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Slide 2 Joints Slide 3 Joints are also known as arthroses or articulations Joints can be classified both structurally and functionally Structural Classification Fibrous Joints: Held together by fibrous connective tissue Cartilaginous Joints: Held together by cartilage Synovial Joints: Have a synovial cavity, and usually ligaments Functional Classification Synarthrosis: An immovable joint Amphiarthrosis: A slightly movable joint Diarthrosis: A freely movable joint Slide 4 Fibrous Joints Suture (synarthrosis) Only between bones of the skull Syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis) For example, interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula Gomphosis (synarthrosis) Teeth in alveolar processes Periodontal ligament Periodontal disease Slide 5 Cartilaginous Joints Synchondrosis (synarthrosis) Hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal plate First rib and manubrium Symphysis (amphiarthrosis) Ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage, with fibrous cartilage in between Pubic symphysis Manubrium and body of sternum Slide 6 Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) Most common joints in the body Articular Capsule Outer Fibrous Capsule Ligaments Inner Synovial Membrane Articular Cartilage Synovial Fluid Natures WD-40 Accessory Ligaments Discs or Menisci Fibrocartilage Slide 7 Angular Movement at Synovial Joints: Flexion & Extension Flexion decreases the angle between articulating bones Extension increases the angle between articulating bones Extension beyond anatomical position is hyperextension Slide 8 Angular Movement at Synovial Joints: Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction Abduction is movement away from the midline Adduction is movement toward the midline Circumduction is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle Slide 9 Angular Movement at Synovial Joints: Special Movements Rotation rotates a bone around its own longitudinal axis Inversion and Eversion are movements of the soles medially or laterally Dorsiflexion is standing on your heels Plantar flexion is standing on your toes Supination and pronation move the palm anteriorly or posteriorly Slide 10 Types of Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket Slide 11 Types of Synovial Joints: Hinge Slide 12 Types of Synovial Joints: Pivot Slide 13 Types of Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket A multiaxial joint, allowing movement in all three axes Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation Shoulder: Head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity Hip: Head of femur fits into acetabulum of hip bone Slide 14 Types of Synovial Joints: Hinge The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another Produces an angular opening/closing type of movement Knee: Femur and tibia Elbow: Humerus and ulna Ankle: Tibia and talus Interphalangeal joints Slide 15 Types of Synovial Joints: Pivot The rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring of bone and ligament A monoaxial joint, because it allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis Atlanto-axial joint Shake your head no Radioulnar joint Palms move anteriorly and posteriorly Curve balls Slide 16 Types of Synovial Joints: Other Joints