International Wood Science Symposium :JPI -JSPS Core ...
23
of the 6\" International Wood Science Symposium :JPI - JSPS Core University Prograrn in the Field of Wood Science L!t:1iZetior as solie wood Solar energy Carbon cC;t;se -> Wood Biomateriai Science -> Wood S:;er:C6 '.i.. - bIOSC;.snce Research and Development Unit for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences L1PI Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University RISH
Transcript of International Wood Science Symposium :JPI -JSPS Core ...
~roceedings of the 6 International Wood Science Symposium
JPI - JSPS Core University Prograrn in the Field of Wood Science
Lt1iZetior as solie wood Solar energy
Carbon cCtse -gt Wood Biomateriai Science
-gt Wood
SerC6
i -bIOSCsnce
Research and Development Unit for Biomaterials Indonesian Institute of Sciences L1PI Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere Kyoto University RISH
TOWAItDS ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY HAItMONIZATION OF TItOPICAL FOItEST ItESOUItCES
PROCEEDING OF THE INTERNATIONAL VOOO SCIENCE SYtv1POSIUM UPI - ]SPS CORL UNIVERSITY PROGRM IN THE FIELD OF WOOD SCIENCE
ORGANIZED BY
RESERCH 0 OEVELOPMET UT FOR BIOtvTERIALS lOO[3j STITUTE OF INOOE5IA
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RESERCH ISTITUTE FOR SUSTlBLE HWvt1OSPHERE KYOTO UNIVERSITY
lPAl SOCIETY FOR THE PRO OTION OF SCIENCE
AUGUST 29 - 31 2005 BALI INDONESIA
EDITED BY
FDrlCf
SUrERISOR
-HYU DWINTO
ElliS HERMIiTI SUBYiKTO SUL-EMiN YUSUF
F-IZiTUL FALAH YUSUP AMIN FlRDA AULYA SY1iNI IT 1TI [K- WiHYUNI TITIK KART1K- TEGUH DiRH iN
TCVRDS ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY HARMONIZATION OF TRCPICL FOREST RESOURCES
OF THE 6TH IN1TR(TIONL SYMP05IU1
UGUST 29 - 31 2005 BALI INDONESIA
UPI - JP CORE U(IVERSln PROGRAM 1- THE FIELD OF WOOD SCIENCE
ORGANIZED BY
c1-10 OEELOPE(T UNIT FOR BIOMATERILS 102[31 INSTITUTE OF SClECES
~EE RCH ISTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE l-IUlviANOSPI-IERE KYOTO UVERSITI
Jr 5--]ETI FOR THE PROrvlOTIO OF SCIECE
ISBN 979-99842-0-3
Content
Preface
Keynote Papers
Research and Development on Forestry Sector Hadi Pasaribu
Deelo~nent of Soil Conditioning Agent from Pulp and Paper Waste Liquor Gyo5e feshitsuka alld Dongxiallg Wallg 2
Introductory Papers
Yood ~Iaterial Science
The Pr~2Iation of a High Strength Material from Bamboo Fiber Bundles li5~C middotorimoiO4kira MatsuIloto Masahiko Sasada Masafumi Inoue Takuro or Shuichi Kal1middotai 7
Bd~= 3~rlding
15-gtlt hoielisato Norimoto alld Shuichi Kawai 8
B2-- = 5 Spce Truss Elements (A Preliminary Research) Gmiddot~~~ E _-~~~I~ SUi~iono SurjokusuJo Yusuf Slido Hadi and Nareslvoro
9
Ee ~ Time Period between [he Harvesting and Soaking on the Mechanical P~=-~~5 or Bld Bamboo (Gigolltochloa atroviolacea) 1 middotLu and Andi DeNi Yzmianti 12
C--~eZ2~ion of [he ~lechanical Properties of Plant Fiber Bundles SCSe 5 ~~ lu11allm Keni Umellwra alld Shuichi Kawai 13
Pbys 2rld Iechanical Properties of Teak Wood (Tectolla grandis Lf) on Various Cmiddot I 111 Jge _255 I - )
YO( Sa Atll1aHi Darwis alld I1wk Sllmardi 14
Physc Propenies of Sukun Wood (Artocarphus commullis FORST) Ground in Bantul Reg~y Yogyakai1a Hcltrn FawlTo and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 15
Axial and Radial Variation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of 15 Years Old Acacia ood (Acacia auriclllijormis A Cunn ex Benth) Grown in Gunungkidul IElaha SarHika alld Sri Nugroho Marsoem 16
Reinfored-Iarrix Theory - A Basic Concept of Wood Cell Wall Physics and ~Iechanics
Hirolllki Yallzanzoto 17
Wood Stnngth Anaysis Baed on Non Destructive Testing
Lina K arlintls1 middotl ~1lIJ(~I~O ~~II~~)~~~~~~II~~ ~~l~~~~ su~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~o (19) ~
Ealuation of the Aging of Wood as Perceived by Japanese Sculptors of Buddhist Statue JiI(W Yofnoillu Ken-ichiro YWlO Yuko Fujiwara Yoshimasa Kishimoto Yoshihisa Fujii Sll1Iichi K(lwii 20
On the kdsture Content of ood at High Temperatures wd T0shiro 1010010 21
Tect fc~l()r~ n Recoery of Shrinkage in Dried Vaterlogged Wood Luu J( middotci fhil1ori Kmmiddotada and Ka~llya ivtinoto
~_~ lna Steam Pressure Dependency on the Fixation of Compressed Wood ~~ C~(~~ S ~eIT il J Aftmiddot H(iZl Dmiddotmiddot iailto 23
p -t -- - bull ood Bending Machine ~gt [ YIiSlip Amin ko rllahyuni alld Wahyu Dwianto 24
P~ ~ - j Lminl[ed eneer Lumber (LVL) using Phenol Resorcinol - -middot~-middote PRF
Iollmd Capar Sadrah Dei YOIIO Suhaya and Kuniharu 25
c S-r2i Buildings - Case Study on Elementary School
lind Saresjoro NlliOho
c - ~ middot~middotceE Grcmiddotlrc nd Laboratory Tess on Rubber-Wood Acetylated F-k~- -~ked by JIacroe rme 5 gilms Subterranean Termite (An Intermediate Results ~
L Crl [ Clemons YUSll 5udo Hadi and Sulaeman 1 ~ 5~ 27
I
Smiddot--Jr 5 Sugar-Palm Tree Fibers and their Feasibility as 2~ Physical Krr1r ~~~ Subterranem Termites
7d 451 AnT 28
PCcnil ltgt- Glmma-Irradiation as a Termite Control Iv1easure Yi h-5mwra KQaglichi Seillla Yuiiati Indrmani Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Saito Lkeshi nd fiji Imamura 29
Tcmute Control on the High Rise Building jtmes Ria~ifJO and SiIIjono SlIljokllSlllnO
Snergi~ti Effects of Heartood Extractives and Preservative Chemicals on Termite Re5istalKe Qf oods with Different Natural Durability onmiddotjollllg Iilrang S Nami Karral YlIj Imamura and Katsumi Shilloda 31
Analyze of the fnfectioll of Canker Fungi on Light Red Meranti (Shorea smithiuna) A Scanning
Electron Microscopic Study Erwin Won-Joung Jll(mg and Yuji IlI1amura 32
Wood Preferences or Dri-wood Termite Incisitennes minor (Hagen) (lsoptcra Kalotermitidac) to Japane~e and Us timbers Yuliati Indramlli TIII()shl Yoshirnura and Yl~ii Imamura 33
Isolation of licroorgiI1ism (Yeast) from the Death Termites Body as Biological
Control of Termites 1 ttlCk Ikhsan GUSmiddot enrhmiddoto Jirik Kartika 5lCiatmih Arif Hera Prial1to Didi Tarmadi alld
34Sulaenwil
AssesSl11ent of Termie Assemblages of Different Forest Types using Standardized Sampling Protocol - Cmparison betveen Disturbed Forest and Undisturbed Forest Yoko Takell(isI TeliiShi Illoue Yupaporn Sonmuwat and Charunee VOllgkaluang 35
Field Habie of ITl lien Termite Reticliliterllles kallll10nensis (Isoptera
Rhinotermite J in JalI1 Kohei K(lm~c~rc and iJjo Takell1atsli 36
Preparario c Pnperty of Enyironmentally Friendly Plywood Bonded with Poly (lactic acid Enulsion 1 Adhesiye Bin Usalll Fi~i Jfasahiro Takatani and Tadashi Okamoto 37
Particle B l~e from Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch and Adhesive from
Gambir Anwar K(~~ 39
The Syte~ Conditions on Bond Strength of -atural Rubber Latex
Styrene 2~ p~l cJ Euis Hen bull Iiin Fcriasari and Fflizaru Faall 40
Color C Treated P1DI Kenji [1Itlo(7 Shhl Kmrai Hidefllmi Yamauchi Masaaki Shibata and Takeshi Ito 41
Binder-less Insulalin Pmel for Building Use Made from Wood Processing Residues and lt~
42
Manufacture of C11l-Kcnaf Particleboard Dede Herli(I1QII 43
Quality of Core-KIIl1f Particleboard at Several Paraffin Levels Dede HennL11ICln 44
Manufacture of Clll-Kel1af Particleboard using Bamboo Matting Dede HennaHmiddotall 45
Manufacturing Tecillwlogy of Laminated Particle Lumber using Core-Kenaf Particles Dede HennQmiddotall 46
Panel Product from Long Fibers or Abaca (A1usI textilis Nee) Firda Aulya Syamcmi Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 47
Katural Fiber Polypropylene Composites Myrtha Karina Holia Onggo Anung Syampurwodi olld Tadashi Okamoto 48
Kew Method for the Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose AN Nokagaito Lismall 511ryol1egora Hiroyuki Yano ond N Seiki 49
XPS and RAV1A Spectroscopy on DiamondGraphite Composite from Carbonized Vood Toshimitsli Haw Kell~() Ishimaru P Brollsveld M Fujisawa Fumio Kurosaki H Kikuchi and Yuji IlIwii1imiddotC 50
Effect of Pre-Heating and Fla~h-Heating on Microstructures of Carbonized Cellulose FIIJIlio Kurosaki Ken Is ili1orll Toshill1itSll Hata lunj Sugiyama and Yuji Imamllra 51
ood Biomass Science
Bioconversion of SUg22rlc Bgasse Into a Feed for Ruminants using White-rot Fungi Ka Okano r~middot 1 nl1l11ad Sallsllri Ellis Hermiari Tami Idiyanti Bamballg PraseryCi ( Lu Waranabe 52
Pre-treatment of J2i-e Cd ood by White-rot Fungi for the Production of Bioelhanol and a Fee ~middotmiddot1t5
TCikashi Watanabe j bull 0bull 1
ina Toshiai Lc T~l
raslIIlOri Baba Kellta Yallo RIIdianto AlI1irta
Hara1abe and Yoichi Honda 53
Production of ----~ C1le using ood-Rotting Fungi Oyadomari and T Takata 54
Seasonal and Helg-l ~loso Bamboo (Ph-
Okahisa
of Starch and Free Glucose Contents in
and YIIji Imall1ura 55
Waste Utilization of Plywood Sandpapering Process Become Ethanol through Ferment Process Ahllad lallhari bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull~f- bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbull 56
The Potential of Residues Cicilia ME SlIsan i1 s(s Gandhi and Allom Indra A 57
Potential Biomass of Gewang Ieorypha utan Lamk) for Biocomposites SlIbyakto Kumia (ji Paseno Ballbang Slibiyallto and B Paul Naioa 58
BiD Sulphate Pulping of Gmelina Wood (GlJlelin(l orborea) using White Rot Fungi Phallerochaete chrysosporilllll as Pre Treatment Errick Alberto Sri SlIgroho farsoem and KlIsHmiddotanto 59
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
TOWAItDS ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY HAItMONIZATION OF TItOPICAL FOItEST ItESOUItCES
PROCEEDING OF THE INTERNATIONAL VOOO SCIENCE SYtv1POSIUM UPI - ]SPS CORL UNIVERSITY PROGRM IN THE FIELD OF WOOD SCIENCE
ORGANIZED BY
RESERCH 0 OEVELOPMET UT FOR BIOtvTERIALS lOO[3j STITUTE OF INOOE5IA
I
bull
RESERCH ISTITUTE FOR SUSTlBLE HWvt1OSPHERE KYOTO UNIVERSITY
lPAl SOCIETY FOR THE PRO OTION OF SCIENCE
AUGUST 29 - 31 2005 BALI INDONESIA
EDITED BY
FDrlCf
SUrERISOR
-HYU DWINTO
ElliS HERMIiTI SUBYiKTO SUL-EMiN YUSUF
F-IZiTUL FALAH YUSUP AMIN FlRDA AULYA SY1iNI IT 1TI [K- WiHYUNI TITIK KART1K- TEGUH DiRH iN
TCVRDS ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY HARMONIZATION OF TRCPICL FOREST RESOURCES
OF THE 6TH IN1TR(TIONL SYMP05IU1
UGUST 29 - 31 2005 BALI INDONESIA
UPI - JP CORE U(IVERSln PROGRAM 1- THE FIELD OF WOOD SCIENCE
ORGANIZED BY
c1-10 OEELOPE(T UNIT FOR BIOMATERILS 102[31 INSTITUTE OF SClECES
~EE RCH ISTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE l-IUlviANOSPI-IERE KYOTO UVERSITI
Jr 5--]ETI FOR THE PROrvlOTIO OF SCIECE
ISBN 979-99842-0-3
Content
Preface
Keynote Papers
Research and Development on Forestry Sector Hadi Pasaribu
Deelo~nent of Soil Conditioning Agent from Pulp and Paper Waste Liquor Gyo5e feshitsuka alld Dongxiallg Wallg 2
Introductory Papers
Yood ~Iaterial Science
The Pr~2Iation of a High Strength Material from Bamboo Fiber Bundles li5~C middotorimoiO4kira MatsuIloto Masahiko Sasada Masafumi Inoue Takuro or Shuichi Kal1middotai 7
Bd~= 3~rlding
15-gtlt hoielisato Norimoto alld Shuichi Kawai 8
B2-- = 5 Spce Truss Elements (A Preliminary Research) Gmiddot~~~ E _-~~~I~ SUi~iono SurjokusuJo Yusuf Slido Hadi and Nareslvoro
9
Ee ~ Time Period between [he Harvesting and Soaking on the Mechanical P~=-~~5 or Bld Bamboo (Gigolltochloa atroviolacea) 1 middotLu and Andi DeNi Yzmianti 12
C--~eZ2~ion of [he ~lechanical Properties of Plant Fiber Bundles SCSe 5 ~~ lu11allm Keni Umellwra alld Shuichi Kawai 13
Pbys 2rld Iechanical Properties of Teak Wood (Tectolla grandis Lf) on Various Cmiddot I 111 Jge _255 I - )
YO( Sa Atll1aHi Darwis alld I1wk Sllmardi 14
Physc Propenies of Sukun Wood (Artocarphus commullis FORST) Ground in Bantul Reg~y Yogyakai1a Hcltrn FawlTo and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 15
Axial and Radial Variation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of 15 Years Old Acacia ood (Acacia auriclllijormis A Cunn ex Benth) Grown in Gunungkidul IElaha SarHika alld Sri Nugroho Marsoem 16
Reinfored-Iarrix Theory - A Basic Concept of Wood Cell Wall Physics and ~Iechanics
Hirolllki Yallzanzoto 17
Wood Stnngth Anaysis Baed on Non Destructive Testing
Lina K arlintls1 middotl ~1lIJ(~I~O ~~II~~)~~~~~~II~~ ~~l~~~~ su~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~o (19) ~
Ealuation of the Aging of Wood as Perceived by Japanese Sculptors of Buddhist Statue JiI(W Yofnoillu Ken-ichiro YWlO Yuko Fujiwara Yoshimasa Kishimoto Yoshihisa Fujii Sll1Iichi K(lwii 20
On the kdsture Content of ood at High Temperatures wd T0shiro 1010010 21
Tect fc~l()r~ n Recoery of Shrinkage in Dried Vaterlogged Wood Luu J( middotci fhil1ori Kmmiddotada and Ka~llya ivtinoto
~_~ lna Steam Pressure Dependency on the Fixation of Compressed Wood ~~ C~(~~ S ~eIT il J Aftmiddot H(iZl Dmiddotmiddot iailto 23
p -t -- - bull ood Bending Machine ~gt [ YIiSlip Amin ko rllahyuni alld Wahyu Dwianto 24
P~ ~ - j Lminl[ed eneer Lumber (LVL) using Phenol Resorcinol - -middot~-middote PRF
Iollmd Capar Sadrah Dei YOIIO Suhaya and Kuniharu 25
c S-r2i Buildings - Case Study on Elementary School
lind Saresjoro NlliOho
c - ~ middot~middotceE Grcmiddotlrc nd Laboratory Tess on Rubber-Wood Acetylated F-k~- -~ked by JIacroe rme 5 gilms Subterranean Termite (An Intermediate Results ~
L Crl [ Clemons YUSll 5udo Hadi and Sulaeman 1 ~ 5~ 27
I
Smiddot--Jr 5 Sugar-Palm Tree Fibers and their Feasibility as 2~ Physical Krr1r ~~~ Subterranem Termites
7d 451 AnT 28
PCcnil ltgt- Glmma-Irradiation as a Termite Control Iv1easure Yi h-5mwra KQaglichi Seillla Yuiiati Indrmani Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Saito Lkeshi nd fiji Imamura 29
Tcmute Control on the High Rise Building jtmes Ria~ifJO and SiIIjono SlIljokllSlllnO
Snergi~ti Effects of Heartood Extractives and Preservative Chemicals on Termite Re5istalKe Qf oods with Different Natural Durability onmiddotjollllg Iilrang S Nami Karral YlIj Imamura and Katsumi Shilloda 31
Analyze of the fnfectioll of Canker Fungi on Light Red Meranti (Shorea smithiuna) A Scanning
Electron Microscopic Study Erwin Won-Joung Jll(mg and Yuji IlI1amura 32
Wood Preferences or Dri-wood Termite Incisitennes minor (Hagen) (lsoptcra Kalotermitidac) to Japane~e and Us timbers Yuliati Indramlli TIII()shl Yoshirnura and Yl~ii Imamura 33
Isolation of licroorgiI1ism (Yeast) from the Death Termites Body as Biological
Control of Termites 1 ttlCk Ikhsan GUSmiddot enrhmiddoto Jirik Kartika 5lCiatmih Arif Hera Prial1to Didi Tarmadi alld
34Sulaenwil
AssesSl11ent of Termie Assemblages of Different Forest Types using Standardized Sampling Protocol - Cmparison betveen Disturbed Forest and Undisturbed Forest Yoko Takell(isI TeliiShi Illoue Yupaporn Sonmuwat and Charunee VOllgkaluang 35
Field Habie of ITl lien Termite Reticliliterllles kallll10nensis (Isoptera
Rhinotermite J in JalI1 Kohei K(lm~c~rc and iJjo Takell1atsli 36
Preparario c Pnperty of Enyironmentally Friendly Plywood Bonded with Poly (lactic acid Enulsion 1 Adhesiye Bin Usalll Fi~i Jfasahiro Takatani and Tadashi Okamoto 37
Particle B l~e from Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch and Adhesive from
Gambir Anwar K(~~ 39
The Syte~ Conditions on Bond Strength of -atural Rubber Latex
Styrene 2~ p~l cJ Euis Hen bull Iiin Fcriasari and Fflizaru Faall 40
Color C Treated P1DI Kenji [1Itlo(7 Shhl Kmrai Hidefllmi Yamauchi Masaaki Shibata and Takeshi Ito 41
Binder-less Insulalin Pmel for Building Use Made from Wood Processing Residues and lt~
42
Manufacture of C11l-Kcnaf Particleboard Dede Herli(I1QII 43
Quality of Core-KIIl1f Particleboard at Several Paraffin Levels Dede HennL11ICln 44
Manufacture of Clll-Kel1af Particleboard using Bamboo Matting Dede HennaHmiddotall 45
Manufacturing Tecillwlogy of Laminated Particle Lumber using Core-Kenaf Particles Dede HennQmiddotall 46
Panel Product from Long Fibers or Abaca (A1usI textilis Nee) Firda Aulya Syamcmi Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 47
Katural Fiber Polypropylene Composites Myrtha Karina Holia Onggo Anung Syampurwodi olld Tadashi Okamoto 48
Kew Method for the Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose AN Nokagaito Lismall 511ryol1egora Hiroyuki Yano ond N Seiki 49
XPS and RAV1A Spectroscopy on DiamondGraphite Composite from Carbonized Vood Toshimitsli Haw Kell~() Ishimaru P Brollsveld M Fujisawa Fumio Kurosaki H Kikuchi and Yuji IlIwii1imiddotC 50
Effect of Pre-Heating and Fla~h-Heating on Microstructures of Carbonized Cellulose FIIJIlio Kurosaki Ken Is ili1orll Toshill1itSll Hata lunj Sugiyama and Yuji Imamllra 51
ood Biomass Science
Bioconversion of SUg22rlc Bgasse Into a Feed for Ruminants using White-rot Fungi Ka Okano r~middot 1 nl1l11ad Sallsllri Ellis Hermiari Tami Idiyanti Bamballg PraseryCi ( Lu Waranabe 52
Pre-treatment of J2i-e Cd ood by White-rot Fungi for the Production of Bioelhanol and a Fee ~middotmiddot1t5
TCikashi Watanabe j bull 0bull 1
ina Toshiai Lc T~l
raslIIlOri Baba Kellta Yallo RIIdianto AlI1irta
Hara1abe and Yoichi Honda 53
Production of ----~ C1le using ood-Rotting Fungi Oyadomari and T Takata 54
Seasonal and Helg-l ~loso Bamboo (Ph-
Okahisa
of Starch and Free Glucose Contents in
and YIIji Imall1ura 55
Waste Utilization of Plywood Sandpapering Process Become Ethanol through Ferment Process Ahllad lallhari bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull~f- bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbull 56
The Potential of Residues Cicilia ME SlIsan i1 s(s Gandhi and Allom Indra A 57
Potential Biomass of Gewang Ieorypha utan Lamk) for Biocomposites SlIbyakto Kumia (ji Paseno Ballbang Slibiyallto and B Paul Naioa 58
BiD Sulphate Pulping of Gmelina Wood (GlJlelin(l orborea) using White Rot Fungi Phallerochaete chrysosporilllll as Pre Treatment Errick Alberto Sri SlIgroho farsoem and KlIsHmiddotanto 59
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
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figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
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6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
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EDITED BY
FDrlCf
SUrERISOR
-HYU DWINTO
ElliS HERMIiTI SUBYiKTO SUL-EMiN YUSUF
F-IZiTUL FALAH YUSUP AMIN FlRDA AULYA SY1iNI IT 1TI [K- WiHYUNI TITIK KART1K- TEGUH DiRH iN
TCVRDS ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY HARMONIZATION OF TRCPICL FOREST RESOURCES
OF THE 6TH IN1TR(TIONL SYMP05IU1
UGUST 29 - 31 2005 BALI INDONESIA
UPI - JP CORE U(IVERSln PROGRAM 1- THE FIELD OF WOOD SCIENCE
ORGANIZED BY
c1-10 OEELOPE(T UNIT FOR BIOMATERILS 102[31 INSTITUTE OF SClECES
~EE RCH ISTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE l-IUlviANOSPI-IERE KYOTO UVERSITI
Jr 5--]ETI FOR THE PROrvlOTIO OF SCIECE
ISBN 979-99842-0-3
Content
Preface
Keynote Papers
Research and Development on Forestry Sector Hadi Pasaribu
Deelo~nent of Soil Conditioning Agent from Pulp and Paper Waste Liquor Gyo5e feshitsuka alld Dongxiallg Wallg 2
Introductory Papers
Yood ~Iaterial Science
The Pr~2Iation of a High Strength Material from Bamboo Fiber Bundles li5~C middotorimoiO4kira MatsuIloto Masahiko Sasada Masafumi Inoue Takuro or Shuichi Kal1middotai 7
Bd~= 3~rlding
15-gtlt hoielisato Norimoto alld Shuichi Kawai 8
B2-- = 5 Spce Truss Elements (A Preliminary Research) Gmiddot~~~ E _-~~~I~ SUi~iono SurjokusuJo Yusuf Slido Hadi and Nareslvoro
9
Ee ~ Time Period between [he Harvesting and Soaking on the Mechanical P~=-~~5 or Bld Bamboo (Gigolltochloa atroviolacea) 1 middotLu and Andi DeNi Yzmianti 12
C--~eZ2~ion of [he ~lechanical Properties of Plant Fiber Bundles SCSe 5 ~~ lu11allm Keni Umellwra alld Shuichi Kawai 13
Pbys 2rld Iechanical Properties of Teak Wood (Tectolla grandis Lf) on Various Cmiddot I 111 Jge _255 I - )
YO( Sa Atll1aHi Darwis alld I1wk Sllmardi 14
Physc Propenies of Sukun Wood (Artocarphus commullis FORST) Ground in Bantul Reg~y Yogyakai1a Hcltrn FawlTo and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 15
Axial and Radial Variation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of 15 Years Old Acacia ood (Acacia auriclllijormis A Cunn ex Benth) Grown in Gunungkidul IElaha SarHika alld Sri Nugroho Marsoem 16
Reinfored-Iarrix Theory - A Basic Concept of Wood Cell Wall Physics and ~Iechanics
Hirolllki Yallzanzoto 17
Wood Stnngth Anaysis Baed on Non Destructive Testing
Lina K arlintls1 middotl ~1lIJ(~I~O ~~II~~)~~~~~~II~~ ~~l~~~~ su~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~o (19) ~
Ealuation of the Aging of Wood as Perceived by Japanese Sculptors of Buddhist Statue JiI(W Yofnoillu Ken-ichiro YWlO Yuko Fujiwara Yoshimasa Kishimoto Yoshihisa Fujii Sll1Iichi K(lwii 20
On the kdsture Content of ood at High Temperatures wd T0shiro 1010010 21
Tect fc~l()r~ n Recoery of Shrinkage in Dried Vaterlogged Wood Luu J( middotci fhil1ori Kmmiddotada and Ka~llya ivtinoto
~_~ lna Steam Pressure Dependency on the Fixation of Compressed Wood ~~ C~(~~ S ~eIT il J Aftmiddot H(iZl Dmiddotmiddot iailto 23
p -t -- - bull ood Bending Machine ~gt [ YIiSlip Amin ko rllahyuni alld Wahyu Dwianto 24
P~ ~ - j Lminl[ed eneer Lumber (LVL) using Phenol Resorcinol - -middot~-middote PRF
Iollmd Capar Sadrah Dei YOIIO Suhaya and Kuniharu 25
c S-r2i Buildings - Case Study on Elementary School
lind Saresjoro NlliOho
c - ~ middot~middotceE Grcmiddotlrc nd Laboratory Tess on Rubber-Wood Acetylated F-k~- -~ked by JIacroe rme 5 gilms Subterranean Termite (An Intermediate Results ~
L Crl [ Clemons YUSll 5udo Hadi and Sulaeman 1 ~ 5~ 27
I
Smiddot--Jr 5 Sugar-Palm Tree Fibers and their Feasibility as 2~ Physical Krr1r ~~~ Subterranem Termites
7d 451 AnT 28
PCcnil ltgt- Glmma-Irradiation as a Termite Control Iv1easure Yi h-5mwra KQaglichi Seillla Yuiiati Indrmani Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Saito Lkeshi nd fiji Imamura 29
Tcmute Control on the High Rise Building jtmes Ria~ifJO and SiIIjono SlIljokllSlllnO
Snergi~ti Effects of Heartood Extractives and Preservative Chemicals on Termite Re5istalKe Qf oods with Different Natural Durability onmiddotjollllg Iilrang S Nami Karral YlIj Imamura and Katsumi Shilloda 31
Analyze of the fnfectioll of Canker Fungi on Light Red Meranti (Shorea smithiuna) A Scanning
Electron Microscopic Study Erwin Won-Joung Jll(mg and Yuji IlI1amura 32
Wood Preferences or Dri-wood Termite Incisitennes minor (Hagen) (lsoptcra Kalotermitidac) to Japane~e and Us timbers Yuliati Indramlli TIII()shl Yoshirnura and Yl~ii Imamura 33
Isolation of licroorgiI1ism (Yeast) from the Death Termites Body as Biological
Control of Termites 1 ttlCk Ikhsan GUSmiddot enrhmiddoto Jirik Kartika 5lCiatmih Arif Hera Prial1to Didi Tarmadi alld
34Sulaenwil
AssesSl11ent of Termie Assemblages of Different Forest Types using Standardized Sampling Protocol - Cmparison betveen Disturbed Forest and Undisturbed Forest Yoko Takell(isI TeliiShi Illoue Yupaporn Sonmuwat and Charunee VOllgkaluang 35
Field Habie of ITl lien Termite Reticliliterllles kallll10nensis (Isoptera
Rhinotermite J in JalI1 Kohei K(lm~c~rc and iJjo Takell1atsli 36
Preparario c Pnperty of Enyironmentally Friendly Plywood Bonded with Poly (lactic acid Enulsion 1 Adhesiye Bin Usalll Fi~i Jfasahiro Takatani and Tadashi Okamoto 37
Particle B l~e from Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch and Adhesive from
Gambir Anwar K(~~ 39
The Syte~ Conditions on Bond Strength of -atural Rubber Latex
Styrene 2~ p~l cJ Euis Hen bull Iiin Fcriasari and Fflizaru Faall 40
Color C Treated P1DI Kenji [1Itlo(7 Shhl Kmrai Hidefllmi Yamauchi Masaaki Shibata and Takeshi Ito 41
Binder-less Insulalin Pmel for Building Use Made from Wood Processing Residues and lt~
42
Manufacture of C11l-Kcnaf Particleboard Dede Herli(I1QII 43
Quality of Core-KIIl1f Particleboard at Several Paraffin Levels Dede HennL11ICln 44
Manufacture of Clll-Kel1af Particleboard using Bamboo Matting Dede HennaHmiddotall 45
Manufacturing Tecillwlogy of Laminated Particle Lumber using Core-Kenaf Particles Dede HennQmiddotall 46
Panel Product from Long Fibers or Abaca (A1usI textilis Nee) Firda Aulya Syamcmi Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 47
Katural Fiber Polypropylene Composites Myrtha Karina Holia Onggo Anung Syampurwodi olld Tadashi Okamoto 48
Kew Method for the Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose AN Nokagaito Lismall 511ryol1egora Hiroyuki Yano ond N Seiki 49
XPS and RAV1A Spectroscopy on DiamondGraphite Composite from Carbonized Vood Toshimitsli Haw Kell~() Ishimaru P Brollsveld M Fujisawa Fumio Kurosaki H Kikuchi and Yuji IlIwii1imiddotC 50
Effect of Pre-Heating and Fla~h-Heating on Microstructures of Carbonized Cellulose FIIJIlio Kurosaki Ken Is ili1orll Toshill1itSll Hata lunj Sugiyama and Yuji Imamllra 51
ood Biomass Science
Bioconversion of SUg22rlc Bgasse Into a Feed for Ruminants using White-rot Fungi Ka Okano r~middot 1 nl1l11ad Sallsllri Ellis Hermiari Tami Idiyanti Bamballg PraseryCi ( Lu Waranabe 52
Pre-treatment of J2i-e Cd ood by White-rot Fungi for the Production of Bioelhanol and a Fee ~middotmiddot1t5
TCikashi Watanabe j bull 0bull 1
ina Toshiai Lc T~l
raslIIlOri Baba Kellta Yallo RIIdianto AlI1irta
Hara1abe and Yoichi Honda 53
Production of ----~ C1le using ood-Rotting Fungi Oyadomari and T Takata 54
Seasonal and Helg-l ~loso Bamboo (Ph-
Okahisa
of Starch and Free Glucose Contents in
and YIIji Imall1ura 55
Waste Utilization of Plywood Sandpapering Process Become Ethanol through Ferment Process Ahllad lallhari bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull~f- bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbull 56
The Potential of Residues Cicilia ME SlIsan i1 s(s Gandhi and Allom Indra A 57
Potential Biomass of Gewang Ieorypha utan Lamk) for Biocomposites SlIbyakto Kumia (ji Paseno Ballbang Slibiyallto and B Paul Naioa 58
BiD Sulphate Pulping of Gmelina Wood (GlJlelin(l orborea) using White Rot Fungi Phallerochaete chrysosporilllll as Pre Treatment Errick Alberto Sri SlIgroho farsoem and KlIsHmiddotanto 59
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Content
Preface
Keynote Papers
Research and Development on Forestry Sector Hadi Pasaribu
Deelo~nent of Soil Conditioning Agent from Pulp and Paper Waste Liquor Gyo5e feshitsuka alld Dongxiallg Wallg 2
Introductory Papers
Yood ~Iaterial Science
The Pr~2Iation of a High Strength Material from Bamboo Fiber Bundles li5~C middotorimoiO4kira MatsuIloto Masahiko Sasada Masafumi Inoue Takuro or Shuichi Kal1middotai 7
Bd~= 3~rlding
15-gtlt hoielisato Norimoto alld Shuichi Kawai 8
B2-- = 5 Spce Truss Elements (A Preliminary Research) Gmiddot~~~ E _-~~~I~ SUi~iono SurjokusuJo Yusuf Slido Hadi and Nareslvoro
9
Ee ~ Time Period between [he Harvesting and Soaking on the Mechanical P~=-~~5 or Bld Bamboo (Gigolltochloa atroviolacea) 1 middotLu and Andi DeNi Yzmianti 12
C--~eZ2~ion of [he ~lechanical Properties of Plant Fiber Bundles SCSe 5 ~~ lu11allm Keni Umellwra alld Shuichi Kawai 13
Pbys 2rld Iechanical Properties of Teak Wood (Tectolla grandis Lf) on Various Cmiddot I 111 Jge _255 I - )
YO( Sa Atll1aHi Darwis alld I1wk Sllmardi 14
Physc Propenies of Sukun Wood (Artocarphus commullis FORST) Ground in Bantul Reg~y Yogyakai1a Hcltrn FawlTo and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 15
Axial and Radial Variation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of 15 Years Old Acacia ood (Acacia auriclllijormis A Cunn ex Benth) Grown in Gunungkidul IElaha SarHika alld Sri Nugroho Marsoem 16
Reinfored-Iarrix Theory - A Basic Concept of Wood Cell Wall Physics and ~Iechanics
Hirolllki Yallzanzoto 17
Wood Stnngth Anaysis Baed on Non Destructive Testing
Lina K arlintls1 middotl ~1lIJ(~I~O ~~II~~)~~~~~~II~~ ~~l~~~~ su~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~o (19) ~
Ealuation of the Aging of Wood as Perceived by Japanese Sculptors of Buddhist Statue JiI(W Yofnoillu Ken-ichiro YWlO Yuko Fujiwara Yoshimasa Kishimoto Yoshihisa Fujii Sll1Iichi K(lwii 20
On the kdsture Content of ood at High Temperatures wd T0shiro 1010010 21
Tect fc~l()r~ n Recoery of Shrinkage in Dried Vaterlogged Wood Luu J( middotci fhil1ori Kmmiddotada and Ka~llya ivtinoto
~_~ lna Steam Pressure Dependency on the Fixation of Compressed Wood ~~ C~(~~ S ~eIT il J Aftmiddot H(iZl Dmiddotmiddot iailto 23
p -t -- - bull ood Bending Machine ~gt [ YIiSlip Amin ko rllahyuni alld Wahyu Dwianto 24
P~ ~ - j Lminl[ed eneer Lumber (LVL) using Phenol Resorcinol - -middot~-middote PRF
Iollmd Capar Sadrah Dei YOIIO Suhaya and Kuniharu 25
c S-r2i Buildings - Case Study on Elementary School
lind Saresjoro NlliOho
c - ~ middot~middotceE Grcmiddotlrc nd Laboratory Tess on Rubber-Wood Acetylated F-k~- -~ked by JIacroe rme 5 gilms Subterranean Termite (An Intermediate Results ~
L Crl [ Clemons YUSll 5udo Hadi and Sulaeman 1 ~ 5~ 27
I
Smiddot--Jr 5 Sugar-Palm Tree Fibers and their Feasibility as 2~ Physical Krr1r ~~~ Subterranem Termites
7d 451 AnT 28
PCcnil ltgt- Glmma-Irradiation as a Termite Control Iv1easure Yi h-5mwra KQaglichi Seillla Yuiiati Indrmani Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Saito Lkeshi nd fiji Imamura 29
Tcmute Control on the High Rise Building jtmes Ria~ifJO and SiIIjono SlIljokllSlllnO
Snergi~ti Effects of Heartood Extractives and Preservative Chemicals on Termite Re5istalKe Qf oods with Different Natural Durability onmiddotjollllg Iilrang S Nami Karral YlIj Imamura and Katsumi Shilloda 31
Analyze of the fnfectioll of Canker Fungi on Light Red Meranti (Shorea smithiuna) A Scanning
Electron Microscopic Study Erwin Won-Joung Jll(mg and Yuji IlI1amura 32
Wood Preferences or Dri-wood Termite Incisitennes minor (Hagen) (lsoptcra Kalotermitidac) to Japane~e and Us timbers Yuliati Indramlli TIII()shl Yoshirnura and Yl~ii Imamura 33
Isolation of licroorgiI1ism (Yeast) from the Death Termites Body as Biological
Control of Termites 1 ttlCk Ikhsan GUSmiddot enrhmiddoto Jirik Kartika 5lCiatmih Arif Hera Prial1to Didi Tarmadi alld
34Sulaenwil
AssesSl11ent of Termie Assemblages of Different Forest Types using Standardized Sampling Protocol - Cmparison betveen Disturbed Forest and Undisturbed Forest Yoko Takell(isI TeliiShi Illoue Yupaporn Sonmuwat and Charunee VOllgkaluang 35
Field Habie of ITl lien Termite Reticliliterllles kallll10nensis (Isoptera
Rhinotermite J in JalI1 Kohei K(lm~c~rc and iJjo Takell1atsli 36
Preparario c Pnperty of Enyironmentally Friendly Plywood Bonded with Poly (lactic acid Enulsion 1 Adhesiye Bin Usalll Fi~i Jfasahiro Takatani and Tadashi Okamoto 37
Particle B l~e from Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch and Adhesive from
Gambir Anwar K(~~ 39
The Syte~ Conditions on Bond Strength of -atural Rubber Latex
Styrene 2~ p~l cJ Euis Hen bull Iiin Fcriasari and Fflizaru Faall 40
Color C Treated P1DI Kenji [1Itlo(7 Shhl Kmrai Hidefllmi Yamauchi Masaaki Shibata and Takeshi Ito 41
Binder-less Insulalin Pmel for Building Use Made from Wood Processing Residues and lt~
42
Manufacture of C11l-Kcnaf Particleboard Dede Herli(I1QII 43
Quality of Core-KIIl1f Particleboard at Several Paraffin Levels Dede HennL11ICln 44
Manufacture of Clll-Kel1af Particleboard using Bamboo Matting Dede HennaHmiddotall 45
Manufacturing Tecillwlogy of Laminated Particle Lumber using Core-Kenaf Particles Dede HennQmiddotall 46
Panel Product from Long Fibers or Abaca (A1usI textilis Nee) Firda Aulya Syamcmi Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 47
Katural Fiber Polypropylene Composites Myrtha Karina Holia Onggo Anung Syampurwodi olld Tadashi Okamoto 48
Kew Method for the Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose AN Nokagaito Lismall 511ryol1egora Hiroyuki Yano ond N Seiki 49
XPS and RAV1A Spectroscopy on DiamondGraphite Composite from Carbonized Vood Toshimitsli Haw Kell~() Ishimaru P Brollsveld M Fujisawa Fumio Kurosaki H Kikuchi and Yuji IlIwii1imiddotC 50
Effect of Pre-Heating and Fla~h-Heating on Microstructures of Carbonized Cellulose FIIJIlio Kurosaki Ken Is ili1orll Toshill1itSll Hata lunj Sugiyama and Yuji Imamllra 51
ood Biomass Science
Bioconversion of SUg22rlc Bgasse Into a Feed for Ruminants using White-rot Fungi Ka Okano r~middot 1 nl1l11ad Sallsllri Ellis Hermiari Tami Idiyanti Bamballg PraseryCi ( Lu Waranabe 52
Pre-treatment of J2i-e Cd ood by White-rot Fungi for the Production of Bioelhanol and a Fee ~middotmiddot1t5
TCikashi Watanabe j bull 0bull 1
ina Toshiai Lc T~l
raslIIlOri Baba Kellta Yallo RIIdianto AlI1irta
Hara1abe and Yoichi Honda 53
Production of ----~ C1le using ood-Rotting Fungi Oyadomari and T Takata 54
Seasonal and Helg-l ~loso Bamboo (Ph-
Okahisa
of Starch and Free Glucose Contents in
and YIIji Imall1ura 55
Waste Utilization of Plywood Sandpapering Process Become Ethanol through Ferment Process Ahllad lallhari bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull~f- bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbull 56
The Potential of Residues Cicilia ME SlIsan i1 s(s Gandhi and Allom Indra A 57
Potential Biomass of Gewang Ieorypha utan Lamk) for Biocomposites SlIbyakto Kumia (ji Paseno Ballbang Slibiyallto and B Paul Naioa 58
BiD Sulphate Pulping of Gmelina Wood (GlJlelin(l orborea) using White Rot Fungi Phallerochaete chrysosporilllll as Pre Treatment Errick Alberto Sri SlIgroho farsoem and KlIsHmiddotanto 59
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Wood Stnngth Anaysis Baed on Non Destructive Testing
Lina K arlintls1 middotl ~1lIJ(~I~O ~~II~~)~~~~~~II~~ ~~l~~~~ su~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~o (19) ~
Ealuation of the Aging of Wood as Perceived by Japanese Sculptors of Buddhist Statue JiI(W Yofnoillu Ken-ichiro YWlO Yuko Fujiwara Yoshimasa Kishimoto Yoshihisa Fujii Sll1Iichi K(lwii 20
On the kdsture Content of ood at High Temperatures wd T0shiro 1010010 21
Tect fc~l()r~ n Recoery of Shrinkage in Dried Vaterlogged Wood Luu J( middotci fhil1ori Kmmiddotada and Ka~llya ivtinoto
~_~ lna Steam Pressure Dependency on the Fixation of Compressed Wood ~~ C~(~~ S ~eIT il J Aftmiddot H(iZl Dmiddotmiddot iailto 23
p -t -- - bull ood Bending Machine ~gt [ YIiSlip Amin ko rllahyuni alld Wahyu Dwianto 24
P~ ~ - j Lminl[ed eneer Lumber (LVL) using Phenol Resorcinol - -middot~-middote PRF
Iollmd Capar Sadrah Dei YOIIO Suhaya and Kuniharu 25
c S-r2i Buildings - Case Study on Elementary School
lind Saresjoro NlliOho
c - ~ middot~middotceE Grcmiddotlrc nd Laboratory Tess on Rubber-Wood Acetylated F-k~- -~ked by JIacroe rme 5 gilms Subterranean Termite (An Intermediate Results ~
L Crl [ Clemons YUSll 5udo Hadi and Sulaeman 1 ~ 5~ 27
I
Smiddot--Jr 5 Sugar-Palm Tree Fibers and their Feasibility as 2~ Physical Krr1r ~~~ Subterranem Termites
7d 451 AnT 28
PCcnil ltgt- Glmma-Irradiation as a Termite Control Iv1easure Yi h-5mwra KQaglichi Seillla Yuiiati Indrmani Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Saito Lkeshi nd fiji Imamura 29
Tcmute Control on the High Rise Building jtmes Ria~ifJO and SiIIjono SlIljokllSlllnO
Snergi~ti Effects of Heartood Extractives and Preservative Chemicals on Termite Re5istalKe Qf oods with Different Natural Durability onmiddotjollllg Iilrang S Nami Karral YlIj Imamura and Katsumi Shilloda 31
Analyze of the fnfectioll of Canker Fungi on Light Red Meranti (Shorea smithiuna) A Scanning
Electron Microscopic Study Erwin Won-Joung Jll(mg and Yuji IlI1amura 32
Wood Preferences or Dri-wood Termite Incisitennes minor (Hagen) (lsoptcra Kalotermitidac) to Japane~e and Us timbers Yuliati Indramlli TIII()shl Yoshirnura and Yl~ii Imamura 33
Isolation of licroorgiI1ism (Yeast) from the Death Termites Body as Biological
Control of Termites 1 ttlCk Ikhsan GUSmiddot enrhmiddoto Jirik Kartika 5lCiatmih Arif Hera Prial1to Didi Tarmadi alld
34Sulaenwil
AssesSl11ent of Termie Assemblages of Different Forest Types using Standardized Sampling Protocol - Cmparison betveen Disturbed Forest and Undisturbed Forest Yoko Takell(isI TeliiShi Illoue Yupaporn Sonmuwat and Charunee VOllgkaluang 35
Field Habie of ITl lien Termite Reticliliterllles kallll10nensis (Isoptera
Rhinotermite J in JalI1 Kohei K(lm~c~rc and iJjo Takell1atsli 36
Preparario c Pnperty of Enyironmentally Friendly Plywood Bonded with Poly (lactic acid Enulsion 1 Adhesiye Bin Usalll Fi~i Jfasahiro Takatani and Tadashi Okamoto 37
Particle B l~e from Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch and Adhesive from
Gambir Anwar K(~~ 39
The Syte~ Conditions on Bond Strength of -atural Rubber Latex
Styrene 2~ p~l cJ Euis Hen bull Iiin Fcriasari and Fflizaru Faall 40
Color C Treated P1DI Kenji [1Itlo(7 Shhl Kmrai Hidefllmi Yamauchi Masaaki Shibata and Takeshi Ito 41
Binder-less Insulalin Pmel for Building Use Made from Wood Processing Residues and lt~
42
Manufacture of C11l-Kcnaf Particleboard Dede Herli(I1QII 43
Quality of Core-KIIl1f Particleboard at Several Paraffin Levels Dede HennL11ICln 44
Manufacture of Clll-Kel1af Particleboard using Bamboo Matting Dede HennaHmiddotall 45
Manufacturing Tecillwlogy of Laminated Particle Lumber using Core-Kenaf Particles Dede HennQmiddotall 46
Panel Product from Long Fibers or Abaca (A1usI textilis Nee) Firda Aulya Syamcmi Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 47
Katural Fiber Polypropylene Composites Myrtha Karina Holia Onggo Anung Syampurwodi olld Tadashi Okamoto 48
Kew Method for the Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose AN Nokagaito Lismall 511ryol1egora Hiroyuki Yano ond N Seiki 49
XPS and RAV1A Spectroscopy on DiamondGraphite Composite from Carbonized Vood Toshimitsli Haw Kell~() Ishimaru P Brollsveld M Fujisawa Fumio Kurosaki H Kikuchi and Yuji IlIwii1imiddotC 50
Effect of Pre-Heating and Fla~h-Heating on Microstructures of Carbonized Cellulose FIIJIlio Kurosaki Ken Is ili1orll Toshill1itSll Hata lunj Sugiyama and Yuji Imamllra 51
ood Biomass Science
Bioconversion of SUg22rlc Bgasse Into a Feed for Ruminants using White-rot Fungi Ka Okano r~middot 1 nl1l11ad Sallsllri Ellis Hermiari Tami Idiyanti Bamballg PraseryCi ( Lu Waranabe 52
Pre-treatment of J2i-e Cd ood by White-rot Fungi for the Production of Bioelhanol and a Fee ~middotmiddot1t5
TCikashi Watanabe j bull 0bull 1
ina Toshiai Lc T~l
raslIIlOri Baba Kellta Yallo RIIdianto AlI1irta
Hara1abe and Yoichi Honda 53
Production of ----~ C1le using ood-Rotting Fungi Oyadomari and T Takata 54
Seasonal and Helg-l ~loso Bamboo (Ph-
Okahisa
of Starch and Free Glucose Contents in
and YIIji Imall1ura 55
Waste Utilization of Plywood Sandpapering Process Become Ethanol through Ferment Process Ahllad lallhari bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull~f- bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbull 56
The Potential of Residues Cicilia ME SlIsan i1 s(s Gandhi and Allom Indra A 57
Potential Biomass of Gewang Ieorypha utan Lamk) for Biocomposites SlIbyakto Kumia (ji Paseno Ballbang Slibiyallto and B Paul Naioa 58
BiD Sulphate Pulping of Gmelina Wood (GlJlelin(l orborea) using White Rot Fungi Phallerochaete chrysosporilllll as Pre Treatment Errick Alberto Sri SlIgroho farsoem and KlIsHmiddotanto 59
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Analyze of the fnfectioll of Canker Fungi on Light Red Meranti (Shorea smithiuna) A Scanning
Electron Microscopic Study Erwin Won-Joung Jll(mg and Yuji IlI1amura 32
Wood Preferences or Dri-wood Termite Incisitennes minor (Hagen) (lsoptcra Kalotermitidac) to Japane~e and Us timbers Yuliati Indramlli TIII()shl Yoshirnura and Yl~ii Imamura 33
Isolation of licroorgiI1ism (Yeast) from the Death Termites Body as Biological
Control of Termites 1 ttlCk Ikhsan GUSmiddot enrhmiddoto Jirik Kartika 5lCiatmih Arif Hera Prial1to Didi Tarmadi alld
34Sulaenwil
AssesSl11ent of Termie Assemblages of Different Forest Types using Standardized Sampling Protocol - Cmparison betveen Disturbed Forest and Undisturbed Forest Yoko Takell(isI TeliiShi Illoue Yupaporn Sonmuwat and Charunee VOllgkaluang 35
Field Habie of ITl lien Termite Reticliliterllles kallll10nensis (Isoptera
Rhinotermite J in JalI1 Kohei K(lm~c~rc and iJjo Takell1atsli 36
Preparario c Pnperty of Enyironmentally Friendly Plywood Bonded with Poly (lactic acid Enulsion 1 Adhesiye Bin Usalll Fi~i Jfasahiro Takatani and Tadashi Okamoto 37
Particle B l~e from Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch and Adhesive from
Gambir Anwar K(~~ 39
The Syte~ Conditions on Bond Strength of -atural Rubber Latex
Styrene 2~ p~l cJ Euis Hen bull Iiin Fcriasari and Fflizaru Faall 40
Color C Treated P1DI Kenji [1Itlo(7 Shhl Kmrai Hidefllmi Yamauchi Masaaki Shibata and Takeshi Ito 41
Binder-less Insulalin Pmel for Building Use Made from Wood Processing Residues and lt~
42
Manufacture of C11l-Kcnaf Particleboard Dede Herli(I1QII 43
Quality of Core-KIIl1f Particleboard at Several Paraffin Levels Dede HennL11ICln 44
Manufacture of Clll-Kel1af Particleboard using Bamboo Matting Dede HennaHmiddotall 45
Manufacturing Tecillwlogy of Laminated Particle Lumber using Core-Kenaf Particles Dede HennQmiddotall 46
Panel Product from Long Fibers or Abaca (A1usI textilis Nee) Firda Aulya Syamcmi Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 47
Katural Fiber Polypropylene Composites Myrtha Karina Holia Onggo Anung Syampurwodi olld Tadashi Okamoto 48
Kew Method for the Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose AN Nokagaito Lismall 511ryol1egora Hiroyuki Yano ond N Seiki 49
XPS and RAV1A Spectroscopy on DiamondGraphite Composite from Carbonized Vood Toshimitsli Haw Kell~() Ishimaru P Brollsveld M Fujisawa Fumio Kurosaki H Kikuchi and Yuji IlIwii1imiddotC 50
Effect of Pre-Heating and Fla~h-Heating on Microstructures of Carbonized Cellulose FIIJIlio Kurosaki Ken Is ili1orll Toshill1itSll Hata lunj Sugiyama and Yuji Imamllra 51
ood Biomass Science
Bioconversion of SUg22rlc Bgasse Into a Feed for Ruminants using White-rot Fungi Ka Okano r~middot 1 nl1l11ad Sallsllri Ellis Hermiari Tami Idiyanti Bamballg PraseryCi ( Lu Waranabe 52
Pre-treatment of J2i-e Cd ood by White-rot Fungi for the Production of Bioelhanol and a Fee ~middotmiddot1t5
TCikashi Watanabe j bull 0bull 1
ina Toshiai Lc T~l
raslIIlOri Baba Kellta Yallo RIIdianto AlI1irta
Hara1abe and Yoichi Honda 53
Production of ----~ C1le using ood-Rotting Fungi Oyadomari and T Takata 54
Seasonal and Helg-l ~loso Bamboo (Ph-
Okahisa
of Starch and Free Glucose Contents in
and YIIji Imall1ura 55
Waste Utilization of Plywood Sandpapering Process Become Ethanol through Ferment Process Ahllad lallhari bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull~f- bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbull 56
The Potential of Residues Cicilia ME SlIsan i1 s(s Gandhi and Allom Indra A 57
Potential Biomass of Gewang Ieorypha utan Lamk) for Biocomposites SlIbyakto Kumia (ji Paseno Ballbang Slibiyallto and B Paul Naioa 58
BiD Sulphate Pulping of Gmelina Wood (GlJlelin(l orborea) using White Rot Fungi Phallerochaete chrysosporilllll as Pre Treatment Errick Alberto Sri SlIgroho farsoem and KlIsHmiddotanto 59
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Panel Product from Long Fibers or Abaca (A1usI textilis Nee) Firda Aulya Syamcmi Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 47
Katural Fiber Polypropylene Composites Myrtha Karina Holia Onggo Anung Syampurwodi olld Tadashi Okamoto 48
Kew Method for the Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose AN Nokagaito Lismall 511ryol1egora Hiroyuki Yano ond N Seiki 49
XPS and RAV1A Spectroscopy on DiamondGraphite Composite from Carbonized Vood Toshimitsli Haw Kell~() Ishimaru P Brollsveld M Fujisawa Fumio Kurosaki H Kikuchi and Yuji IlIwii1imiddotC 50
Effect of Pre-Heating and Fla~h-Heating on Microstructures of Carbonized Cellulose FIIJIlio Kurosaki Ken Is ili1orll Toshill1itSll Hata lunj Sugiyama and Yuji Imamllra 51
ood Biomass Science
Bioconversion of SUg22rlc Bgasse Into a Feed for Ruminants using White-rot Fungi Ka Okano r~middot 1 nl1l11ad Sallsllri Ellis Hermiari Tami Idiyanti Bamballg PraseryCi ( Lu Waranabe 52
Pre-treatment of J2i-e Cd ood by White-rot Fungi for the Production of Bioelhanol and a Fee ~middotmiddot1t5
TCikashi Watanabe j bull 0bull 1
ina Toshiai Lc T~l
raslIIlOri Baba Kellta Yallo RIIdianto AlI1irta
Hara1abe and Yoichi Honda 53
Production of ----~ C1le using ood-Rotting Fungi Oyadomari and T Takata 54
Seasonal and Helg-l ~loso Bamboo (Ph-
Okahisa
of Starch and Free Glucose Contents in
and YIIji Imall1ura 55
Waste Utilization of Plywood Sandpapering Process Become Ethanol through Ferment Process Ahllad lallhari bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull~f- bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bullbullbull ~ bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bullbull 56
The Potential of Residues Cicilia ME SlIsan i1 s(s Gandhi and Allom Indra A 57
Potential Biomass of Gewang Ieorypha utan Lamk) for Biocomposites SlIbyakto Kumia (ji Paseno Ballbang Slibiyallto and B Paul Naioa 58
BiD Sulphate Pulping of Gmelina Wood (GlJlelin(l orborea) using White Rot Fungi Phallerochaete chrysosporilllll as Pre Treatment Errick Alberto Sri SlIgroho farsoem and KlIsHmiddotanto 59
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Bio Kraft Pulping of Sengon with Phanerocheate chrysosporium Fungi N Pujirahayu and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 60
Yield and Physical Properties Variation Sulphate Pulp from Acacia auriculiforlnis a Cunn Ex Benth Trunk Base for Different Age and Sulfidity Diah Rallla Susanti and Sri Nugroho Marsoem 61
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Teak (Tectona grandis) Heart Wood Extracti es on Propiollibacterium acnes Tohru fitslmagCl YlIIniko Kishimoto Erika Haffa and Hideo Ohashi 62
Wood Bioscience
Characteristic of Basswood (achroma bicolor Rowlee) Planted Indonesia Imam Halnudi and lstie Sekartining Rahayu 63
Fibre W21 in Stems of 14 and 25 Year-Old Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Jacq Mohd Hamollli Sahn alld Shirley Maryinda Bakansing 65
Reorie[2ion of Xylem Cells in Horizontal and Vertical Bridges after Girdling of Trunb - AceI p~Cl1al1thllln (Aceraceae Takao h clci lulliclliroll Toyoda 66
Toward Cnderslanding the Functional Difference of Short and Long Parenchyma Cells ir Bmboo Cuims Xinshy H~ 7 T~7middot(iO Itoll 67
Reines Spect~etshy
Yosl~ H-lt
Preferential Orientation of Cellulose Lattice Planes By Infrared
Takao Itoh and lUi Sugiyama 68
Introd-~cl [0 RlSH Yood Diversity Diabase lUllji 1 d Takao ltoh 69
Callus 1nd1(lion from Various Types of Explants in Sengon (Paraserianthes jacr ltL ltie15en) l EI(middotmiddota r Sciro S Yokota F Ishigur K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 70
The Buds y Sah7 S
of Ari on Germination Rate and the Shoot Formation from Axillary
okota 1 Eiawa F Ishiguri K Iizuka N Sumiasri and N Yoshizawa 71
Comrol of [he Fenron Reaction by Ceriporic Acid B an Extracellular Metabolite of Ceriporiopsis sllbennispora Possible Roles in Selective White Rot Yasunori Ohashi Soar Rahmawati Yoshihiko Kan Takahito Watanabe Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 72
The Functions of Carthamus tinctorius CoAOMT and AldOMT Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Laigeng Li Vincent L Chiang Mikio Shimada and Toshiaki UnleaHa 73
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Fir clY Cloning oi a Lignan O-methyltransferase Catalyzing a Regioselcetive Methylation
of Malaire~inol Toshi(ki UmezOlIl Laigeng Li Norikazu Sakakibara Tomayuki Nakatsuba Shahei ~Vtlchl Shiro Sullki and Vincellt L Chiang 75
eDNA Cloning of Aspa rag liS oficinalis Hinokiresinol Synthase Ifasaollli Yamal11l1ra Shiro Suzuki Tomoyuki Nakatsubo Takefumi Hattori Mikio Shimada and T05hiaki Umezawa 76
Characterization of cDNA FPICLl Encoding Isoeitrate Lyase from Wood-rotting Basidiomycete Fomiropsi5 pousrri5 Shlillsuke Sakai Tarsullori Nishide Erma1 Munil Takefumi Hattori and Mikio Shimada 77
Acid Desaturases from Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Takalzito Watal1abe Saeko T5uda Taro Yoshida Takeshi Dugi Hiroshi Nishimura lliko Kmla5aki Yoichi Honda and Takashi Watanabe 78
The Character of Cellulase from Aspergillus niger on Sengon (Paraserianthes I Sawdust Holocellulose Hydrolysis by NaOH Addition as a Pre Treatment
Denny lrc~middotari Sri Sugroho Jarsoem and lP Genta Sutapa 79
Enironmental Science
nies of Sadust as an Artificial Soil Matrix from Primary and FCireS~~ in E85t Klinl2ntaI1
(ind Jlinonl Teraoa 80
Study of Forest Characteristics and Carbon Potential of Peat Swamp in Ketapang est Kalimantan
Dmiddot i Asitlli 81
The C 5e Rhizosphere Bacterial Isolates to Improve the Quality of Tailing in Iandor for Biological Reclamation Effon Hhik rio Tri Rima Seryalmiddotari and Rafdinal 82
Pioneer Plant as Pnytosymbiont and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mycosymbionts for Phytoremeciarion of Tailing in Landak West Kalimantan Hanna Arruri EkaIllQlQllri and Di Asriani 83
Atmospheric Obse[ations Over the Forest M ShioTani T Xakalll II ra alld 1 FurumofO 84
Strategy to Improyement Woods Value Added on Plywood Industry with Ecoefficiency lidia Xlrendah GlIlllbira Said Allas AI(frah Fau) Zahrial Co to Muhammad Romli Harrrisari Hardjomidjojo and Sri 1Tugroho lvfarsoem 85
The Total Economic Value of the Gunung Walat Educational Forest and Its Contribution to the Welfare of the Surrounding Community El1li Roslinda 86
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Full Papers
Wood v1aterial Science
rvlechanical Properties of Solid Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Ness) Yosias Gandhi 87
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties at Four Hevea Species Grown in Malay~ia
Mohd Hamallli Sahri and HOIl Kill Lip 93
Characterization of Fifteen Indonesian Wood Species from the Physical Mechanical and Chemical Aspects Sliaemcl1 YlIsul~ Wahyu DHmiddotiamo Sudijono Yusuke Kawato Ikuho [ida and Kazuya Minaro 98
Influence of aOH Pre-treatment on Fixation of Compressed Wood WahYIl DlIianfo Ika WahYlIIzl llSlip Amill and Teguh Dannarvan 103
1on Destructiw Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method Lilla Karlinasari Sll1jOIlO Yusuf Sudo Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho 109
-) lvIachining Properties of Wood (Xanthostemnol1 Ilovaguinensis Val) from Doyo Transad Village Papua rnll Rahall Julwll1mad alld Abdurrahman Wasaraka 117
Shear Re~istance of Thick P3nels ailed to Wood Frame Floor Systems Shinjiro Takino Kohei KOnl7fsl lakni [dds Bal71bang Subiyanto and Sutadji Yllvasdiki 120
Testing lethods on [he Iechanical Behaviors of Wooden Plate Shear Walls [oli Akihisa Kiraliiori and Kohei Komatsu 126
Radial in GIuIam Corner with Large Finger Joint (LFJ) Kollei KOlllafSll Aki Nitta a5Zlllobli Soda and Takuro Mori 132
I
Beam-Column Joint of Acacia IIangilllll-~lbizia falcataria GIuIam with Bolt Fasteners Manoko Hadi Bamballg Anita Firmanti Kohe Komatsu and Sutadji yuHmiddotasdiki 138
Quality ofTo Veneer Thicknesses Following Microwave Drying Hallyudi 145
The Combination of Solar and Heating Stoves System for Drying Wood Efrida Basri alld Kamita middotY1miani 151
Tennite Resistance of Nine Indonesian and Compression Wood Didi Tarmadi YUSllp Alllill Arief Hem Prial1to Teguh Darmawan Sulaeman Yusuf and HahYli Dwianto 156
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Feasibility of Secral Particulate Material as a Physical Barrier against Termires Yoshiyuki Yallase Yoshihisa Fujii Shogo OkulI1ura Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yuji Imamura Hirotoshi Kawaguchi and Toshillobu Okumura 160
Tropical Termitc Resistance of Wood-fvlineral Composites using the Colloidal Silica Solution Sy-tem Takeshi FUrlmo Takashi Gora and SuaemclI1 YUS1(f 165
Feasibility the Application of Fusarium sp as Pathogenic Fungi to Coptotennes sp Jirik Kartika Sueiarmih Ikhsan GlIwellriO Didi Tormad Ariej Heru Prionto and 5 III (Ie 111(111 YilSlf 173
The Entomopathogenic Fungus from Various Host in Nature Physiological Characterization and their Pathogenicity to Subtenanean Termites Coptotermes sp DeSanri Y1Islif 5l1do Hadi Sllaemall lISll alld Teguh SantosD 178
An Application of the Stable Isotope Analysis to Wood Preservation TOllloe Xakayanw Twyoshi Yoshimura alld Yoko Fujikawa 185
The Resistan2e of Yood Plastic Composites with Ultra-Violet Stabilizer to Dry Wood Termite Hlsllall Laflfe llSld Slido Hadi hlll-1 Febrianto and Myrrha Karina ]89
Durability of Sawdust and Recycled Polypropylene Composite with UV Stabilizer to Weathering hmiddot un RisI1C5(~ 111U T 51do Hadi F all-i F ebrianto and Myrtha Karina 194
Energy Gas P~(dction from Yood Bioml5seS by Termites - A Preliminary Result 5eillla Kmmiddotc i TSllyoslli roshimll) ilji Imamura Masahiro Miura Yoshiyuki fonose fosiltisa Fljii OkwIlrcl opd Kengo Suzuki 198
- Survey Lrine Borers on Severa Coasts of North Java and South Sulawesi ohml1ll1od hslich alld Gil1l1k 51111101l1 204
Combination of Chitosan and Starch as atura Wood Adhesive KUll1ia Hiji Prasetiyo Slibyakra and Faiarlll Falah 211
I
Quality Changes of Wood Adhesive lade of Natural Rubber ~atex-Styrene during Storage Faiarlll Faicih Hidya Fatriasari alld Ellis Hermiati 215
Bond Quality of Indonesian and Malaysian Fast-growing Tree Species Eka MIIJm Aiamsyalz AIasaaki Yamada alld Kinji Taki 220
A Preliminary Research on Performance of Particleboard Made of Albizia retusa BENTH Bonded by Water-Based Polymer Isocyanate (WBPD Adhesive Erniwati and Mull Yusram Massljaya 228
Determination of the Optimum Adhesive Distribution in Composite Board Production Made of Vood Waste and Corrugated Carton Mull Yusram Massijaya Yusuj Sudo Hadi and Danang Ari Raditya 234
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
The Effect of Face and Back Layer Types on Composite Board Quality SliWSIIIClIl Mull Yusram Mass(jaya and Yusuf Sudo Hadi 241
Properties of Composites of Wood Fluor and Natural Rubber (CIS-i4-Isoprcne Rubber) Fauzi Febrianto M Yoshioka M Mihara and N Shiraishi 248
Study on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Ismarilly 254
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Agus Hadi Santosa Wargadipura 259
Environmentally Degradable Polymer (EDP) Based on Tapioca-Starch and Polyshyolefi)s LiesA II isojadhanno 268
Wood Biomass Science
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Present in Hydrocolloids from Salvia spp Rike YlidialZri Llicia 1l1drarti Jun-ichi A~IIllW and Masahiko Sakamoto 273
Hemicellulosic Polysaccharide Presnt in the Cellulosic Hydrogel of Oscimum Seed Lucia il1dra17i Jl1l1-ichi A~lmw Rike Yudial1ti and Masahiko Sakamoto 278
Biodiesel 1snufature from Curcas Oil Csing Estrans Process md Dadang Seticl cn 284
Pre-treatments for Ethanol Production from Bagasse by Simultaneous Saccharitlc2tion and Fermentation Muhanuuc Scnsllri Bambal1g Prasetya Ellis Hermiati Tami idiyanti KaJ~ji Okano Syaflfmiddotinc E-ichi Honda alld Takashi natallahe 288
Solid State Fermentation of Dyes -Adsorbed Agricultural Residue Yanni Sudiycni era Barliallti alld Edi iSHanto Wiloso 295
Lignin Degradation Content in Rice Straw Pre-treated by White-Rot Fungi Riksfardini Anllisa EnnawGI Dede Heri Yuli Yanto Fitria and Euis Hermiati 300
The Intluence of Soaking in Sodium Hydroxide to the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Holia OI15go alld J Triastuti 305
Effect of Different Harvesting Time and Stem Height on Kenaf Bast Fiber Characteristics Wiwin Sllinarti and Kazuhiko Sameshima 311
Soda-Ethanol Pulping of Dadap (Erythrina variegata L) - The Properties of Pulp Obtained from Bark and Wood Components Nyolnan Histara 317
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
titiliation of Bark Extractives from Some Tropical Hardwoods as Natural Wood Prscrvatives - Termitidical Activities of Extractives fwm Bark of Some Tropical
Hardwoods Syamsul Falah Takeshi Katayama and Mulyaningrum 323
Extractives of Tanjung Wood Akar Kuning and Gimbul Wood and their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities Takeshi Katayama Mami Maeda Toshisada Suzuki Wasrin Syajii and Sipon Muladi 329
Investigation of Brine Shrimp Lethal and Termiticidal Extractives of Jack Fruit (Arrocarplis heterophylla Lam) Heartwood Koichi Oghama Masato Watanabe Nobuhiro Sekine Masako Kano Nyoman J Wistara and Wasrin 5yajii 334
Bioactiities of Water a1d Ethanol Extracts of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Wood Bark and Leaves and Its 1istletoe (Macrosolen cochinchinensis) Nina Artallti [ndra Ylldistira 1l1hammad Hanafi Enos Tangke Anmg Kuniyoshi ShimilI and RYllichiro Kondo 340
Bioactie Compounds from Ethyl cetate Extract of Teakwood (Tectono grandis Lf) Gallis LlIkmclIldaru and Koichi Oeiyama 346
Study on the Ctilization of -leI]e Component in Leaves and Bark of Neem (Aadirachta indica AJuss) as Anti-Termites Ariej Hem Prialllo [kllSall GuslI(nlm Titik Kartika Didi Tarmadi and Sulaeman YiISIf 351
Potential oI Indonesia -lediin2 Plant of Tropical Forest 1 Novel Cytotoxic Compounds Polyisoprenylbenzopnenone Derivative from Garcil1ia picrorrhiza Mig Muhammad HalloIi Atiek 50wicifi Soleh Kosela Marissa Angelina and Leslie 1 Harrisoll 356
Potential or Indonesian -1edici ned Plant of Tropical Fore5gtt II Structure Ebcidation and Cytotoxic LI2l0 Bioassay of Prenylated Pyranoxanthonoids from Garcinia dubs lvflliJalllmad Hanoji Marissa Angelina Atiek Soemiati Saleh Kosela alld Leslie J Harrison 362
Wood Bioscience
Anatomical Changes of Oil Palm Stem (Elais guineensis Jacq) during Microwave Heating Krisdianto 368
Isoprene Emission from Trees A Benefit for Plants or for Human Kaufllllli Yaaki Kanako Sasaki KalIaki Ohara and Takuya Saito 375
The Application of Medium and Growth Regulators on Calli Induction from Different Explants of Mangium (Acacia mallgium Willd) and Sengon (Paraserianthes jalcmaria (L) Nielsen) NlIrul SUlI1iosri Dody Priadi S Yokota and N Yoshizmva 382
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
323
329
Expression of Cellulase Gene in Paraserianthes falcataria Enny Sudarmonowali Sri HarIati Retna Hartati Yong Woo Park and Takahisa Hayashi
Agrobacrerium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Acacia mangium Bearing Xyloglucanase Gene Sri Hartati Yong Woo Park Enny Sudarmonowati and Takahisha Hayashi
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitory Activity of Chlorophorin and Its Derivative Enos Tangke Arung Kuniyoshi Shimizu and Ryuichiro Kondo
388
395
400
334 An Inhibitory Effect of Acetate Added to the Culture on Growth of Wood Rotting Basidiomycetes Erman hlilir alld 1ikio Shimada 405
340
346
Subceliular Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzymes Involved n Oxalate Biosynthesis of ood-Destroying Basidiomycete Fomitopsis palusfris Grown on Glucose Shunsuke Sakai Tarslllori Nishide Erman Munil Keiichi Baba Hiroshi Inui YoshihisG Sakano Taketloni Hattori and Mikio Shimada
Prelimin2r -ssessment of the oyel Strain Penicillium sp for Cellulase Production in Oil P2r Bunches Paddy Stras and Sawdust Bodhi D(ma Rccnfwaty and llllthoni Agustien
411
418
351 Anti--ncrogenic and Estrogen-Like Activities of Ganoderma fucidum KUIllOS Jilt LiIl lchiko 1i)al17ofo and Ryuichiro Kondo 424
~56
Ganodt~ --i2 Cmiddot-cenr of Scmiddoteral Ganoderma Cultures Grown on Palm Oil Mill Fiber
Ram Sundar) Sharf) Asril and Partomuan Simanjuntak 429
Emironmental Science
362 i Forescy Poduction in ietnam
Do Tli Bien 434
Appr2isirg Tree Height by Height Curve Equation Eucalyptus deglupta BI Onlan 51rman 440
68 Acacia mangillm Papers
Introductory Papers
375 A Case Study on the Carbon Flow Analysis in Large-scale Plantation Forest of Acacia mal1gilltn Emi Tanaka Anita Firmanti and Shuichi Kawai 448
Wood Properties and Ctilization of Acacia mangium Willd in Indonesia Sri ugrozo ar5011I1 449
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Particleboard from Acacia mangium Bark Effects of Resin Type anti Amount of Wax Emulsion on the Board Properties Mohamad Gopar Ismail Budiman Subyakto and Bambang Subiyanto 450
Full Papers
The Development of Sawlog Plantation of Acacia mangium at PT Musi Hutan Persada South Sumatra Eko B Hardiyanto and Bamhang Supriyadi 451
Possibility of using Acacia mallgium as Structural Timber 1l1dah Sulistymrati SlUj0l10 Swjokusumo A Muhar Rusin 457
A Series of Studies on the Ctilization of Acacia mangium Timber as Structural 1 aterials Anira FirmClnti and Slwfchj KCHrai 463
Effect of Growth Rate on Specific Gravity and Selected Mechanical Properties in langium Wood hnam HaJIldi 474
Appendix
First to 5t International Wood Science Symposium Papers
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Forest Resources Ha1111011 i11 ti(lllTbwards
Non-Destructive Testing on Six Tropical Woods using Ultrasonic Method
Lina Karlinasari Surjono Surjokusumo Yusuf S Hadi and Naresworo Nugroho
Department ofForest Products Faculty of Forestry d BogorAgricultural University
E-mail karlinasaJiipbacid lS
Non destfuctie testing (NDT) using ultrasonic method was carried out on six pical wood species consisting of four hardwood species Sengon (Paraserianthes cataria) ~Ieranti (Shorea sp) Manii (Maesopsis eminii) and Mangium (Acacia
iilangium) and two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) The ultrasonic velocities propagation was measured to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity Cvl0Ed) Static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
e i10dulus ofruprure (~IOR) were also obseryed t The objetimiddote of this study yas to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
~lltrasonic (IOEd I and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood pecimens
Results showed that softoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilit than those hardwoods Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic elocities yalUe 2nd ~IOEs for each species Meanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of st21- IOE (10Es) Hoycer there were significant correlation (ex =005)
d Jetween NIOEe 10Es as Nell as between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested for Ie- and Ianii vood species The compared data for ultrasonic velocity
n and bending between hardoods and softwood species denoted that for all parameters de were highly statistically significant (ex 005) except for
f relationship bet e~n velocity and ~10Es in hardwood was non significant
Key words structie testing ultrasonic velocity dynamic MOE (MOEd) static 10E I 10Es) MOR
Introduction n ~on-destructi c te or evalu8tion is defined as the science of identifying the
physical and mchanical properties of an element of a given material without altering its j final application capacity (Ross et aL 1998) Non-destructive testing method has been
extensively used for sorting or grading of wood products Examples include visual s grading and machining stress rating (1SR) of lumber Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(MOEd) and ultrasonic method also hae been used for the same purpose Ultrasonic stress wave is similar to the sonic stress wave approach except that is applied at higher frequencies lltrasonic is a high frequency sound at the inaudible frequency range The
f ultrasonic method is very popular with homogenous nonporous materials for detection of Haws (Bodig 2000) In case of ood the frequency is between 20 kHz-500 kHz The
) two most frequently used methods are the through transmission and the pulse-echo methods (Zombori 2001) The through transmission method requires two piezoelectric transducers (mainly quartz crystals) on each side of the subject being inspected In case
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
middot 6 IWSS IhJOd lHaterial
of pulse-echo method only one transducer is used It serves both the transmitter and recei ver function therefore only the reflected pulse is measured
Several wood and wood based materials including small clear wood specimens lumber veneer and wood composites have been investigated The studies have shOn a good relationship (R2= 04-085) between stress wave based (both sonic and ultrasonic stress) modulus of elasticity (vIOEd) and the static modulus of elasticity (MOEraquo (Bostrom 1994 Wang et al 200] Ayarbva et al 2001 01ievera et al 2002a)
The factors that influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves in wood are physical properties of the substrate geometrical characteristics of the species (macroshyand micro structures) condition of the medium (temperature moisture content) andmiddotthe procedure utilized to take the measurements (frequency and sensitivity of the transducers their size the position and dynamic characteristics of the equipmel1 1
(Olieera et a 2002b The objecthe of this study was to obtain correlations between dynamic test by
ultrasonic I 10Ed) and static bending test (MOEs and MOR) on small clear wood specimens
Materials and lethods Ivlaterials Ihe species studied were consisted of four hardwood species Sengon (Parasericmrhes cataria i Ieranti (Shorea sp) I1anii (Maesopsis eminii) and I1angium IAcacia IIwngiwll J Cind two softwood species Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Pine I PillllS lI1erklisii i Ite pieces were small clear wood specimens conditioned to aehiee equilibrium moisture content (EMC) about 15-18 The dimension of small clear wood specimens tested as determined in accordance with TIS 373-1957 bending tes 2 x 3CJ I em
Ultrasonic aH propagation and dynamic IOE test The ultrasonic wae propagatio1 was measured ultrasonic device Sylvatest Duo (f=22kHz) The application lnd measurement C(--isists of positioning tmiddoto accelerometer transducers on the material to be evaluated Ihe ultrasonic wave is introduced into the material by one transducer I trallmitterl and pic[d up by the other transducer (receiver) with the time reading in microsecond5- perfom1ed by the ultrasonic instrument it self The recorded times are used to calculate ultrasonic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity based on Equation ( L 2 l
d =
(1)
Vhere d is the distance betwen the two transducers (cm) and t is propagation time of the pulse from transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer (Ils)
The ultrasonic velocity a5 used to express the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) The 10Ed was calculated by the following equations
2 (2)MOEd = p x Vu a c
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
lIHld Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources ~~-bull
Where MOEd is dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (kgcm2) fi is density (kgm3) Vu is ultrasonic wave velocity (ms) and g is gravitational constantan (981 ms2
)
Static bending test Bending strength property test for the specimens were performed by )ne point loading method in universal testing machine (UTM rnstron with loading
racity plusmn 5 ton) Each specimen was tested to destruction to determine the static I i)dulus of elasticity (MOEs) and modulus of rupture (MOR)
Wood density and Moisture content (MC) The density of each specimen was determined in accordance with British Standard (BS) The MC was measured using gravimetry method
~~sults and Discussions Table 1 ShO5 the mean values and coefficient variation of the physical (MC density ultrasonic velocity) and mechanical properties (MOEd MOEs MOR)
Table L lean -alues and coefficient variation of physical and mechanical properties of 6 woods
Wood Densitmiddot Ultrasonic MOEs 2(kai-1 1 velocity-1 I (kgcm)
1ean 1354 6 6559 115819 32416 363 C- c I
_) ~ 08 64 369 419 330
1~~_ 1-1-7-+ -
C(I 68 118 104 115 J Merami ~ 5044 112522 513
-tshy
3 Manii le21 1middotU9 50- 5665 161008 70204 754 C Cc 1 56 118 93 106
~ --1- Mangiurr 1~2TI I 6213 246544 80081 885
C ICc) 21 163 55 134 100 CV coefficien malion
The meTI alucs of ultras0nic velocity of Sengon Meranti Manii and Mangium were 6561 rTL s 5070 mis 5668 ms and 6225 mis respectively Meanwhile for softwood mean values of ultrasonic velocity of Agathis and Pine were 6159 mls and 6850 ms rcspcctidy The mean values of ultrasonic velocity showed that softwoods have higher alues and better reproducibility than those hardwoods These are compatible with previous study in Olievera et al (2002a) and Bucur (1995) Some factors influences of ultrasonic velocity are (1) Fiber lengths and direction ultrasonic velocity is greater in the long fiber and longitudinal direction (propagation through the fibers) It is slower in radial direction (propagation through the rays) and tangential direction (disoriented propagation) (2) Density ultrasonic velocity is greater in high density (3) Moisture content when the moisture content of wood is low the ultrasonic velocity is faster
107 17J
C I c I 65
r-=2n C I C[ I 31
6 40 81
198476 213
295997
145
85666 108
105969
102
7134
8382
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
Wood Material
The results of MOEd values were 50 percent high~r than those MOEs values It
considered to because of micro structural characteristic and viscoelatic properties of wood The accuracy of the determination of MOE of wood by dynamic test is said to be higher than that static test The difference may be due to the rate of loading in static test in which creep effects influence the measured static dellection and also may be relater to viscoelastic nature of wood (Bodig 1982) Wood is highly impact-absorbcmiddot material In the vibration of wood species the restored elastic force is proportional v) the velocity Therefore when force is applied for a short time the material shows a solid elastic behaior vvith longer application of force its behavior is equal to that of a viscous liquid This behavior is more evident in static bending test (long duration) than in ultra~Qnic test Thus the modulus of elasticity determined by the ultrasonic method is usually greater than that obtained in static deflection (Olievera et 01 2002b) Accordi to Bodig ZlO Jayne (1982) and Tsoumis (1991) MOE obtained by vibration test proved to be 5-15 percent higher than static test Meanwhile Bucur (1995) reported that the value 10E determined from dynamic was about 10 percent higher than static test for spruce cc Olievera et at (2002ab) used ultrasonic method and obtained 17-20 percent bter alues than static test values for BrazilicI1s x~Jj species
UZfe5 regression analysis method has been used in the field of woo(i propen~ mechanical properties of wood are in linearly related (Bodig and Jayne 19) B leur 1995) Regression parameters and statistical analysis are presented in Table Lpre 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 show relationship between MOEd-MOEs and MOEd-10R fereach species
S5 alyses are developed with the purpose to verifying the existence relatio- _ -~ ariables under study (ultrasonic yelocity MOEd MOEs and MOR) 2- ~ e significance of the parameters obtained
C r-e- generally seemed slightly better for MOEd and MOEs for each species ~ -- to ultrasonic velocity values and 10Eds The regression model develo~e se Sigh1y significant (li =005) for rvl0Ed and MOEs Close correlation of MOE - 10Es for solid clear wood was reported by stress wave mode (Ross and Pelleril ~ 09l The statistically high correlation coefficient and the significant regressi- -- developed indicate that MOEd may be good predictor of the MOEs howe-er SO~1e species (except Meranti and Manii wood) MOEd also as good indicator ~~e fOR Even though for some species were statistically significant (li = 005) the OITelatiol15 -alues obtained were relatively 10 (r lt 05) This fact seems that these migb je dUe to the small sample size (n =24) Another study with large sample is needed as data
models shown that for all parameters developed were highly statlstlCll significant (li = 005) both softwoods and hardwoods except for relationsbr --teen ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Conclusion Non-destructiw testing using ultrasonic waves method was carried out for six tropical small clear 1 oDd species
Results showed that softwoods have higher velocities value and better reproducibilities than those hardwoods The compared data for ultrasonic velocity and bending strength between hardwoods and softwood species denoted that for all
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
liwd Material Towards Ecology and Economy Harmonization of Tropical Forest Resources
parameters developed were highly statically significant (d 005) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and MOEs in hardwood was non significant
Table 2 Summary of regression parameters of 6 tropical woods for reiationship between ultrasonic MOEd MOEs and MOR
Wood Parameter Regression model r Significance () species (x andy) of model a a n 1 is 10Ed and 10E5 y c= OA339x - 14846 0772 0596 98E-06
10Ed and fOR y = 00041x - 88789 0836 0699 363E-07 10E5 and 10R r = O0077x + 11462 0867 0752 403E-08
2 Meranti and 10E5 y 10565x - 10429 0635 00403 0000 10Ed and 10Es y = 02601x 22992 0634 00402 0000
If
o 10Ed and 10R y = 00016x 33931 0355 0126 008815 10E5 and fOR = 0005x + 25683 0458 0210 0024243
3 79884x -- 24949 0397 0158Y 10Ed and 1OE5 v 01549x 45266 00454 0206 0025
j iOEd and fOR v = 00014x 5228 0342 0116 0101 n u 10E5 and fOR y = 00104x 23941 0843 0712 221E-07 d 4 Mangiu- and 10E5 y = 02738x -- 78380 0006 335 0978 ns
Q
E-05 10Ed and 10E5 v 02682x + 13964 0458 021 0024 1OEd 10R 00028x 18332 0627 039 0001 If
d
h 1 r1
j
10E0 and 10R 00008x + 54935 0463 0214 0022 d 10Es and 10R 00067x + 14257 0816 0666 116E-06
= It
s
v= 300E-24
0873 472E-31 0952 344E-50
y=731 Ix + 0008 1OEd and y = 01529x + 55319 0488 0000
6 Pinus and 10Es 1l352x + 28212 0401 0161 0052ns
10Ed and 10Es y = 01716x + 55170 0638 0408 0000 and 10R y = O0013x + 45395 0699 0489 0000
and 10R y = 00057x + 23642 0823 0677 807E-07 SojrmoG and 10E5 y 14621x + 72173 0654 0428 448E-07
10Ed and 10E5 y 01894x + 48997 0849 0720 251E-14 r 10Ed and 10R y OOOI2x + 4827 0779 0607 667E-l1
10E5 and 10R = 00061x + 18888
r coefficient correlation R coefficient determination ns very significance
Poor correlation was found between ultrasonic velocities value and MOEs for r d d
each species leanwhile MOEd has 50 higher value than that of static MOE (MOEs) Hmreer there was significant correlation (0 == 005) both between MOEd and MOEs and between MOEd and MOR for all wood tested except for Meranti and Manii wood species
1
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
I
Wood Material
The compared data of ultrasonic velocity and bending strength betwc-l hardwoods and softwood species shown that for all parameters developed were highly statistically significant (a = OJJS) except for relationship between ultrasonic velocity and 10Es in hardwood was non significant
References 1 Ayarkwa L Y Hirashima and Y Sasaki 2001 Predicting Modulus of Rupture
Solid and Finger Jointed Tropical African Hardwoods Using Longitudinal -ibration Forest Products JournaL Vol 51 (1) 85-92 Bodig J and BA Jayne 1982 Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites Van cHrand Reihold ew York Pp 247-269 645-650 Bodig 1 2000 The Process of NDE Research for Wood and Wood Composites In Proceeding 12cn International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of WOOllt 13-15 September 2000 University of Western Hungary Sopron Hungary Pp 7shy
+ Bostrom L 199+ A Comparison between Four Different Timber Strength Gr~di1g lachines In Proceeding 9lh International Symposium on Nondestructive
of Wood 22-2+ September 1993 Washington State University USA Pp
B ur 1995 Acoustic of Wood CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Pp 105-106 ~1)-13
6 0 clfJ FGR J~-O de Campos a11d A Sales~ 2002a l~iltrasonic
r~25ilrments in Brazilian Hardoods Material Research Journal VoL 5 No 1
~r~ FGR L-O de Campos E Pletz and A Sales 2002b Assessmenl () 1~~ Propeni-s of Wood Csing an Ultrasonic Technique In Proceeding ~ Ltemtiol1al Symposium on liondestructive Testing of Wood 19-21 August
Cni ersiry C alifomia Berkeley Campus Califomia USA Pp 75-78 R - ss RJ RFPellerin1991NDEof green material with stress wave
P-ciiminan results using dimensior lumber Forest Products Joumal Vo141 (6)
9 RJ B Brashaw and RF Pellerin 1998 Nondestructive Evaluation or w~j Forest Products Journal Vol 48 1 Pp 14-19
I G 1991 Science and Technology of Wood Structure Properties Ctiliznion -an ostrand Reihold New York Pp 327-361 Wlg X RJ Ross ~1 McCellan RI Barbour IR Erickson IW Forsman
~ rj GD kGinnis 2001 Nondestructive Evaluation of Standing Trees With A Stress -aYe lethod Wood and Fiber Science 33(4) Pp 522-533
1 ZOIllDory B 2001 In Situ Nondestructive Testing of Built in Wooden lembers DTnet larch 2001 Vol 6 No3 (052712005)
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
terial IIlIod Material Towards Ecology and Economy Hanllonization of Tropical Forest Resources
Sengon
)city
e 0
ina]
Van ~Of)OO IOQO[JO (IOfJO 140000 160000
)00
60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 16fJOO()
MOEd (kgem)
700
600
500
400
l 300 C i 200
100
o
Scngon
y ~ 00041x - 88789 ~
i)----bull -- R~ 0699 bull
bull ~ ~
) 7- figure 1 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Sengon species
MerantiPp
06
nic 0 1
of ng ust
90000 110000 130000 150000
MOEd (kg em )
figure 2 Relationship betveen MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Meranti species
of
es t
en _ -y-----------shy~ Xli) --_____~___(I -S-~9-x-middot-_4_5_26_6_
R = 0065
120000 150000 180000 210000
~10Ed I kg em
1000 I-----------shy
800 ~=~middotr~~tT-----~ l T+
~ +-1----~-y-=-0-OO-middot1-4X----52-2-8--
R=0117 O~i-------_---~
Figure 3 Relationship between MOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Manii species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
6th IWSS Wood Material
bull Mangium Mangium
18j) 2 i (JOOO 240000 270000 300rJOO 180000 210000 240000 270000 300000
MOEd (kglcm2 )
Figure 4 Relationship between lIOEd and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Mangium species
Agathis
1000~_____~____-
E 800r==~ ~ ~ I bullbull ~ ~ 600 C ~au o 400 I v = 00008x + 54935
200t--- Ii 02142-shy
_-----___- O~- -------
120000 170000 220000 270000 320000
MOEd (kgcrn)
Figure S Reltionship beteen 10Ed and MOEs MOEd and MOR on Agathis species
----_-_-
Pinus
220000 270000 320000 370000 420000
MOEd (kgcm)
Figure 6 Relationship betIeen MOEd and 10Es MOEd and MOR on Pinus species
