INSA LYON - JSPS WORKSHOP

“WATER AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT”

LYON, 19-20 JUNE 2012

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Organisers JSPS Strasbourg Office and INSA Lyon Dates 19-20 June 2012 Venue INSA Lyon, Campus Lyon Tech La Doua Bibliothèque Marie Curie - Amphithéâtre Emilie du Châtelet 31 avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France

Scientific co-chairs

Prof. Hiroaki FURUMAI (The University of Tokyo) Prof. Jean-Luc BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI (INSA Lyon)

Organising committee

Prof. Jean-Luc BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI (INSA Lyon) Prof. Yoichi NAKATANI (JSPS Strasbourg Office) Sakoto TADA (JSPS Strasbourg Office) Nina ARNESEN (INSA Lyon) Michel MAGNIN (Insavalor) Haruna HATOYAMA (JSPS Strasbourg Office)

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OBJECTIVES Urban water systems (UWS) and their interactions with aquatic environment and ecosystems are key issues for research in both Japan and France. Research focuses on improved understanding of phenomena, processes, modelling and management of UWS, including e.g. transfer of water and pollutants loads in UWS, impacts of discharges of UWS on water bodies, new paradigms for the conception and operation of UWS accounting for sustainability and climate change context. The aim of this INSA Lyon - JSPS Workshop is to bring together leading Japanese and French scientists to share recent research results and progress in knowledge on the following selected topics:

• New approaches for the management of urban water cycles and water resources, incl. rainwater harvesting, heat island effect and urban cooling.

• Emissions and transfers of micro-pollutants, emerging substances, pathogens and PPCPs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products).

• UWS and climate change adaptation, incl. reduction of energy consumption and of CO2 and GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions, low carbon society.

In addition to scientific communications, the workshop will also be a unique opportunity to establish new links and collaboration projects between French and Japanese research groups active in the field of urban water systems.

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WORKSHOP PROGRAMME Tuesday 19 June 2012 9:15 Opening session 9:45 Prof. Hiroaki FURUMAI, The University of Tokyo Well-Balanced Urban Water Use System Adapted for Climate Change 10:30 Prof. Bernard CHOCAT, INSA Lyon Water, Nature and the city: a new deal 11:15 Coffee/tea break 12:00 Prof. Toshiko KOMATSU, Saitama University Thermal Disturbances in the Subsurface Environment and Groundwater Conservation 12:45 Lunch 14:30 Prof. Jean-Luc BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI, INSA Lyon

Micropollutants in urban wet weather discharges: sources, transfers and masses balances

15:15 Prof. Hideshige TAKADA, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Molecular Markers: Tools to detect anthropogenic impacts on aquatic environments 16:00 Coffee/tea break 16:30 Prof. Régis MOILLERON, Université Paris-Est Créteil Organic pollutants in urban sewer systems and fate in wastewater treatment plants 17:15 Ms. Satoko TADA, JSPS Strasbourg Office Presentation of JSPS international programs and 5 min presentations of former JSPS Fellows in Lyon 18:00 Closure of day 1

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Wednesday 20 June 2012 9:00 Prof. Hiroaki TANAKA, Kyoto University Water Reuse Technologies for the Establishment of 21st Century Type Water Cycle System 9:45 Dr. Bernard de Gouvello, CSTB New water technologies for buildings and consequences on urban water management in France: greenroofs and rainwater harvesting 10:30 Coffee/tea break 11:00 Dr. Ikuro KASUGA, The University of Tokyo Functional Characterization of Microbial Community in Biological Activated Carbon Process for Water Purification 11:45 Prof. Christophe DAGOT, ENSIL - Université de Limoges Treatment of pharmaceutical compounds contaminating the wastewater: a new challenge for researchers, WWTP designers and managers 12:30 Lunch 14:30 Dr. Yoshimfumi MASAGO, Tohoku University Human Pathogens in Water Environment and Its Risk to Human Health 15:15 Dr. Benoit COURNOYER, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 – VetAgroSup - CNRS Human bacterial pathogens in urban waters : origin and consequences 16:00 Coffee/tea break 16:30 General conclusions, discussion of possible future collaborations (session chaired by Prof. H. Furumai and Prof. J.-L. Bertrand-Krajewski) 17:30 Closing session

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SHORT BIOGRAPHIES AND ABSTRACTS

19 June Hiroaki FURUMAI Professor, Research Center for Water Environment Technology Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Address : 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 TEL : +81-3-5841-6239, FAX +81-3-5841-8535 Email : furumai@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Homepage : http://www.recwet.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/furumai/index.html

Dr. Hiroaki Furumai is a professor of the Research Center for Water Environment Technology, the University of Tokyo. He also has a joint appointment as professor at the Department of Urban Engineering. He has studied on sustainable urban drainage management focusing on water pollution control and water environment conservation. Recently, he has also conducted extensive research on urban nonpoint source pollution and modeling water quality dynamics. Prof. Furumai received his doctoral degree in 1984 from the University of Tokyo. He is one of International Water Association Fellow 2010 and an associate board member of IWA/IAHR Joint Committee of Urban Drainage. He is a vice president of the Japan Society on Water Environment. He is an editor of several scholarly journals, including Water Research, Urban Water Journal, and Journal of Japan Water Works Association. Research Involvement and Interests: Urban non-point source pollution and combined sewer overflow Rainwater harvesting and reclaimed water use Characterization of DOM in drinking water and reclaimed water Anthropogenic pollutants and its toxicity in sediment

Recent Long-term Research Projects; “Development of well-balanced urban water use system adapted to climate change”, Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST R&D (Innovative Technology and Systems for Sustainable Water use) 2009-2014: http://www.recwet.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/crest2009/english/index.html ”Risk-based Management of Self-regulated Urban Water Recycle and Reuse System”, Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST R&D (Hydrological Modeling and water Resources System) 2002-2007: http://www.recwet.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/furumailab/crest/e/index.htm

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Well-Balanced Urban Water Use System Adapted for Climate Change

Safe and stable water supply is strongly required in highly-populated metropolitan areas in Asia. However, the current water resources are vulnerable in those cities. Climate change would accelerate localization of water resources and consequently it would become more difficult to keep stable water resource. To assure the safe and stable urban water supply under such circumstances, we must discuss the availability of “rainwater”, “groundwater”, and “reclaimed water” as well as surface water including river and reservoir. Such “ubiquitous water resources”, which are the precious water resources lying in cities, are very important to solve water use issues in urban area. Yet, limited information is available in regard to their quantity/quality and how to utilize them to establish well-balanced urban water use systems under climate change conditions. In the lecture, I introduce the research project on “Well-Balanced Urban Water Use System Adapted for Climate Change”. This project aims to reexamine the current urban water use system and propose an adaptive system to the future climate change. In the new system, each water resource is properly allocated to each water use by considering the balance between water supply and demand. The distinctive feature of our project is its comprehensive and multiphasic approach to evaluate the urban water use systems. It consists of the following five research groups. Finally, we aim to develop “well-balanced urban water use systems” by integrating all achievements of the five groups. 1) Watershed Water Resources group conducts advanced hydrological simulations in

watersheds to evaluate the influences of climate change on quantity and quality of river and reservoir water.

2) Urban Rainwater Management and Use group collects information on amount and quality of rainwater and runoff water and then discuss possible strategies of rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge by promoted infiltration.

3) Urban Groundwater Management and Use group investigates the current status of groundwater quality and recharge mechanism. Additionally, this group develops an innovative treatment technology including arsenic removal to provide safe water.

4) Water Quality Assessment group investigates detection method for infective enteric virus community and their use for fecal source tracking. A novel index of biological stability is also discussed considering microbial growth during storage and distribution of reclaimed water.

5) Urban Water Use Design group devises a totally systematic method for designing water use by evaluating environmental cost and user preferences. Through the designing process, information and knowledge on the various water resources are shown to water user stakeholders.

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19 June Bernard CHOCAT Emeritus Professor LGCIE – INSA Lyon Address: 34 avenue des Arts, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France Email: bernard.chocat@insa-lyon.fr

Born in 1950, B. Chocat is Civil Engineer from INSA Lyon, 1973; PhD, 1981. He is currently Emeritus Professor in the National Institute for Applied Sciences in Lyon. Its principal field of interest is urban hydrology that he largely contributed to structure at the national and international levels (Initiator and President of the scientific committee of the Novatech conferences, Initiator and former Director of the OTHU project (Field Observatory in Urban Hydrology), former Chairman of the IWA-IAHR Joint Committee on urban drainage,…). He also exerts or exerted responsibilities in many fields of environment management (head of the Laboratory of Civil and Environmental Engineering, chairman of the scientific committee of ASTEE, Scientific co-leader of the Rhone-Alps research cluster on environment, Chairman of the scientific committee of the research program PRECOD of the ANR on ecotechnologies, vice-chairman of the Steering committee of the program Ecotech,…); and also in different fields of the sustainable management of the city: founder and Honorary President of the Rhône-Alps Research Group on the Infrastructures and Water (GRAIE), Member of the steering committee of program ANR “sustainable City”, Member of the Steering Committee of the Institute for sustainable Metropolises,…. He has published several books, including an encyclopaedia of urban hydrology, and more than 50 papers.

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Water, Nature and the city : a new deal

Cities must deal with several issues linked to water management: water supply, sanitation, stormwater management, urban rivers and creeks management… In most developed countries, since the middle of the 19th century, these issues have mainly been addressed by the use of huge infrastructures based on big treatment plants (for drinking water as well as for sanitation) and developed distribution or evacuation networks. During the last years of the past century a new paradigm has emerged. Il is based on two simple ideas: “small can be beautiful” and “nature can be a partner rather than an opponent”. This paradigm leads to a new way of setting the question of stormwater management. The vocabulary itself his evolving. Experts speak of “water sensitive cities (WSC)” or “sustainable urban water systems (SUDS)” instead of “sewer networks” or even of “alternatives techniques” or of “best management practices (BMPs”). For example, it is a real split that wetlands, which were considered some years ago as places to be purified, are now facilities that can be used to purify water… Many questions are emerging from this shift of paradigm: what is the good scale, or what are the good scales for urban water management (the city, the watershed, the district, the building…)? How far can people accept nature in a city? What kind of new services a more “natural” way of managing storm water can offer to cities (new landscapes and new amenities, air conditioning, biodiversity improvement, reduction of urban heat islands…)? All these issues will be addressed in the presentation and illustrated by various examples.

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19 June Toshiko KOMATSU Professor at Graduate School of Science and Engineering, and Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University Team Leader (PI) for project of Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST) by JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) Work Address: Department of Environmental Science and Infrastructure Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, JAPAN E-mail: komatsu@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp

Dr. Toshiko Komatsu has been a professor at Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University since 2002. She received her doctorate degree in engineering from Hiroshima University in 1987. She worked at Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Hiroshima University as assistant and associate professor, and then moved to Saitama University, the first year 2002-2003 as professor at both Hiroshima and Saitama University. She served as Vice Director of Research Managing Bureau (2008-2009), and as Division Leader of Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (2009-2012) at Saitama University. She also served as Professional Researcher at Research Center for Science Systems, Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) (2006-2008). She has been Team Leader (PI) for Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), ”Sustainable Groundwater Management Systems under Enhanced Geo-Thermal Energy Usage” since 2010, which is 5.5 year project by (JST; Japan Science and Technology Agency). Dr. Komatsu is recognized internationally for her joint international research projects with Europe and the US on soil and its functions/processes. Her main research area is environmental soil science and her research interests cover mass and heat transport in porous media and their ecosystem impacts in soil and groundwater. Specific research topics include the measurement and modeling of gas diffusivity-dispersivity, air permeability, solute diffusivity, heat transport, and colloid facilitated transport of contaminants in soils. Dr. Komatsu has authored/co-authored more than 140 peer-reviewed journal papers.

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Thermal Disturbances in the Subsurface Environment and Groundwater Conservation

In the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) project ”Sustainable Groundwater Management Systems under Enhanced Geo-Thermal Energy Usage”, we have since 2010 investigated the influence of thermally-induced pollution on mass and heat transport and microbial activities in the subsurface environments and on soil geo-mechanical and geological properties. Recent studies have suggested temperature rises in shallow groundwater in some areas of the World, maybe caused in part by global warming. Further, with the recent popularity in the use of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems to obtain energy for heating and air conditioning and at the same time to reduce energy-related CO2 emissions, there is a possibility that subsurface thermal disturbances will affect both groundwater quality and subsurface microbial ecosystems. This is the motivation for the CREST project. As illustrated in the figure below, a subsurface temperature change may affect the microbial activities and the solubility of toxic substances such as heavy metals. This subsequently may cause pollution of groundwater and soil including the disturbance of microbial ecosystems. However, the influence of what we may hereby denote "thermally-induced pollution" on subsurface environments has not been clarified. In the CREST project, deep subsurface monitoring wells (50-80 m depth) were established at three experimental sites located in the Saitama and Tokyo area in Japan and GSHP systems were installed to observe the influence of thermal disturbance by GSHP operation. Physical/chemical soil properties, microbial flora distributions, and geo-mechanical properties were measured for all core samples obtained when establishing the deep monitoring wells. Thermal response tests and monitoring of groundwater quality will be conducted for the next four years together with laboratory model experiments. An important outcome of the CREST project is establishing an environmental assessment tool to evaluate the overall effect of the thermal disturbance. The ultimate goal of the research is to create sustainable groundwater management systems with built-in optimal protection of the groundwater environment when applying the developed assessment tool.

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19 June

Jean-Luc BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI Professor, INSA Lyon Civil Engineering and Urban Management Department (GCU) Laboratory of Civil and Environmental Engineering (LGCIE) Address : 34 avenue des Arts, F-69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France Email: jean-luc.bertrand-krajewski@insa-lyon.fr

Jean-Luc BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI was born in 1964. He received his Engineering degree from ENGEES in 1986, his MSc (DEA) and PhD in Water Sciences and Techniques from University Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg, France in 1987 and 1992. He had worked from 1992 to 1997 as Research Engineer for CIRSEE and CTIA, two research centres of Lyonnaise des Eaux respectively in Paris and Bordeaux, France. He moved to INSA Lyon in 1997. Jean-Luc BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI is teaching in the Civil Engineering and Urban Management Department of INSA Lyon since 1997. He is doing his research in the LGCIE (Laboratory of Civil and Environmental Engineering), where he is head of the group ‘Urban Water Systems’ (approx. 25 people) since July 2008 and adjunct head of the LGCIE (approx. 150 people) since January 2011. His main research topics are related to urban hydrology and urban water systems, especially hydraulic and pollutants transport modelling in sewer systems, field monitoring and metrology, uncertainty assessment, integrated approach for urban water systems and infiltration/exfiltration in sewer systems, with numerous national and international collaborations. In the period 2002-2005, he was chair of the international SS&PWG (Sewer Systems and Processes Working Group) within the JCUD (IWA/IAHR Joint Committee on Urban Drainage). In 2005, he was elected chairman of the JCUD, for the period 2005-2008. He is also active (member since 1991, co-chair in the period 1999-2008) in the French specialist groups “Urban Hydrology” of SHF (French Hydrotechnical Society, i.e. French partner of IAHR) and “Wet Weather Discharges” of ASTEE (Scientific and Technical Association for Water and Environment, i.e. French partner of IWA). He is also elected member of the Strategic Council of IWA (International Water Association) since 2010, and has been expert for the UNESCO 6th and 7th IHP (International Hydrological Programme). He is involved in organisation and/or scientific committees of numerous international and national conferences. He is author of more than 50 papers in peer reviewed international journals Since 2011, Jean-Luc BERTRAND-KRAJEWSKI is president of GRAIE (Rhône-Alpes Association for Research on Water and Infrastructures), gathering researchers, consulting and operating companies, municipalities and administrations to share and disseminate knowledge on urban water systems. In addition to networking activities, GRAIE organises regional, national and international events and conferences, especially Novatech every three years since 1992 on strategies and techniques for urban water management.

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Micropollutants in urban wet weather discharges : sources, transfers and masses balances

The reduction of urban wet weather discharges (UWWDs) is one of the major issues for operators of urban water systems in order to reach the chemical and ecological quality objectives for surface and underground waters set by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Indeed, the WFD includes lists of substances that should no longer be or at least less discharged into water bodies. Whereas concentrations and loads of traditional pollutants (suspended solids, BOD, COD, nutriments…) in UWWDs are well documented since more than three decades, less information is available on the presence, the pathways, the concentrations and the loads of priority substances in these effluents. In this context, the ESPRIT collaborative project aimed to identify, evaluate, characterize and model the loads of priority substances in UWWDs, for both combined and separate sewer systems, accounting for four main contributions (dry atmospheric deposition, rainwater, runoff from roofs and roads and other catchment surfaces, dry weather effluents) to the wet weather total concentrations and loads. Two experimental catchments have been selected in Lyon, France for monitoring campaigns: Ecully (245 ha residential catchment, combined sewer system) and Chassieu (185 ha industrial catchment, separate stormwater system). 64 pollutants have been measured (TSS, COD, 26 metals and 36 organic pollutants). In 2008-2009, 26 sampling campaigns for UWWDs have been carried at the outlet of the experimental catchments, 30 sampling campaigns for dry atmospheric deposits and 35 sampling campaigns for rainwater. Among the 40 WFD priority substances investigated in UWWDs, only 17 and 16 substances have been detected, respectively in Chassieu and Ecully. All metals were present in both sites for all events, indicating their ubiquitous presence. As regards the 36 WFD organic pollutants, only 13 were above detection limits, e.g. diuron, atrazine, fluoranthene and nonylphenol. A significant variability between the two catchments has been observed, both for metals and for some organic pollutants including pesticides. Inter-event variability is also very significant in each site for concentrations and specific fluxes, indicating that long term campaigns are necessary to reliably evaluate annual fluxes. Median mass balances and their uncertainties have been calculated to evaluate the four contributions to the total pollutant loads: rainwater (RW), dry atmospheric deposition (DD), dry weather effluents (DW) and catchment surfaces and possible re-suspension of deposits (CS). Mass balances should be interpreted with caution because (i) data sets correspond to 5 or 6 storm events; (ii) it is assumed that RW and DD measured at one sampling point are homogeneous over entire catchments. DD contributions are typically less than 10 % for most pollutants, but reach 30 % for simazine and atrazine. WW contributions are very low (but not negligible) in Chassieu (separate system) and significant in Ecully (combined system). For all pollutants, CS contributions are the most important ones to total wet weather measured pollutant loads.

Median mass balances for nickel in Ecully

32 % DW 42 % CS

19 % RW 7 % DD

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19 June

Hideshige TAKADA Professor, Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Organiser of International Pellet Watch Address : Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technolgy Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan Email : shige@cc.tuat.ac.jp

Hideshige Takada was born in 1959. He received his Ph.D. from Tokyo Metropolitan University (Environmental Organic Geochemistry) in 1989. He has been working in Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology as assistant professor, associate professor, and professor for 26 years. His speciality is trace analysis of organic micropollutants. The target compounds include persistent organic pollutants (POPs; e.g., PCBs, DDTs, PAHs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (e.g., nonylphenol, bisphenol A), pharmaceuticals (e.g., triclosan, sulfamethoxazole) as well as anthropogenic molecular markers (e.g., linear alkylbenzenes, coprostanol, artificial sweeteners, benzothiazoles, crotamition). His research field encompasses from Tokyo Bay and its vicinities to Southeast Asian to Africa. In 2005, Hideshige Takada started International Pellet Watch, global monitoring of POPs by using beached plastic resin pellets (http://www.pelletwatch.org/). He has been working with ~ 50 NGO and individuals who have concern about marine plastic pollution. International Pellet Watch tells us the risk associated with chemicals accumulated in plastic debris in marine environments and their potential adverse effects on marine ecosystem. Hideshige Takada is the authors more than 100 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and more than 20 invited conferences.

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Molecular Markers: Tools to detect anthropogenic impacts on aquatic environments

Sewage carries toxic chemicals and harmful microorganisms together with biodegradable organic matter and nutrients. Through the establishment of sewage treatment systems (sewer and treatment plants : STPs), some of the problems associated with sewage inputs to urban aquatic environments have been solved. However, mega cities in 21st century still have various sewage-related problems even after full installation of sewage treatment. Among the problems, my talk will focus on combined sewer overflow (CSO) in coastal waters, antibiotics pollution in rivers, and sewage contamination in groundwater. To detect and quantify the impacts of sewage, anthropogenic molecular markers provide powerful tool. Anthropogenic molecular markers are persistent organic compounds derived from specific sources (e.g., sewage, street runoff, agricultural wastewater). Among the markers, sewage markers, compounds specifically derived from sewage, are useful to identify the sewage inputs to aquatic environments. By 1990s, hydrophobic sewage markers were developed and applied to study sewage and fecal pollution in urban aquatic environments. Hydrophobic sewage markers include coprostanol and linear alkylbenzenes. Coprostanol, fecal sterol, is generated in intestine of mammals, especially human, through microbial reduction of cholesterol. Coprostanol is abundant in human feces and have been used to trace the distribution and fate of sewage particles and fecal bacteria. Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) are feedstock of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), which is anionic surfactants in synthetic detergent. LABs are industrially sulfonated to LAS. However, small but significant amounts of LABs are carried over to the synthetic detergents. LABs are ubiquitous in sewage. LABs are hydrophobic and more stable than LAS. Therefore, LABs have been also utilized to elucidate the sewage impacts in coastal zone. We analyzed the sewage markers (i.e., coprostanol and LABs) in surface sediments collected from canals and urban waterways in Tokyo Bay. Higher concentrations of coprostanol and LABs were detected in the vicinities of outfalls of CSO, indicating the deposition and accumulation of sewage particles near the CSO outfalls. Some toxic chemicals were measured in the sediments together with the markers. Positive correlations with the sewage markers were observed for nonylphenol and triclosan, indicating that CSO is major contributor of these toxic organic pollutants to urban coastal zone. Water-soluble and persistent pollutants such as some of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging contaminants in 21st century. Water-soluble sewage markers are useful to quantify the contribution of sewage-derived PPCPs to surface water and groundwater. Crotamiton, anti-pruritic drag, (Nakada et al., 2008) and carbamazepine, anti-epileptic agent, have been used as water-soluble sewage markers. We applied these sewage markers to quantify the contribution of sewage to antibiotics pollution in Japanese rivers (Murata et al., 2011). More recently artificial sweeteners have been used as water-soluble sewage markers in urban aquatic environments, especially groundwater. We measured artificial sweeteners in 70 groundwater samples in Tokyo. Acesulfame, which is recently (i.e., 2000) introduced sweetener, was detected significantly in 52 samples, indicating wide-spread occurrence of sewage contamination in Tokyo. One potential source could be leakage from old drainage pipes and system. Based on the concentration of acesulfame in sewage and groundwater, contamination of sewage to groundwater is estimated to be ~ 1 % (v/v). Though acesulfame was detected only in shallow groundwater than 100 m depth, cyclamate, whose usage was banned in 1960s, was detected in deeper well than 100 m depth. These demonstrated that the artificial sweeteners are useful to detect recent and past sewage inputs to groundwater. References: N. Nakada et al., Environ. Sci. Technol.,42, p. 6347-6353, 2008. A Murata et al., Sci. Total Environ. 409, p.5305-5312, 2011.

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19 June

Régis MOILLERON LEESU (Professor) UMR MA 102 (Université Paris Est, AgroParisTech) Address : LEESU, Université Paris-Est Créteil 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil cedex, France

Email: moilleron@u-pec.fr

Régis Moilleron was born in 1967. He received his DEA (in 1992) and his PhD (in 1996) both in physico-chemistry from the University of Franche-Comté (Besançon, France). He has been working at the Leesu since 1997. The water, environment and urban systems lab (“Laboratoire” Eau, Environnement et Systèmes “Urbains”, LEESU) is a centre of research shared by the École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV) and AgroParisTech. It is classified as UMR MA 102 by the French Ministry of High Education and Research. Régis Moilleron is involved in the understanding of micropollutant fate and their spatial variations in urban systems. He has been working within the framework of the OPUR program (Observatory of urban pollutants, www.leesu.univ-paris-est.fr/opur/) since 2001. OPUR is one of the main three field observatories in urban hydrology settled in France. OPUR program aims to improve the knowledge of the origin, characteristics and transfer of pollutants in urban catchments during dry and wet weather periods. OPUR is a key partner of the French national project INOGEV devoted to contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, Alkylphenols, trace metals and some pesticides) in stormwater. More recently, Régis Moilleron developed researches on the fate of parabens and triclosan in urban domestic wastewater. This research has been developed in collaboration with Lebanese University (Beirut, Lebanon). Régis Moilleron is the author of more than 40 publications and he has supervised 10 PhDs in Environmental Science since 1997.

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Organic pollutants in urban sewer systems and fate in wastewater treatment plants

Assessing concentrations of contaminants in domestic and industrial effluents has become an integral part of risk assessment and environmental regulation. As a matter of fact, organic and mineral pollutants have become part of today's urban environment. To provide data on priority substances in urban areas, Zgheib et al., (2008) established a list of 88 substances (i.e. 65 organic substances, 8 metals and 15 volatile organic compounds), based on the WFD list of priority substances and the adapted version of the Chemical Hazard Identification and Assessment Tool methodology according to Eriksson et al. (2005). This list was adopted in order to evaluate the quality of urban waters (stormwater and wastewater). Besides, Zgheib et al., (2008) developed an innovative methodology to analyse water samples in both the dissolved (D) and particulate (P) phases, because the analyses carried out on unfiltered samples yielded poor quality data on chemical substances, as demonstrated by Zgheib et al. (2008) and Vignati et al. (2009). This study was realized within the framework of the research program OPUR, which is one of the main three field observatories in urban hydrology settled in France. OPUR program aims to improve knowledge of the origin, characteristics and transfer of pollutants in urban catchments during dry and wet weather periods. Two sites differing by their sewer system and their surface area were chosen to collect wastewater during dry weather periods. Clichy catchment is drained by a combined sewer system (120 km² with an impervious surface coefficient (ISC) of 0.50) and Sucy-en-Brie by a separate sewer system (2.15 km², with an impervious surface coefficient (ISC) of 0.25). This presentation gives an overview on the occurrence of all priority substances (n = 41) listed in the Water Framework Directive and additional substances (n = 47) in raw sewage, as well as the removal performance of one of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the Paris conurbation, namely the Seine Centre plant (240,000 m3/d).

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20 June

Hiroaki TANAKA Professor, Kyoto University Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center for Environmental Quality Management Address : 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811 JAPAN Email: htanaka@biwa.eqc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Hiroaki TANAKA was born in 1956. He received his BS, MS, PhD of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan and MS of Civil & Environmental Engineering from The University of California, Davis. He had worked for Ministry of Construction in charge of sewage works for six years and for Public Works Research Institute as research engineer, senior research engineer and Section Chief (Water Quality Section) from 1986 to 2003. In 2003, Hiroaki TANAKA moved to Kyoto University as a professor of Graduate School of Engineering. He is a registered Professional Engineer (Construction Environment, Water Supply and Sewerage, Comprehensive Technical Management). He is also Director of Kyoto University- Tsinghua University Cooperative Research and Education Center for Environmental Technology. His current studies include the planning and regulatory aspects of water resources development and water reuse; emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals and personal care products; wastewater reclamation and reuse, advanced water and wastewater treatment. He is now the research director of the project “Development and Evaluation of Water Reuse Technologies for the Establishment of 21st century type Water Circulation System” under the research region “Innovative Technology and System for Sustainable Water Use” supervised by Dr. Shinichiro Ohgaki (President, National Institute for Environmental Studies). This research project is part of CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science & Technology) that is funded by Japan Science and Technology(JST). Hiroaki TANAKA was the President of Japan Society of Environmental Instrumentation, Control and Automation for 2008-2012, Chairman of Editorial Board & Chairman of Paper Review and Award Committee, Japan Sewage Works Association for 2010 –2012 and is Chairman of Research and Planning Board，Japan Society on Water Environment and Member of Strategic Council of International Water Association(IWA) at the present. Hiroaki TANAKA was awarded Research Achievement Award in 2012 and Paper Award in 2011 by Japan Society of Civil Engineering. He was also awarded by many organizations including IWA Fellow 2010 by International Water Association in 2010, National Land Development Engineering Award by Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport, Japan in 2003, Jack Edward McKee Medal by Water Environmental Federation in 1999 etc. Hiroaki TANAKA is the authors more than 250 publications or book chapters, 7 (5 licenced) patents and more than 100 invited conferences.

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Water Reuse Technologies for the Establishment of 21st Century Type Water Cycle System

Most of the energy consumed in water supply systems is associated with water transportation. Meanwhile, the quantity of water that is available and accessible can be scarce in the future. Reuse of treated wastewater is very important issue for both developed and developing countries. Sustainable wastewater treatment with a reduced carbon is also now becoming a primary goal of technical experimentation. Municipal sewage has shifted from a waste to a resource that can recover water, energy, biomass, nutrients and other valuable constituents. In the presentation, we discuss a new water and wastewater system for the sustainable urban water environment based current energy consumption in water and wastewater systems. Approximately 15 billion kWh of electrical energy is consumed by water and wastewater systems every year, which accounts for 1~2% of annual electrical energy consumption. Actions such as the reduction of water intake quantity and the minimization of long-distance water transport etc might be necessary for further energy savings in water system. Moreover, prevention of water resources pollution by trace hazardous chemicals and pathogens from urban area and better biodiversity ecosystem management etc are challenges in improving urban water environment. The concept of water reclamation and reuse can be expected as prospective alternative to comply with future water demand in urban area. Water reclamation and reuse can reduce discharge to the water environment as well as reduction of water intake of water supply systems. Moreover, use of closer water resources can shorten water transport distance and can save energy for transportation because wastewater is available everywhere in urban areas. Therefore, it is thought that integration of water and wastewater system in urban based on water reclamation can contribute to the reduction of energy consumption required for water transport, improvement of water quality and reservation of water resource. Under the above concept, we are promoting water reuse system based on we are developing a new water treatment and wastewater reclamation system by membrane filtration, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes, and their combined technologies.

20th century typeurban water use

21st century type urban water use

WastewaterReclaimed water

Equivalentwater quality

Discharge of all treated sewage

Supply of water with different water quality

Cascade water use

Reduction of requiredwater resource

Transient water use

Water Treatment Plant

Wastewaterdischarge decrease

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20 June

Bernard DE GOUVELLO CSTB (Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment) LEESU (Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes urbains) Ecole des Ponts-ParisTech Address : LEESU / Ecole des Ponts 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs-sur-Marne 77455 Marne la Vallée cedex 2, France

Email: bernard.degouvello@leesu.enpc.fr

Bernard de Gouvello was born in 1965. He received his a civil engineer Diploma from the Ecole Centrale de Lille (France) and his Ph. D. on Urban Planning from the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, (France). He made his Ph. D. and researches on water management in Latin America, especially Argentina, Bolivia and France in LATTS (Laboratoire Techniques Territoires et Sociétés / Ecole des Ponts ParisTech). Since 2001 he moved to the CSTB (Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment), where he developed researches on water management in buildings and urban projects. Today, through a scientific partnership with CSTB, he is located in LEESU (Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains / Ecole des Ponts ParisTech) where he studies rainwater harvesting practices and other sustainable water technologies in the buildings and their impacts on urban water management. Bernard de Gouvello is author of two books, and publications, book chapters and communications in several languages (English, French, Spanish and Portuguese).

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New water technologies for buildings and consequences on urban water management in France: green roofs and rainwater harvesting

For about 15 years in France the building sector is changing through sustainable technologies implementation. If these sustainable technologies firstly dealt with energy issues, water sustainable technologies are progressively taking importance in the buildings projects: water savings devices, rain water harvesting, grey water reuse, on-site infiltration techniques. This leads to important changes in the role of the buildings in the urban water management. This presentation deals with the new water technologies for buildings and consequences on urban water management in France, focusing on two of them: green roofs and rainwater harvesting, which are increasing development. Green roofs. Green roofing knows a strong growth for the past few years in France, the

most widely used technique is the Extensive Green Roof (EGR) which is less demanding in maintenance and adaptable to new projects as well as rehabilitation projects because of its low overweight. This presentation will present the objectives and intermediate results of a current project named TVGEP (conception des Toitures végétalisées et gestion des eaux pluviales urbaines) which aims at evaluating the interest of the EGR for the quantitative and qualitative management of rain water, by identifying some their assets and limits, as well on the scale of one building as on urban scale (Berthier et al., 2011).

Rain water harvesting. The trend to diversify domestic water resources is growing in France. In particular, more and more people are interested in rain water harvesting (RWH). Before limited to areas without network facilities or other water resources (as islands or mountain huts), this practice is nowaydays limited growing within urban areas. During the last 10 years, numerous projects have been realized at individual or collective scale in houses and buildings (commercial or industrial) and even in urban projects. In 2008, a first national RWH regulatory framework has been sketched (JORF, 2008). If generalized, this practice would have short medium and long term impacts on the urban water services. This presentation aims to identify these impacts and to do a prospective assessment in the case of the Ile-de-France Region, developed within the SR-Util project (Belmeziti and Gouvello, 2011)

References: Belmeziti A., de Gouvello B. (2011), Evaluating Rainwater Storage and Utilization Potential (RSUP) at urban community level: methodology and application in an urban community in the Paris region, 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre/Brazil, 10-15 September 2011, 8 p Berthier E., Ramier D., de Gouvello B., 2011, Simulation of green roof hydrological behavior with a reservoir model, 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre/Brazil, 10-15 September 2011, 8 p. JORF [Journal Officiel de la République Française] (2008), Arrêté du 21 août 2008 relatif à la récupération des eaux de pluie et à leur usage à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur des bâtiments (French Order on Rainwater harvesting and use outdoor and indoor the buildings).

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20 June

Ikuro KASUGA Assistant Professor, Ph.D Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Address : 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan Email: kasuga@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Ikuro Kasuga was born in 1977. He received his bachelor degree in 2000, master degree in 2002, and Ph.D in 2005 at Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo. He had been involved in research on relation between bacterial community and organic matter in lake environment. After graduation, he worked as a research fellow at Department of Water Supply Engineering, National Institute of Public Health in Japan from 2005 to 2006. In 2006, he returned to the home department in The University of Tokyo as an assistant professor. Currently, he belongs to Water Environment Technology Laboratory. His research activity revolves around molecular biological analysis of biological water treatment system such as biological activated carbon used for drinking water purification, biological stability of drinking water and reclaimed water, and characterization of organic matter in water environment. In addition, the lab covers a wide range of water environmental issues such as urban runoff phenomena and non-point source pollution under wet weather condition, fate and control of pathogenic microorganisms in urban water cycles, and bioremediation of contaminated soil and ground water. He chairs Japan National Young Water Professionals (Japan-YWP). Japan-YWP, an organization under International Water Association, aims at promoting interaction among young water professionals in different sectors. He was awarded the Research Paper Award bestowed by Japan Society on Water Environment in 2010.

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Functional characterization of microbial community in biological activated carbon process for water purification

Rise in demand for safe and high-quality drinking water is one of the critical issues in urban area. Ozonation followed by biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration has been introduced to conventironal water purification system in Japan since 1990’s. For example, nearly 80% of drinking water will be produced by this advanced drinking water purification process in Tokyo by 2013. Originally, GAC is used for the physical removal of organic pollutants by adsorption. In addition, it has been well known that microorganisms are attached to the surface of GAC and contribute to water purification through the biological oxidation of organic matter and ammonium (nitrification). Such biologically enhanced GAC is called “biological activated carbon (BAC)”. However, BAC filtration has been operated empirically and little is known about microorganisms involved in biological purification. Application of molecular biological techniques directlly targetting DNA and RNA shed light on structure and function of microbial community on BAC. Our research has elucidated the development process of bacterial community on BAC and key players removing biodegradable organic matter and ammnonium. In particular, we have demonstrated that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) which were newly discovered ammonia-oxidizers were highly enriched on most of BAC in Japan. These new findings promote a better understanding of BAC wihch is necessary for proper operartion.

References: I. Kasuga et al., Water Research, 44:5039-5049 (2010) S. Soonglerdsongpha et al. Sustainable Environment Research, 21:59-64 (2011)

Biological activated carbon used for advanced drinking

water purification

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20 June

Christophe DAGOT Université de Limoges (FRANCE) Research Group in Water Soils, and Environment (GRESE) EA 4330 Head of Water and Environment Department High School of Engineering (ENSIL – Limoges) Address : ENSIL, Parc ESTER, 16 rue Atlantis, F-87068 Limoges cedex, France Email: dagot@ensil.unilim.fr www.ensil.unilim.fr

Dr. Christophe Dagot is Professor in the University of Limoges. He received his Ph.D. degrees in 1988 from the National Polytechnic of Lorraine, France, with a doctoral work on the modelisation of biological anaerobic production of methane. He has been a postdoctoral researcher in the National Center for Scientific Research for 2 years, founded a company in 1990 and worked in to 1993. Since 1994, he is teacher and researcher in the University of Limoges and since 2005, he is in charge of department of “Water and Environment” in the high school of engineering (Ensil). In parallel, he is responsible of the topic “engineering” for the Group of research in Water, Soil and Environment. Professor Dagot has about 20 years of experience in environmental biotechnology, and has the interests in wastewater treatment technologies, micro-pollutants and metal removal from aquatic environment. His current researches deal with the problem of pharmaceutical products in water and especially with the assessment of the dissemination of antibioresistant bacteria and antibioresistance genes through the water cycle. He has published over 30 SCI-tracked journal papers and is involved in national and European research programs. Furthermore he has been invited as specialized expert for National Agency in France.

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Treatment of pharmaceutical compounds contaminating the wastewater: a new challenge for researchers, designers and managers

France is the fourth consumer of drugs. After use, we consider that 50% of the residues of these substances or their metabolites are being dropped in the faeces and urine. Hospitals and care activities effluents, representing about 20 to 30% of the overall content in pharmaceutical residues, join sewage systems, wastewater treatment plants and finally the environment. We recover these compounds in all water bodies, surface water, groundwater, and potentially drinkable water, at concentration between a few mg/L to ng/L. Pharmaceuticals are only partially removed in traditional WWTPs and, for some, negative consequences on aquatic ecosystems have been established (Lienert & al, EST, 2011). This is why the European Union and the French government have funded research programs dealing with the water quality (French Water Agency), the effectiveness of different types of conventional stations (AMPERE), and investigation on on-site advanced water treatment (PILLS). In this last program, it is postulated that the concentration of pharmaceuticals residues at point sources (such as hospitals) is considered to be comparatively high, and then new wastewater treatment technologies have been tested as these points (on-site treatments). PILLS project is declined in 3 approaches: the characterization of pharmaceutically burdened wastewater, design and implementation of advanced treatments (MBR, ozonation, reversed osmosis, photocatalysis, activated carbon,…), investigation of the cost-benefit ratio and the ecological balance of this defined pilot plants. All the results are planed for September but first results are yet available, showing the relative efficiency of all this technologies (function of the molecule), their significant cost and their environmental impact. One of risk especially studied is the occurrence and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), which are a major problem for the public health and the sanitary quality of water and soils. During the wastewater treatment, antibiotics can be transformed or removed from the aqueous phase by hydrolysis, biodegradation or sorption, but WWTPs receiving ARB-containing are considered to be hot-spots for antibiotic resistance dissemination by horizontal gene transfer, because of their nutritional richness and high bacterial density. The antibiotic resistance issue is mainly due to the quick diffusion of antibiotic resistance genes via horizontal gene transfers in bacterial populations. In our research, we used integrons (MIs : genetic elements that acquire, exchange and express genes embedded in gene cassettes and found on mobile genetic structure involved in horizontal gene transfer) as a quantitative marker for an estimation of the global antibioresistance of a bacterial ecosystem. In the presented study, we compare both the efficiency of advanced processes in regard of some pharmaceutical residues and especially antibiotics (PILLS results), and the occurrence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons from different environmental and anthropic matrices.

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20 June Yoshifumi MASAGO Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tohoku University Address : 6-6-06 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579 Japan Email: masago@water.civil.tohoku.ac.jp

Yoshifumi Masago is an Assistant Professor in Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Tohoku University. He received his Ph.D. in urban environmental engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan in 2005. He had been the JSPS research fellow (PD) at Tohoku University from 2005 to 2008 before he got the current position in 2008. He is an organizing member of Research Committee on Health-related Water Microbiology, Japan Society on Water Environment since 2008, and an organizing member of the Japan National Young Water Professionals, International Water Association since its foundation in 2010. He has lead 5 research projects as PI, and joined 20 research projects including 11 international projects mainly in Southeast Asian countries. His research interests are: molecular detection and identification of human pathogens in the water environment; microbial risk assessment of waterborne pathogens to human health; bloom formation of cyanobacteria in semi-closed water.

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Human Pathogens in Water Environment and Its Risk to Human Health

In Japan, it is estimated that about 15 million people (approximately 12 % of the population) are suffering from infectious gastroenteritis mostly caused by enteric viruses every year. High taxonomic diversity of enteric viruses with more than 100 genotypes makes it difficult to identify etiologic agents in epidemiological survey. As those viruses were excreted in feces of infected people, the transmission pathways of the viruses are mainly fecal-oral routes. In urbanized area, enteric viruses released by infected people are collected at wastewater treatment facilities. More than 99% of the viruses were removed or inactivated at the treatment plants, but remaining viruses were released to water environment. The released viruses were diluted and partly inactivated by environmental factors, but finally reach the ocean. Eating raw oysters harvested in a contaminated area is a possible route of transmission of enteric viruses, especially Norovirus. It is suggested that oysters can selectively accumulate Norovirus in their digestive diverticula. A field survey in Japan showed Norovirus was detected in oysters after infectious gastroenteritis by Norovirus got epidemic. In Megacities in developing countries such as Manila and Jakarta, epidemiologic survey of viral gastroenteritis is not possible because of lack of laboratories for viral diagnostics. In these areas, monitoring wastewater or environmental water contaminated by wastewater can be an alternative to identify viral agents. After Typhoon Ketsana devastated Metro Manila in September 2009, an outbreak of leptospirosis with more than 2,000 deaths occurred in the flooded area. We collected flooded water samples and found high concentrations of indicator bacteria and infectious Leptospira. Molecular analysis revealed that the flooded water was contaminated by unusual types of Leptospira which may have caused the outbreak. Although molecular analyses with real-time PCR and Sanger sequencing are powerful tools for pathogen detection and identification, these methods are time- and labor-consuming. High-throughput molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing and on-chip PCR can replace the current “individual” pathogen detection with “simultaneous and super-parallel” detection and identification. Risk assessment is a tool to interpret pathogen concentration to its effect to human health (e.g. probability of infection, mortality, loss of DALYs). Dose-response models are essential for risk assessment. However, the heterogeneity of infectivity and health effects among different pathogen species and even among genotypes makes it difficult to establish standardized QMRA frameworks. Further efforts should be paid to develop molecular methods to detect and quantify “infectious” pathogens in environmental samples to assess risks to human health.

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20 June

Benoit COURNOYER Research Director, CNRS Group Leader : Bacterial opportunistic pathogens & environment Adjunct – Director: Microbial Ecology Research Unit UMR5557, Université Lyon 1, CNRS & VetAgro Sup (Vet school) Address : UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Mendel Bldg, 5th floor Doua campus, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex

Email: benoit.cournoyer@univ-lyon1.fr

Benoit Cournoyer was born in 1966. His undergraduate and postgraduate studies were all carried out in the fields of environmental and applied microbiology. He did his undergraduate studies at McGill University (Canada), and received his B. Sc. in 1988, with a major in Microbiology. His postgraduate studies were done at Laval University (M. Sc. (1990); Canada) and University Lyon 1 (Ph. D. (1993)) in the fields of plant-microbe interactions. He was a post-doctoral fellow of NSERC of Canada from 1993 to 1995 (Bristol, UK). He was then hired as a CNRS junior scientist in microbial ecology (Lyon, France). He was hired as a research director by the CNRS in 2007. In 2003, he created a novel research group aiming at developing interdisciplinary approaches for a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of bacterial opportunistic pathogens. Benoit Cournoyer research interests cover all issues regarding the cycle of these opportunistic pathogens going from their colonisation of outdoor environments to the exposure of human populations and colonization of the human host. His research activities include the use of integrative approaches considering natural field situations (e. g. the Chaudanne experimental river of OTHU) and molecular microbiology advances to better understand the evolutionary trends among populations of these pathogens. These activities are mainly dedicated to water environments but some studies were performed on bacterial genetic variants observed in major crops such as rice. These works concern the notions of balance between bacterial populations, of bacterial invasions of natural habitats, functional redundancy, competition, but also the effects of environmental forces on the genomic evolution of these bacteria. Parts of these research activities concern the identification of the main factors/conditions that can favour the passage of microbial pathogens from natural environments to man. Benoit Cournoyer also carries out research on the characterization and understanding of adaptive mutations and/or genomic islands selected by environmental pressures or particular human disorders like cystic fibrosis. Benoit Cournoyer published more than 80 scientific papers or book chapters, and performed around 30 invited conferences. He is also the head of a biological resource center in microbiology offering tools for the identification of microbes and favoring the conservation and distribution of bacteria for research purposes.

version june 2012

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Human bacterial pathogens in urban waters : origin and consequences

During this talk, research projects performed by the “bacterial opportunistic pathogens & environment” research group of University Lyon 1 / CNRS / VetAgro Sup will be presented. The talk will begin by a description of the fields of interest of this research group and present the main working hypotheses and research questions that are addressed. Key concepts in microbiology will be introduced such as the definitions of bacterial species, genotypes, populations and communities, with the aim of allowing researchers from other fields to fully appreciate the difficulties associated with the classification of bacteria and the understanding of their ecological benefits in complex field situations. Then, the three main research areas of the group will be presented: (1) bio-geography and epidemiology (sources, transfers, dynamics) of bacterial opportunistic pathogens (BOP); (2) their population diversity and structure (phenotype, genotype, genome); (3) their genetic adaptations towards environmental constraints (virulence, outdoor functions). For each area, a few examples of the studies performed by the group will be selected, and positioned in the actual state-of-the-art of the field. For the first area, results on the sources and transfers of BOP in outdoor systems will be presented. Focus will be made on three bacterial groups i. e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the Burkholderia cepacia complex, and the actinomycetes of the Nocardia genus. Some tools developed by the group to track bacterial pathogens will be presented. Novel approaches to identify the sources of these pathogens will also be presented such as those tracking indicator bacteria with a distribution restricted to certain hosts such as man, cows, porks and horses. Recent results on the spatio-temporal dynamics of BOP in a peri-urban river system will be shown. For the second area, the power of DNA fingerprint analyses and molecular epidemiology for inferring health hazards associated with environmental variants of human BOP will be presented. Recent data on the use of small repeated genetic elements termed IS (insertion elements) for tracking recently acquired DNA by these bacteria will also be presented. For the third area, results on the fate of human-related and outdoor-related genes or genetic organizations will be presented. This area will be illustrated by presenting observations on the loss of genes involved in nitrogen-fixation by Burkholderia vietnamiensis isolates recovered from cystic fibrosis patients. Data on Nocardia cyriacigeorgica will also be used to show the gradual change in the genome composition of some of these BOP, leading to an acquisition/selection of virulence genetic determinants and increased specialization for man. This talk will end up by the presentation of novel fields of interest for this research group.