surface of T and also on V.

i) Draw well labelled diagrams of longitudinal sections of T and V. (9marks)

c) State the structural differences between T and V.

d) Give two reasons of adding iodine to the outer surface in this experiment. (2marks)

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VIHIGA COUNTY EVALUATION EXAMINATION, 2013

(EMUHAYA, VIHIGA, SABATIA AND HAMISI)

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.SE)

231 / 1

BIOLOGY

(THEORY)

Paper 1

1. State the functions of the following parts of a light microscope.

(a) Objective lens. (1mark)

(b) Diaphragm (1mark)

2. (a) Explain the production of an infertile off spring in a mating between the jackal canis qureus and the dog

canis familaris. (l mark)

(b) Name the kingdom whose members are described as prokaryotic (1 mark)

3. (a) State three functions of blood other than transport. (3marks)

(b) Name one defect of the circulatory systems in humans. (1mark)

4. The chart represents a simplified nitrogen cycle.

(a) Identify the process that is represented by letters Y and Z. (2marks)

(b) Name one organism that causes the process represented by the letter W. (2marks)

5. Define the term binomial nomenclature. (1mark)

6. The diagram below represents a stage during double fertilization in plants.

(a) Name the parts labelled A and B. (2marks)

(b) What type of response is exhibited by the structure C growing towards structure A.? (1mark)

7. (a) What is meant by non - disjunction? (1mark)

(b) Give one examples of continuous variation in humans. (1mark)

8. (a) What is meant by the following terms-:

Organic evolution (1mark)

Vestigial structures (1mark)

(b) Give an example of a vestigial structure in human. (1mark)

9. In a certain plant, the gene controlling tallness(T) is dominant over the gene controlling dwarfness(t) if two

heterozygous plants were crossed, what would be:-

(i) The genotypes of the Fl generation? (1mark)

(ii) The phenotypic ratio of F1 generation? (1mark)

10. Freshly obtained young Zebrina stem cuttings 5cm long were placed in solutions of different concentrations in petri – dishes

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for 20 minutes. The appearance after 20 minutes is as shown below.

(a) Account for the appearance of the piece in solution 0. (3marks)

(b) State the significance of the biological process involved in the experiment in plants. (2marks)

11. During bread baking yeast respires and produces alcohol.

(a) Identify the kingdom of organisms to which yeast belongs, (1 mark)

(b) (i) Explain why the dough rises during baking. (1mark)

(ii) What happens to the yeast during baking process? (1mark)

(iii) Suggest why baked bread does not contain alcohol. (1mark)

12. The diagram below represents a tissue obtained from an animal.

(a) Identify the tissue. (1mark)

(b) State the function of the tissue named in (a) above. (1mark)

(c) Give two special characteristics of the above tissue. (2marks)

13. The diagram below shows gaseous exchange in the leaf at night.

(a) Identify the gas X. (1mark)

(b) Name the process labelled Y. (1mark)

(c) (i) Name the structure through which gas X enters into the leaf. (1mark)

(ii) How would you test for the presence of gas Z in the laboratory? (2marks)

14. The table below represents the site and products of the dark and light stages of photosynthesis. (4marks)

Study it and complete it.

Site Products

Dark reaction

Light reaction

15. (a) What is seed dormancy? (1mark)

(b) (i) What is the biological significance of seed dormancy. (2marks)

(ii) Name one germination inhibitor in seeds. (1mark)

16. Name the structures associated with the following in the human beings. (2marks)

(a) Region of the highest visual acuity.

(b) Amplification of sound vibrations.

17. Give three factors that determine the energy requirements for a man. (3marks)

18. Explain the significance of each of the following characteristics of a respiratory surface.

Moist (1mark)

Highly vascularised (1mark)

Gas Z Gas x

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19. (a) How does each of the following structures in the mammalian skin assist in homeostasis.

(i) cornified layer. (1mark)

(ii) Sweat glands. (1mark)

(b) Explain why protein are absent in the human urine. (1mark)

20. Name two support tissues in plants which are lignified. (2marks)

21. Name two structures that occur in plant cells but not in animal cells. (2marks)

22. State the function of iron in the human body. (1mark)

23. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammal.

(a) (i) Name the bone which articulates with the above bone at Q. (1mark)

(ii) Name the joint formed between the two bones in (a)(i) above (1mark)

(b) State the function of the part labeled R. (1mark)

24. State three adaptations of plants which enable them to reduce water loss (3marks)

25. What is the significance meiosis? (1mark)

26. State two functions of progesterone hormone (2mark)

27. Name the four organic bases that arc present in a DNA molecule (1mark)

28. The wings of a bird and that of an insect are analogous structures. This is an example of………type of evolution. (1mark)

29. (a) Name three mechanisms that hinder self-fertilization in flowering plants. (3marks)

(b) Name the part of a flower that develops into a seed. (1mark)

30. (a) Name the antigens that determine human blood groups. (2marks)

(b) State the adaptation that enables red blood cells to transport oxygen. (1mark)

VIHIGA COUNTY EVALUATION EXAMINATION, 2013

(EMUHAYA, VIHIGA, SABATIA AND HAMISI)

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.SE)

231 / 2

BIOLOGY

(THEORY)

Paper 2


Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

1. The diagram below represents part of phloem tissue,

(a) Name the structure labelled R and S and the cell labelled T. (3mks)

(b) State the function of the structure labeled R. (1mark)

(c) Explain why xylem is a mechanical tissue. (2marks)

(d) Name two tissues in plants which are thickened with lignin. (2marks)

2. The equation below represents a process that takes place in plants.

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12 O6 + 6O2

(a) Name the process

14

(b) State two conditions necessary for the process to take place. (2marks)

(c) State what happens to the end products of the process. (5marks)

3. In an experiment, disinfected soaked beans were put in vacuum flask which was then fitted with a thermometer as

shown in the diagram below.

The temperature readings were taken every moving for three consecutive days.

(a) Which process was being investigated? (1mark)

(b) (i) What were the expected results? (1mark)

(ii) Account for the answer in (b) (i) above. (2marks)

(c) Why were the seeds disinfected? (1mark)

(d) Why was a vacuum flask used in the set - up? (2marks)

(e) How would a control for this experiment be set? (1mark)

4. A pea plant with round seeds was crossed with a pea plant that had wrinkled seeds. The gene for round seeds is

dominant over that for wrinkled seeds. Using letter R to represent the dominant gene state:

(a) The genotype of parents if plant with round seeds were heterozygous. (2marks)

(b) The gametes produced by the round and wrinkled seed parents.

Round seed parent (2marks)

Wrinkled seed parent

(c) The genotype and phenotype of F 1 generation. Show your working. (3marks)

(d) What is a test cross? (2marks)

5. An experiment was set up to investigate the effect of unilateral light on the growth of oat shoots.

The diagrams in the table below represent the experimental set - ups at the start, and the results at the end of the

experiment. The arrows indicate direction of source of light.

(a) Account for the results in the experimental set up A. (3marks)

(b) Explain the purpose of experimental set - ups Band C. (3marks)

(c) Explain the results in experiment al set - ups D and E. (2marks)

15


Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.

6. An experiment to investigate the population growth of a certain micro - organism was carried out. Two Petri - dishes labeled

X and Y were used. Into the Petri dish labeled X 60ml of a culture medium were added while15ml of the same culture

medium were placed in the Petri dish labeled Y. Equal numbers of the micro-organism were introduced in both Petri dishes.

The set ups were incubated at 35°C.

The number of micro-organisms in each Petri - dish was determined at regular intervals for a period of 60 hours. The results

were as shown in the graph below.

(a) At what intervals were the numbers of micro - organism determined? (1 mark)

(b) After how many hours was the population in each Petri - dish highest? Indicate the population in each case,

(i) Petri dish X

Time (1mark)

Population (1mark)

(ii) Petri dish Y

Time (1mark)

Population (1mark)

(c) After how many hours was the difference in the two population greatest? (1mark)

(d) Account for the shape of curve Y between

(i) 0-5 hours. (2marks)

(ii) 5 - 25 hours (2marks)

(iii) 25 - 50 hours (5marks)

(e) Account for the high number of micro - organisms in Petri dish X after 5 hours. (1mark)

(f) With reasons state effects on the population of micro -organisms if after 10 hours the Petri-dishes were kept at.

(i) 100c (1mark)

Reason (l mark)

(ii) 600c (1mark)

Reason (1mark)

7. Discuss the various evidence which shows that evolution has taken place. (20 marks)

8. Describe how mammals regulate body temperature. (20 marks)

16

MERU COUNTY FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION, 2013


231/1

BIOLOGY

PAPER 1

1. GACAGUAC represents the base sequence of a segment of a nucleic acid.

a) Which nucleic acid does the above segment represent? (lmark)

b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (1mark)

2. A train moves, takes oxygen gives out carbon (IV) oxide and consumer fuel yet it is not classified as a living thing.

In what way does it not 'qualify' as a living organisms? (2marks)

3. The diagram below represents a transverse section of a lower leaf epidermis of a plant.

a) State two adaptive features shown in the diagram. (2marks)

b) Name the habitat of the plant. (1mark)

4. A farmer accidentally cut his lower part of leg with a hoc while digging. Though the cut was minor, he continued to bleed

long after the accident. It was then evident he had deficiency of a certain vitamin and mineral ions.

a) Name the vitamin and the mineral ions. (lmark)

b) Name the disease the farmer could be suffering from. (1mark)

c) Explain the importance of blood clotting. (2marks)

5. To estimate the population size of mosquitoes in shikoti village, Kenya Medical Research Institute researchers caught 400

mosquitoes which they marked and released. After 24 hours 200 mosquitoes were caught out of which 80 had the marks.

a) Suggest the possible instrument that may have been used for capturing the insects. (l mark)

b) Estimate the population size of the mosquitoes in the village. (2marks)

c) State one assumption that was made during the investigation. (lmark)

6. What is the necessity of support in plants? (2marks)

7. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone.

a) Name the bone. (lmark)

b) What bone articulate with the bone shown in the diagram on upper end. (lmark)

c) Name the type of joint formed at the point of articulation in the upper end. (lmark)

8. The potato cylinder were weighed and kept in distilled water overnight. They were then reweigh

At the beginning of the experiment At the end of the experiment

a) Calculate the average mass of potato cylinders after reweighing. Show your working. (2marks)

b) Explain why the mass of the cylinders had increased. (2marks)

9. a) What is the meaning of the following terms:

i) Homeostasis (lmark)

ii) Osmoregulation (lmark)

b) Name the hormones involved in regulating glucose level in blood. (2marks)

10. The diagram below represents a certain organism.

a) Name part labelled K: (l mark)

17

b) Name the phylum and class to which the organism belongs. (2marks)

11. Explain the following terms.

a) Adaptive radiation (1mark)

b) Convergent evolution (1mark)

c) Mutation (lmark)

12. Why do you think classification as a topic in Biology should not be ignored? (3marks)

13. a) Account for the loss in dry weight of cotyledons in germinating bean seeds. (2marks)

b) State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of an insect. (2marks)

14. Two flasks were set up as shown below.

a) What is the aim of the investigation? (1mark)

b) Explain why the vacuum flasks were used instead of conical flasks. (1mark)

c) What is expected of the thermometer reading after 2 hours in A? (1mark)

15. a) Name the part of the retina where the image is formed. (1mark)

b) State two characteristics of the image formed on the retina. (2marks)

16. The figure below shows a stem of a plant growing round a tree trunk.

a) What is the name of the response which causes such a twisted growth? (lmark)

b) Explain how the twisting process is accomplished. (2marks)

17. Give a reason why each of the steps is followed when preparing a cross-section of a leaf for examination under a

microscope.

a) Cutting very thin sections. (1mark)

b) Using a sharp razor blade when cutting. (1mark)

c) Placing the section in water. (1mark)

d) Staining the section before observing under the microscope. (1mark)

18. The table below shows the approximate percent concentration of various components in blood plasma entering

the kidney glomerular filtrate and urine of a healthy human being.

Component Plasma Glomerular Urine filtrate

Water 90 90 94

Glucose 0.1 0.1 0

Amino Acids 0.05 0.05 0

Plasma proteins 8.0 0 0

Urea 0.03 0.03 2

in organic ions 9.72 0.72 1.5

a) Name the process responsible for the formation of glomerular filtrate. (1mark)

b) What process is responsible for the absence of glucose and amino acids in urine'? (1mark)

Thermometer

Stem twining anti-clockwise

around the support

18

19. The diagram below represents a chloroplast. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the part labelled C. (1mark)

b) List one process that take place in the structure labelled A. (1mark)

20. State one effect of magnesium deficiency in green plants. (1mark)

21. a) Pregnancy will continue normally even if ovaries of an expectant mother were removed after 4 months of pregnancy.

Explain. (2mark)

b) What is the role of testes in the mammalian reproductive system? (lmark)

22. a) State two sites for gaseous exchange in submerged aquatic plants. (2marks)

b) What is the significance of gaseous exchange in plants? (2marks)

23. a) What is Assimilation. (lmark)

b) Explain how the following factors determine the daily energy requirement in humans:

i) Age (lmark)

ii) Occupation (lmark)

iii) Sex (1mark)

24. State the importance of the following plants excretory products.

a) Rubber (1mark) b) Papain (1mark) c) Quinine (1mark)

25. The diagram below shows a pollen tube entering the ovule of a flowering plant.

State what happens to B, C and E after fertilization. (3 marks)

26. a) Name the gaseous exchange surface in insects. (1mark)

b) How is the surface named in (a) above suited to its function? (2marks)



231/2

BIOLOGY

PAPER 2


Answer ALL questions

1. In a breeding experiment with the four o'clock plants, red flowered plants were crossed with plants with white

flowers. The parent plants were all pure lines. All the plants from F1 generation were pink.

a) What is the genetic explanation for the appearance of pink flowers and the absence of red and white flowers in

the F1 generation? (l mark)

b) Work out the genotype of F1 generation. (4marks)

c) If the plants from F1 generation were selfed, what would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation? (l mark)

d) Give an example of a sex-linked trait in humans on;

Y chromosome ................................................................................................................................... (l mark)

X chromosome ..................................................................................................................................... (l mark)

2. Outline the role of the following environmental factors in the process of photosynthesis.

i) Light (1mark)

ii) Carbon (iv) oxide (1mark)

iii) Temperature (1mark)

19

b) State the importance of photosynthesis in nature. (2marks)

c) State three ways of preventing teeth diseases. (3marks)

3. The figure below represents the process of gaseous exchange in woody plants.

a) i) Name the part labelled A . (lmark)

ii) Identify material marked by arrow X. (1mark)

b) What is oxygen debt and how does the body overcome it? (2marks)

c) The diagrams below represent the plant support tissues. Study them and answer the questions that follow.

i) Identify the support tissues cells A, B. (2marks)

ii) Give the adaptations of the tissues cells named in c (i) above to their functions. (2marks)

4. a) Name the branch of Biology involved in the study of:

i) Inheritance (1mark)

ii) Identification and classification of organisms. (1mark)

b) What taxonomic units do the word 'zea' and 'mays' represent?

i) Zea; ...................................................................................................... (lmark)

ii) Mays; ..................................................................................................... (lmark)

c) The organelle below was revealed when a cell was observed under a microscope.

i) Name the structure labelled X. (1mark)

ii) Identify the organelle labelled y. (1mark)

d) State the importance of osmosis in plants. (2marks)

5. The table below gives information about an aquarium community which is ecologically balanced.

Types of organisms Number of organisms

Insect larvae

Fishes

Water plants

Bacteria

500

1200

5000

100

a) What is meant by the term ecologically balanced? (1mark)

b) i) Using the above information construct a pyramid of numbers. (Show your scale). (4marks)

ii) Which trophic level is occupied by the fish? (1mark)

c) State two characteristics that are unique to member of the kingdom monera . (2marks)

20

SECTION B (40MARKS)

Answer 6(compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8

6. The table below shows how the quantities of sweat and urine vary with external temperature.

External temperature (0c) Urine cm3/h Sweat cm3/h

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

5

6

10

20

30

60

120

200

a) Plot the quantities of urine and sweat produced against the external temperature in the grid provided. (7mks)

b) At what temperatures are the amounts of sweat and urine produced equal? (1mark)

c) What happens to the amount of sweat produced as the temperature increases? (3marks)

d) Explain the observation made on the amount of urine produced as the temperature rises. (3marks)

e) How is the skin adapted for temperature regulation? (3marks)

f) State three differences between a dicotyledonous stem and a root. (3marks)

7. a) Describe the adaptations of the human female reproductive system to its function. (12marks)

b) Discuss the role of the following hormones in growth and development of plants.

i) Gibberellins (4marks)

ii) Ethylene (4marks)

8. Describe the various evidences which support the theory of organic evolution. (20marks)



231/3

BIOLOGY

PAPER 3

l. a) You are provided with a sample of food labelled M in a solution form and the reagents. Carry out tests Oil

the food sample to identify the type of food substances present. (9marks)

Food being tested Procedure Observation Conclusion

b) Name the deficiency diseases that would result if a child is fed on the above food sample. (l mark)

c) State one symptom of the disease named in (b) above. (l mark)

2. You are provided with specimens labelled A, B. C. D and E.

21

A dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify them

1. a) Jointed legs present ............................................................................................................. go to 2

b) Joined legs absent ................................................................................................................ go to 6

2. a) Three pairs of legs ............................................................................................................... go to 3

b) More than three pairs of legs ............................................................................................... go to 5.

3. a) Wings present. ..................................................................................................................... go to 4

b) Wings absent. ...................................................................................................................... bed bug

4. a) Two pairs of wings .............................................................................................................. Batesian Butterfly.

b) One pair of wings ................................................................................................................ Apis Mellifera

5. a) Antennae present .. .............................................................................................................. Scorpion.

b) Antennae Absent. ................................................................................................................ Mite

6. a) Shell Present ........................................................................................................................ Snail

b) Shell Absent ......................................................................................................................... Go to 7

7. a) Prominent c1itellum ............................................................................................................ Earthworm

b) No clitellum visible ............................................................................................................. leech.

i) Use the dichotomous key to identify each of the animal specimens provided. In each cases show in sequence the steps

(e.g l a, 2b, 5b etc) in the key that you followed to arrive at the identity of each specimen. (l0marks)

Specimen Steps followed Identity

A. B. C. D. E.

ii) Name the type of skeleton found in organism A. (1mark)

iii) Give two functions of the skeleton found in (i i) above. (2marks)

iv) Name two features that is used to classify A as phylum Arthropoda. (2marks)

3. You are provided with photographs of specimens labelled Q1, Q2, Y and Y2

a) With a reason, name the classes to which specimen Y, Y2 Q1 and Q2 belong. (4marks)

b) Name the part that protects the plumule in specimen Y, and Y2 (1mark)

c) i) Which of the two types of seedlings may form swellings on the roots later in its life. (l mark)

i) Give the name of the swellings in c (i) above? (l mark)

iii) Name the organism that would be found in the swellings. (l mark)

iv) Explain the relationship that exists between the named organisms and the plant. (l mark)

d) i) Name the structures found on the stem just below the leaves of specimen Q2. (l mark)

ii) State two functions of the structures named in d(i) above . (2marks)

a) Name the root system found in specimens

i) Y1 and Y2 (1mark)

ii) Q1 and Q2 (1mark)

22

GEM FORM FOUR EVALUATION TEST, 2013


231/1

BIOLOGY

PAPER 1

1. Name the branch of Biology involved in the study of: (2 marks)

a) Microorganisms

b) Inheritance and variation

2. State one use for each of the following apparatus in the study of living organisms. (2 marks)

a) Bait trap

b) Specimen bottle

3. The diagram below represents a fern.

a) Name parts labelled Z and X. (2 marks)

b) Name the spore producing structure in the plant above. (1 mark)

4. Name the organelle that performs each of the following functions in a cell. (2 marks)

a) Protein synthesis

b) Transport of cell secretions

5. A student observed an organelle using an electron microscope of magnification x 800. It's diameter was 2 millimeters.

Calculate the actual diameter of the organelle in micrometers. (3 marks)

6. a) Distinguish between diffusion and Active transport. (2 marks)

b) Students from Nyagondo secondary school while carrying out the process of osmosis were advised to use the

tissue on fresh raw potatoes rather than the tissue of boiled potato, explain. (2 marks)

7. a) State two functions of saliva in digestion. (2 marks)

b) Name a disease caused by lack of each of the following in human beings. (2 marks)

i) Vitamin C

ii) Iodine

8. State the role of light in photosynthesis. (l mark)

9. Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow:

a) Identify the parts labelled R and T. (2 marks)

b) State the function of parts labelled S and P. (2 marks)

10. Name spore producing structure in Bryophytes. (1mark)

23

11. The chart below shows blood clotting mechanism.

a) Name the blood cells represented by X. (1mark)

b) Name metal ions represented by Y. (1mark)

c) State how low blood volume can be brought back to normal volume. (2marks)

12. a) Name the gaseous exchange surface in insects. (1 mark)

b) How is the surface named in (a) above sui ted to its function. (1 mark)

13. Slate two ways by which lactic acid formed in the muscles of an athlete is removed. (2 marks)

14. Outline TWO industrial processes that use anaerobic respiration. (2 marks)

15. a) State the advantage of desert animals excreting their nitrogenous waste in form of urea and not ammonia(2 marks)

b) State TWO modifications on the kidney nephrone of desert mammals. (2 marks)

16. Explain why glucose does not appear in urine of a normal healthy person. (2 marks)

17. Distinguish between Ecosystem and habitat as used in Ecology. (2 marks)

18. Explain how the following lower the rate of transpiration in plants.

a) Sunken stomata (1mark)

b) Reversed stomatal rhythm. (1mark)

19. State TWO adaptations of sub-merged hydrophytes. (3 marks)

20. The diagram below represents female reproductive system in humans.

a) Name one hormone produced by the part labelled E (1mark)

b) Name the process that occurs in part A after fertilization. (1mark)

c) What is ectopic pregnancy? (1mark)

21. The diagram below shows a mature embryo sac of a flowering plant.

a) Name the parts labeled R, S. (2 marks)

b) What is the function 0 f the part labelled T? (1mark)

24

c) What do you understand by the term perigynous ovary? (1mark)

22. What is the significance of moulting in a grasshopper? (2 marks)

23 Name the causative agent of the following diseases in man. (2 marks)

a) Candidiasis

b) Syphilis

24. The diagram below shows an experimental set up to investigate an aspect of seed germination.

a) Why were the following used in this experiment:

i) Potassium hydroxide pellets (1mark)

ii) Moist cotton wool (1mark)

b) i) By means of an arrow, indicate on the diagram the direction in which the red dye would move during

the experiment (1 mark)

ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b)i above . (1mark)

25. The diagram below represents a type of muscle.

a) Identify the muscle (1 mark)

b) State where the muscle is found in the human body. (1 mark)

26. a) State two functions of the cerebral fluid. (2 marks)

b) Name the three bones that make up the ear ossicles. (3 marks)

27. a) Explain why some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics after they have been subjected to it for

sometime. (2 marks)

b) What is organic evolution? (1mark)

c) Explain why Lamarck’s theory of evolution is not accepted by biologists today. (2marks)

28. State two ways through which fossils serve as evidence for organic evolution. (2marks)

29. Name two disorders of non – disjunction in human beings. (2marks)

25

GEM FORM FOUR EVALUATION TEST, 2013


231/2

BIOLOGY

PAPER 2

SECTION A (40 marks)

Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. In mice, the normal coat colour is black. However, a recessive gene for coat colour (y) causes the mice coat to be

yellow when present in heterozygous state. Such mice die during early stages of embryo formation while in

heterozygous state, the mice have a grey coat colour but grow to maturity.

a) Identity the type of monohybrid inheritance shown by the phenotype of heterozygotes. (1 mark)

b) If heterozygote mice were allowed to interbreed, work out the phenotypic ratio of the mice that would be

produced alive when pregnancy comes to term. Show your working. (5 marks)

c) If the number of black mice were 20, how many mice died during embryo formation? Give a reason for your

answer. (2 marks)

2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the blood vessel represented in the diagram above. (1 mark)

b) Explain three ways in which the above blood vessel is adapted to its function. (3 marks)

c) Explain why the heartbeat of a child is higher than that of an adult. (3 marks)

d) State the name of the blood vessel that carry blood from alimentary canal to the liver. (l mark)

3. An experiment was set up as shown below.

a) Why were the test tubes covered with aluminium foil? (1 mark)

b) What process was taking place in leaf A when covered as shown above? (1 mark)

c) Bicarbonate indicator is red in alkaline medium but yellow in acidic medium. In which of the above set ups will

the indicator change to yellow colour? Explain. (3 marks)

d) What was the role of set up B in the experiment? (1 mark)

e) In what ways are the leaves of a plant adapted for gaseous exchange? (2 marks)

4. The graph below shows the rate of enzyme action in relation to changes in temperature.

`

a) Explain, giving a reason in each case for the rate of enzyme action.

i) Between V and W. (1 mark)

ii) At X

26

b) Distinguish between a co-factor and a co-enzyme. (2 marks)

5. Below is a simplified drawing of the nitrogen cycle.

a) Identify the compound named A. (1 mark)

b) Name the processes labelled B, X and Y. (3 marks)

c) Name the organisms found at X and Z: (2 marks)

d) i) In what form is nitrogen found in plants and animals . (1mark)

ii) Name one example of non-bacterial nitrogen fixers in the soil. (1 mark)

SECTION B: 40 marks

Answer question 6 (COMPULSORY) and either 7 or 8

6. Plant species A and B grow naturally in different habitats. In an experiment the exchange of carbon (IV) oxide

between the atmosphere and species A and B was determined over a range of light intensities from darkness to

the equivalent of mean noon sunlight. A constant temperature was maintained throughout the experiment.

The data obtained is shown below.

Light intensity as a Net carbon (IV) oxide absorption in arbitrary units Species B

percentage noon sunlight Species A -0.8

0 -1.0 0.5

10 3.0 3.5

20 5.3 7.0

30 6.5 9.3

40 6.5 11.5

50 6.7 13.2

60 6.8 15.0

70 7.0 17.0

80 6.5 18.0

90 6.8 5.3 6.8 19.0

100 6.7

a) Using a suitable scale draw graphs of Net carbon (IV) oxide absorption in arbitrary units against light

intensity for species A and B (8 marks)

b) Give a reason for the behaviour of curve B as seen on the graph. (1mark)

c) i) Using the graphs drawn, state the possible habitat of species A. (1mark)

ii) Give a reason for your answer in c(i) above . (1mark)

d) Other than light intensity, explain three other factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. (6 marks)

e) i) Define the term photosynthesis. (1 mark)

ii) Name two important products of light stage in photosynthesis. (2 marks)

7. Describe how a human respiratory system is adapted to its function. (20 marks)

8. a) Explain the process of image formation by the human eye. (12 marks)

b) Explain the importance of tropisms to plants. (8 marks)

27

EMBU COUNTY FORM FOUR EVALUATION, 2013


231/1

BIOLOGY

PAPER 1

JULY/AUGUST

1. Define the following terms. (2marks)

a) Parasitology

b) Entomology

2. Explain what happens during the dark stage of photosynthesis. (3marks)

3. What is the significance of the following?

a) Cartilage in the trachea (lmark)

b) Mucus on the inner surface of the trachea. (lmark)

c) Moisture on the surface of the alveoli. (lmark)

4. State three advantages of having a constant body temperature in mammals. (3marks)

5. What is meant by the following terms?

a) Protandry (lmark)

b) Self sterility (lmark)

6. a) What is organic evolution (lmark)

b) Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution. (2marks)

7. The diagram below represents a cell.

Name the parts labelled B and C. (2marks)

b) Suggest why the structures labelled A would be more on one side than the other. (lmark)

8. State the importance of each of the following excretory products in plants. (2marks)

a) Rubber

b) Papain

9. a) What is seed dormancy (lmark)

b) Name a growth inhibitor in seeds. (lmark)

10. State the functions of each of the following parts of the ear. (3marks)

a) Tympanic membrane

b) Auditory meatus

c) Ear ossicles

11. The table below shows the initial length of three Irish potato strips C, D and E which were placed in different

solutions.

Potato strip Initial length (mm) Final length (mm)

C 20mm 30mm

D 20mm 20mm

E 20mm 15mm

a) In which solutions are strips C, D and E placed. (3marks)

b) Calculate the percentage change in length of (2marks)

i) Strip A

ii) Strip B

12. Distinguish between natural and acquired immunity. (2marks)

13. a) Define the following terms (2marks)

i) Carrying capacity

ii) Synecology

b) Distinguish between population and community. (2marks)

28

14. a) What is genetic engineering? (lmark)

b) Give an example of a genetic disorder caused by;

i) Non- disjunction (lmark)

ii) Gene mutation (lmark)

15. a) Name the cartilage found between the bones of vertebral column. (lmark)

b) State the functions of the cartilage named in (a) above. (2marks)

16. a) State the class to which organism shown in the diagram below belongs. (lmk)

b) Give two characteristics used to place the organism into the class named in (a) above. (2mks)

17. The diagram below was set up to study a certain physiological process. Glucose solution was boiled and cooled

before adding yeast.

a) Identify the process being investigated. (lmark)

b) What observation was made after 8 hours? (lmark)

c) State and explain the expected results if the yeast suspension was boiled and then put in glucose solution?

(2marks)

18. State two ways in which the root hairs are adapted to their functions. (2marks)

19. Define the following terms.

(2marks)

a) Excretion

b) Secretion

20. a) State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction in animals . (2marks)

b) State two roles of oestrogen during the menstrual cycle. (2marks)

21. The diagram below shows a certain response.

Explain how the above response occurs. (3marks)

22. What is meant by the term binomial nomenclature? (lmark)

23. State two characteristics of aerenchyma tissue. (2marks)

24. Study the diagram below

a) Name process Y (lmark)

b) Identify substance X (lmark)

25. Explain what happens when there is oxygen debt in human muscles. (2marks)

26. State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of insects. (2marks)

27. Name the causative agent of;

i) Bilharzia (lmark)

ii) Candidiasis (lmark)

28. State the adaptations of the following tissues for support in plants. (2marks)

a) Collenchyma

b) Sclerenchyma

29. During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occurs. (lmark)

Amino acids + Amino acids X + water Process y

29

30. a) Give the function of the following part of a microscope.

Condenser (lmark)

b) State the importance of the following when preparing temporary slides. (2marks)

i) Making a thin plant section

ii) Adding a drop of water.

31. Why is it becoming more difficult to treat tuberculosis using antibiotics? (1mark)



231/2

BIOLOGY

PAPER 2

JULY/AUGUST

1. The equation below represents oxidation of food substrate in a living organism.

2C57H110 O6 + 163O2 114CO2 + 110H2O + Energy

a) i) Calculate the RQ for the complete oxidation (2marks)

ii) From the RQ suggest the food substance being used in respiration. (lmark)

b) i) Name the type of respiration that is most efficient. (lmark)

ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (lmark)

c) State two applications of anaerobic respiration in industries. (2marks)

2. a) A cross between a red flowered and a white flowered plant produces only pink-flowered FI plants.

i) Suggest a reason to explain why there were no red or white flowered FI plants.

ii) The F1 offsprings were selfed to get F2 generation, work out the F2 phenotypic ratio (show your working)

b) A normal man married an albino woman; one of the children was an albino. Use letter A to represent gene

for normal skin colour.

i) State the genotypes of the parents. (l mark)

ii) Work out the genotypes of the other children. (3marks)

3. A freshly obtained tradescantia stem measuring 5cm long was split lengthwise to obtain two similar pieces.

The pieces were placed in solutions of different concentration in petri dishes for 20 minutes.

a) State the physiological process taking place. (lmark)

b) Account for the appearance of the pieces in solutions K1 and K2 (5marks)

c) State the significance in living organisms of the biological process being investigated. (2marks)

4. The diagram below represents a food web in a terrestrial ecosystem.

a) From the web above construct food chains with five organisms. (2marks)

b) State the level occupied by

i) Lizards (lmark)

30

ii) Hawks (lmark)

c) What would happen if leopards were introduced in the ecosystem? (2marks)

5. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagram below.

a) What was being investigated in the experiment? (lmark)

b) On the diagram below indicate the expected results after 2 days. (2marks)

c) Give the reason why the cotton wool in the container was moist. (lmark)

d) State four applications of plant hormones in agriculture. (4marks)

SECTION B(40 MARKS)

Answer question 6(compulsory) in the spaces provided and either question 7 or 8

6. An experiment was carried out to investigate a certain physiological process in plants. An electric bulb was

moved at intervals and the number of bubbles produced were counted and recorded. The table below shows the

results obtained.

Distance of the bulb from plant (cm) 10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Number of bubbles per minute 15 12 9 7 6 3 2 1 1 1 1

a) Plot a graph of the number of bubbles evolved per minute against distance of bulb from the plant. (6marks)

b) Suggest the aim of the experiment. (2marks)

c) From the graph state;

i) The number of bubbles per minute when the bulb was 25 cm away from the plant. (lmark)

ii) The distance of the bulb from the plant at which 5 bubbles were evolved. (lmark)

d) Account for the shape of the graph. (4marks)

e) With bulb at 50cm, what effect would it have on the rate of bubbles evolution, if each of the following were

performed, explain your answer in each case

i) Placing small aquatic animals in the water. (2marks)

ii) Placing small amount of sodium hydroxide in water (2 marks)

iii) Lowering the temperature to 15°c. (2marks)

7. a) Using an example, explain how an allergic reaction occurs in a human being. (l0marks)

b) Describe how gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants. (l0marks)

8. Describe the various evidences of organic evolution. (20marks)

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231/3

BIOLOGY

PAPER 3

JULY/AUGUST

l. a) You are provided with suspension N. Using the reagents and materials provided carry out tests to find out the

food substances present in suspension N. (12marks)

Food substance Procedure Observation Conclusion

b) State the deficiency disease a child is likely to suffer if fed on suspension N. (lmark)

2. You are provided with specimen K. Observe the specimen using a hand lens and answer the questions that

follow.

a) i) Identify the class to which the specimen belongs. (1mark)

ii) Give three reasons for your answer in a(i) above . (3marks)

b) i) Name the agent of pollination of specimen K. (lmark)

ii) Give three reasons for your answer in b (ii) above. (3marks)

c) Isolate and draw a labelled diagram of the female part of the flower. (4marks)

3. The photographs below are bones obtained from different regions of mammalian body.

Bone J Bone M

Bone L

a) Name the region from which bones J and M were obtained.

b) Identify the bones J, L, M (3marks)

c) i) Name the parts labelled X and Y. (2marks)

ii) How is bone M suited to its functions? (2marks)

d) Name the bones that form a joint with bone J at its anterior and posterior end and in each case

name the type of joint they form. (4marks)

Anterior end

Bone(s) ………………………………………………………

Types of joint ………………………………………………..

Posterior end

Bone(s) ……………………………………………………….

Type of joint ………………………………………………….

e) State two types of muscles found in mammalian body. (2marks)

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GUCHA SOUTH FORM FOUR EVALUATION TEST


231 / 1

BIOLOGY

Paper 1

(Theory)

July / August

1. a) State the principles which distinguish scientific names of organisms from ordinary names. (2 marks)

b) Give a reason why Latin language is used in classification. (1 mark)

2. State two functions of the cell sap. (2 marks)

3. In an experiment it was found that when maggots are exposed to light they move to dark areas.

a) Name the type of response exhibited by the maggots. (1 mark)

b) Name the advantages of the response to the maggots. (2 marks)

4. A student from Nduru girls observed that a mango peel that was thrown outside their class curled towards

the epicarp. Explain. (1 mark)

5. In which form is oxygen transported from the lungs to the tissues? (1 mark)

6. Give two reasons why primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem decreases with depth. (2 marks)

7. A student placed a drop of pond water in a glass slide and observed it under the microscope. The student observed

many fast moving organisms, one of which is represented in the diagram below.

a) i) Name the phylum to which the organism belongs. (1 mark)

ii) Give a reason for your answer in (i) above. (1mark)

b) Name the structures labelled N, P and Q. (3 marks)

c) State two observable features that make the organisms to move fast. (2 marks)

8. Give two reasons why accumulation of lactic acid during vigorous exercise leads to an increase in heart beat.

(2 marks)

9. a) State two roles of green plants in fish ponds other than providing food . (2 marks)

b) Explain why biomass of producers is always more than that of primary consumers in a stable ecosystem.

(2 marks)

10. Name the mechanisms that prevent self-pollination in a flower that has both androecium and gynoecium.

(2 marks)

11. In an investigation, plants with red flowers were crossed with plants with white flowers. All the F1 plants had pink

flowers.

a) Give a reason for the pink flowers in F1 generation. (1 mark)

b) If the plants from the F1 generation were selfed, state the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation. (1 mark)

c) State two advantages of self-pollination. (2 marks)

12. State the importance of osmoregulation in organisms. (1 mark)

13. State two advantages of metamorphosis in the life of an insect. (2 marks)

14. The following diagram represents a section of a plant organ. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the parts labelled A - D (4 marks)

b) Name the primary functions of the part labelled B. (2 marks)

15. a) What are sex-linked genes? (1 mark)

b) Give examples of sex-linked traits in humans. (2 marks)

16. a) What are the advantages of natural selection to organisms? (1 mark)

b) Differentiate between analogous and homologous structures. (2 marks)

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17. Name the type of response exhibited by the following:

a) Leaves of Mimosa pudica plant fold their leaves after being touched. (1 mark)

b) Euglena swimming towards a source of light. (l mark)

c) Sperm cells swimming towards the ovum. (1 mark)

18. a) What substance accumulates in the muscles when respiration occurs in insufficient oxygen. (1 mark)

b) Other than carbon (IV) oxide, what were the other products of anaerobic respiration in plants? (2 marks)

19. a) Briefly explain why a mature dog will require less energy than a mouse under same environmental conditions.

(2 marks)

b) Why does sweat accumulate on a person's skin in a hot humid weather? (3 marks)

20. Why do cotyledons of germinating pea reduce in dry weight? (1 mark)

21. State two ways in which floating leaves of aquatic plants are adapted to gaseous exchange. (2 marks)

22. a) Name two tissues in plants which are thickened within lignin. (2 marks)

b) How is support attained in herbaceous plants? (1 mark)

23. a) The following illustration shows the dental formula of an organism.

i 𝟎

𝟑; c

𝟎

𝟏; pm

𝟑

𝟑 ; m

𝟑

𝟑

a) Work out the total number of teeth in the organism. (2 marks)

b) What is the diet of the organism? Give a reason for your answer. (3 marks)

24. Briefly explain why it is difficult to get the exact size of a cell when doing cell estimation. (2 marks)

25. a) What is the name of cartilage found between two vertebrae? (l mark)

b) State the function of the cartilage named in (a) above. (3 marks)

26. The diagram below represents a nerve cell.

a) i) Identify the nerve cell. (1 mark)

ii) Give a reason for your answer in a(i) above. (1 mark)

b) Name the structure labelled T. (l mark)

27. Distinguish between natural active immunity and natural passive immunity. (2 marks)

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GUCHA SOUTH FORM FOUR EVALUATION TEST


231 / 2

BIOLOGY

Paper 2

(Theory)

July / August, 2013.



1. The below diagrams show 3 organelles P, Q and R.

a) Identify the organelles P and Q. (2 marks)

b) i) Explain why the organelle R would be abundant in a sperm cell. (1 mark)

ii) State the function of the structure marked A in the organelle R. (1 mark)

c) i) Name the structures B and X in the organelles P and Q respectively. (2 marks)

ii) State the function of the structure X named in (c)(i) above. (l mark)

2. In human beings, colour blindness is a sex-linked trait caused by a mutant gene. A man, whose mother was colour

blind and father normal; married a woman whose mother was normal and father colour blind.

a) Differentiate between the terms mutation and mutant. (2 marks)

b) Using N to represent the gene for normal colour vision; state the genotypes of the couple. (2 marks)

Man:

Woman:

c) i) Work out the genotypic cross showing the genotypes of the offspring resulting from the couple whose

genotypes are stated in (b) above. (3 marks)

ii) What is the probability of getting a daughter who is a carrier from this marriage? (1 mark)

iii) State the genotypic ratio of the progeny in c(i) above. (l mark)

3. The diagram below represents structures dealing with gaseous exchange in a mammal.

a) Name the structure shown above. (l mark)

b) State three adaptations of the structure named in (a) above. (3 marks)

c) Name the parts marked A and B above. (2 marks)

d) How is the cell labelled C adapted to its function? (2 marks)

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4. In a certain habitat;

- Gazelles, termites, guinea fowls and grasshoppers feed on grass.

- Guinea fowl feed on grasshoppers and termites.

- Vultures feed on guinea fowls and leopards.

- Leopards feed on gazelles.

a) Construct a food web to show the above feeding relationship. (4 marks)

b) Extract TWO food chains where vultures are tertiary consumers. (2 marks)

c) What would be the short term effects on the ecosystem if lions invaded the area? (2 marks)

5. The diagram below shows part of the human heart during a certain phase of movement.

a) Giving a reason, name the phase of movement shown in the above diagram.

Phase of movement (1 mark)

Reason (l mark)

b) i) Name the blood vessels represented by the letters A and B.

A ............................................................................................................................. ................... .. (1 mark)

B ............................................................................................................................. ................... .. (1 mark)

ii) What is the major difference between the blood contained in the vessels A and B named in (b)(i) above?

(1 mark)

c) Mark on the diagram with arrows the direction of blood flow. (l mark)

d) State any two changes which take place within the heart during the phase of heart movement named in

(a) above. (2 marks)


Answer questions 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided below question 8

6. Two sets of pea seeds were allowed to germinate. Set A was placed in normal day light conditions in the

laboratory while set B was placed in a dark cupboard. After a few days, shoot lengths were measured twice daily

and their mean lengths recorded as shown in the table below.

Time (in hrs) 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84

Lengths of set A (in mm) 12 14 20 23 28 31 47 54

Lengths of set B(in mm) 17 23 28 35 48 62 80 94

a) Using the above data, draw the graphs of length of sets A and B against time on the same axes. (8 marks)

b) From your graphs, state the mean shoot length of each set of seedling at the 66th hour. (2 marks)

Set A

Set B

c) Account for the differences between the curves represented sets A and B. (4 marks)

d) Explain what would happen to set B of the seedlings if they were allowed to grow under conditions of darkness

with unidirectional light. (4marks)

e) Besides length of shoots, state two differences between seedlings in the set ups A and B. (2marks)

7. Describe the process of formation and removal of urea in terrestrial mammals. (20marks)

8. Describe how fruits and seeds are suited to their modes of dispersal. (20marks)

36

KAJIADO COUNTY FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION, 2013


231/1

BIOLOGY

PAPER 1

JULY/AUGUST, 2013

1. List two characteristics of living thing. (2 marks)

2. a) What is the difference between a phylum and a division? (1 mark)

b) A student observed a specimen A using magnifying lens. He then drew the illustration labelled B.

Calculate the magnification of the drawing. (2 marks)

3. Name the organelles that would be most likely found in large numbers in cells that perform the functions below.

a) A cell in the ileum that actively takes in glucose. (1 mark)

b) A cell in the liver that breaks down foreign bodies. (l mark)

4. In what two ways does the dark stage of photosynthesis depend on the light stage of photosynthesis? (2 marks)

5. State three roles of decomposers in an ecosystem. (3 marks)

6. Name the type of asexual reproduction found in the following organisms. (3 marks)

i) Rhizopus

ii) Yeast

iii) Bacteria

7. The diagram below shows the structure of a motor neurone.

a) Name the parts labelled E and F. (2 marks)

b) What is the functional difference between a motor neurone and sensory neurone. (1 mark)

8. State three protective functions of the skin. (3 marks)

9. The diagram below was set to illustrate the role of mammalian thoracic cavity in gaseous exchange.

a) What do the labels E, G and H correspond to in a mammal? (3 marks)

b) State the limitations of the parts labelled F and H. (2 marks)

10. a) The action of ptyalin stops at the stomach. Explain. (l mark)

b) State factor that denatures enzymes. (1 mark)

c) Name the features that increase the surface area of small intestines. (2 marks)

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11. The diagram below represents on experiment that was set up to investigate a certain process.

a) Name the process that is being investigated. (l mark)

b) Account for the swelling in diagram 2 . (l mark)

12. The flow chart below shows a summary of growth and development in insects.

i) Name the hormone labelled X. (1 mark)

ii) State the gland labelled y. (l mark)

13. a) Name two disorders in human caused by gene mutation. (2 marks)

b) State two types of chromosomal mutations. (2 marks)

14. Give one adaptation of the following parts of mammalian reproductive system to their functions.

a) Testis (1 mark)

b) Uterus. (2 marks)

15. List any two distinguishing characteristics of the Kingdom Monera. (2 marks)

16. State two structural differences between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) (2marks)

17. State the importance of osmosis in plants. (3 marks)

18. State FOUR evidences that support organic evolution. (4 marks)

19. State two adaptations of mitochondrion to its function. (2 marks)

20. Give three types of skeletons. (3 marks)

21. State two functions of oestrogen hormone in a female human being during menstrual cycle. (2 marks)

22. State the functions of the following plant excretory products. (3 marks)

a) Caffeine

b) Papain

c) Tannins

23. State the functions of the following parts of the ear.

i) Ear ossicles (l mark)

ii) Eustachian tube. (l mark)

24. a) State two ways by which nitrogen is made available for plant use . (2 marks)

b) Distinguish between interspecific and intraspecific competition. (2 marks)

25. State any three factors that causes seed dormancy. (3 marks)

26. List three differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous leaves. (3 marks)

27. State how alveolus of the lungs of a mammal is adapted to its function. (2 marks)

28. Name the parts of a microscope that performs the following functions.

i) Concentrates light on the object on the stage. (l mark)

ii) Contains a lens which contributes to the magnification of the specimen under review. (1 mark)

29. Distinguish between Saprophytic and parasitic mode of nutrition. (2marks)

38



231/2

BIOLOGY

PAPER 2

JULY/AUGUST 2013



1. In cats a gene B is responsible for black fur and L for yellow fur. These genes exhibit co-dominance where the

hybrid BL is tortoise shell. Colour (colour between black and yellow). If these genes are carried on the X

chromosome:

a) i) Work out the genotypes and phenotypes of Fl kittens when a black female is mated with a yellow male.

(4 marks)

ii) To what extent are the male and female kittens produced distinguishable by their colour. (1 mark)

b) What is the probability of having a black male in F2 generation (l mark)

c) State two causes of variation. (2 marks)

2. The diagrams below shows a set up by a group of students to investigate a physiological process. In cells, the

potato tubers used in the experiment were identical.

a) Account for the observation made on the pieces of potato tubers after 40 minutes. (6 marks)

b) State the roles of biological process being investigated in living organism. (2 marks)

3. To estimate the population of crabs in a lagoon traps were laid at random. 400 crabs were caught marked and

released back into the lagoon 4(four) days later the traps were laid again. 350 (Three hundred and fifty) crabs

were caught of which 80(eighty) were found to be marked.

a) Calculate the population of crabs in this lagoon. (2 marks)

b) State two assumptions that were made during the investigation. (2 marks)

c) Name the method of population estimation used in this case. (1 mark)

d) Apart from the method mentioned above. State three other methods used in population estimation. (3 marks)

4. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below.

a) i) Name the type of response. (1 mark)

ii) Explain how the response named in a (i) above occurs. (3 marks)

b) What is the importance of tactic responses to microscopic organisms? (2 marks)

c) State two applications of plant hormones in agriculture. (2 marks)

5. A set up that was used to investigate certain process in plant is shown in the diagram below.

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a) What process was being investigated (1 mark)

b) i) State two precautions that should be taken when setting up the experiment. (2 marks)

ii) Give a reason for each precaution stated in b (i) above. (2 marks)

c) State three environmental factors that influence the process under investigation. (3 marks)

SECTION B (40 marks)

Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after questions 8

6. Two persons A and B drank volumes of concentrated solution of glucose. The amount of glucose in their blood

was determined at intervals. The results are shown in the table below.

Time (minutes) Glucose level in blood (Mg / 100cm3)

A B

0 87 84 15 112 123 30 139 170 45 116 188 60 100 208 90 95 202

120 92 144 150 88 123

a) On the graph plot graphs of glucose level in blood against time on the same axis. (7 marks)

b) What was the concentration of glucose in the blood of A and B at the 20th minute? (2 marks)

c) Suggest why the glucose level in person A stopped rising after 30 minutes while it continued rising in person B.

(2 marks)

d) Account for the decrease in glucose level in person A after 30 minutes and person B after 60 minutes. (4 marks)

e) Name the compound that stores energy released during oxidation of glucose. (1 mark)

f) Explain what happens to excess amino acids in the human body. (4 marks)

7. a) Describe how seeds and fruits are adapted for dispersal. (13marks)

b) Describe the adaptations of wind pollinated flowers. (7marks)

8. a) Describe the meaning of the term survival of the fittest in evolution giving relevant examples. (8marks)

b) Discuss the adaptations of the ileum to its function. (12marks)

KAJIADO COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST

BIOLOGY

Paper 3

CONFIDENTIAL INSTRUCTIONS

- For each candidate, provide the following:

- 3 10% Glucose solution

- T Starch solution

- 2 Visking tubings

- Distilled water

- Iodine solution

- Benedict’s solution

- 2 pieces of threads

- 2 beakers 50ml / 100ml

- 4 Test tubes

- 1 Test tube rack

- 1 Test holder

- Means of heating.


231/3

BIOLOGY

PAPER 3

1. You are provided with the following apparatus and solution.

a. 2 visking tubings

b. Solution S

c. Solution T

d. 2 beakers

e. Distilled water

f. Iodine solution

g. Benedicts solution

h. Threads

b) i) Test the beaker water and solution S in the beaker using Benedicts solution. Record your results in the table

below. (2marks)

Procedure Observations

Solution S

Beaker Water

Tie one end of the visking tubing and pour solution S into the visking tubing and tie the other end. Set the

apparatus as shown in the set up below.

ii) Allow the set- up to stand for 30 minutes the test the water in the beaker and solution ‘S’ in the visking

tubing with Benedicts solution and record your results in table below. (2marks)

Observations

Solution S

Beaker Water

c) i) Observe the colours V solution T, and iodine solution in the beaker. Record your observation in the table

below.

Observations

Solution T

Beaker Water

(2marks)

Tie one end of the visking tubing and pour solution T into the visking tubing and tie the other end. Put the

visking with the contents in the iodine as shown in the set up below.

ii) Observe the colours again after 30 minutes and record your observations in the table below. (2marks)

Observations

Solution T

Beaker Iodine Solution

d) Identify the food substances present in

i) Solution S (1mark)

ii) Solution T (1mark)

e) State the function of the food substances in (c) above in the animal body. (1mark)

f) Explain the changes that took place in Set up 1 and Set up II (3marks)

3.

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a) With reasons identify E and F. (6 marks)

b) On photograph E label the three parts of the specimen. (3 marks)

KAKAMEGA COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAM, 2013 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education...

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