Classic Poetry SeriesJames Joyce- poems -Publication Date:2012Publisher:PoemHunter.Com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchivewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 2James Joyce (2 February 1882 13 January 1941)JamesAugustineAloysiusJoycewasanIrishnovelistandpoet,consideredtobeoneofthemostinfluentialwritersinthemodernistavant-gardeoftheearly20thcentury.JoyceisbestknownforUlysses(1922),alandmarkworkinwhichtheepisodesofHomer'sOdysseyareparalleledinanarrayofcontrastingliterarystyles,perhapsmostprominentlythestreamofconsciousnesstechniqueheperfected.Othermajorworksaretheshort-storycollectionDubliners(1914),andthenovelsAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan(1916)andFinnegansWake(1939).Hiscompleteoeuvreincludesthreebooksofpoetry,aplay,occasionaljournalism,andhispublishedletters.JoycewasborntoamiddleclassfamilyinDublin,whereheexcelledasastudentattheJesuitschoolsClongowesandBelvedere,thenatUniversityCollegeDublin.InhisearlytwentiesheemigratedpermanentlytocontinentalEurope,livinginTrieste,ParisandZurich.Thoughmostofhisadultlifewasspentabroad,Joyce'sfictionaluniversedoesnotextendbeyondDublin,andispopulatedlargelybycharacterswhocloselyresemblefamilymembers,enemiesandfriendsfromhistimethere;Ulyssesinparticularissetwithprecisioninthestreetsandalleywaysofthecity.ShortlyafterthepublicationofUlyssesheelucidatedthispreoccupationsomewhat,saying,Formyself,IalwayswriteaboutDublin,becauseifIcangettotheheartofDublinIcangettotheheartofallthecitiesoftheworld.Intheparticulariscontainedtheuniversal.Biography18821904:DublinJamesAugustineAloysiusJoycewasbornon2February1882toJohnStanislausJoyceandMaryJaneMurrayintheDublinsuburbofRathgar.Hewastheeldestoftensurvivingchildren;twoofhissiblingsdiedoftyphoid.Hisfather'sfamily,originallyfromFermoyinCork,hadonceownedasmallsaltandlimeworks.Joyce'sfatherandpaternalgrandfatherbothmarriedintowealthyfamilies,thoughthefamily'spurportedancestor,SenMrSeoighe(fl.1680)wasastonemasonfromConnemara.In1887,hisfatherwasappointedratecollector(i.e.,acollectoroflocalpropertytaxes)byDublinCorporation;thefamilysubsequentlymovedtothefashionableadjacentsmalltownofBray12miles(19km)fromDublin.AroundthistimeJoycewasattackedbyadog,whichengenderedinhimalifelongcynophobia.Healsosufferedfromkeraunophobia,asanoverlysuperstitiousaunthaddescribedthunderstormstohimasasignofGod'swrath.In1891,Joycewroteapoem,EtTuHealyonthedeathofCharlesStewartParnell.HisfatherwasangryatthetreatmentofParnellbytheCatholicwww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 3churchandattheresultingfailuretosecureHomeRuleforIreland.TheelderJoycehadthepoemprintedandevensentaparttotheVaticanLibrary.InNovemberofthatsameyear,JohnJoycewasenteredinStubbsGazette(anofficialregisterofbankruptcies)andsuspendedfromwork.In1893,JohnJoycewasdismissedwithapension,beginningthefamily'sslideintopovertycausedmainlybyJohn'sdrinkingandgeneralfinancialmismanagement.JamesJoycehadbegunhiseducationatClongowesWoodCollege,aJesuitboardingschoolnearClane,CountyKildare,in1888buthadtoleavein1892whenhisfathercouldnolongerpaythefees.JoycethenstudiedathomeandbrieflyattheChristianBrothersO'ConnellSchoolonNorthRichmondStreet,Dublin,beforehewasofferedaplaceintheJesuits',Dublinschool,BelvedereCollege,in1893.In1895,Joyce,nowaged13,waselectedtojointheSodalityofOurLadybyhispeersatBelvedere;studentswereelectedtotheSodalityonaccountoftheirleadershipqualitiesandmembersoftheSodality,bytheirpositiveattitudesandactsofpiety,weremeanttoelicitreligiousfervourandenthusiasmforstudiesamongstthestudentbody;mostJesuitSchoolsandUniversitieshadaSodalityuntilthe1950s,whenfamiliesandparishesbecamethefocalpointoftheIgnatianlaymovement,nowcalledtheChristianLifeCommunity.Bytheageof16,however,JoyceappearstohavemadeabreakwithhisCatholicroots,eventhoughthephilosophyofThomasAquinascontinuedtohaveastronginfluenceonhimformostofhislife.HeenrolledattherecentlyestablishedUniversityCollegeDublin(UCD)in1898,studyingEnglish,French,andItalian.Healsobecameactiveintheatricalandliterarycirclesinthecity.In1900hisreviewofHenrikIbsen'sNewDramawaspublishedinFortnightlyReview;itwashisfirstpublicationandhereceivedanoteofthanksfromtheNorwegiandramatisthimself.Joycewroteanumberofotherarticlesandatleasttwoplays(sincelost)duringthisperiod.ManyofthefriendshemadeatUniversityCollegeDublinwouldappearascharactersinJoyce'swrittenworks.In1901,theNationalCensusofIrelandlistsJamesJoyce(19)asascholarlivingwithhismotherandfather,sixsistersandthreebrothersatRoyalTerrace,Clontarf,Dublin.AftergraduatingfromUCDin1903,JoyceleftforParistostudymedicine,buthesoonabandonedthisafterfindingthetechnicallecturesinFrenchtoodifficult.Hestayedonforafewmonths,appealingforfinancehisfamilycouldillaffordandreadinglateintheBibliothqueSainte-Genevive.Whenhismotherwasdiagnosedwithcancer,hisfathersentatelegraphwhichread,"NOTHERDYINGCOMEHOMEFATHER".JoycereturnedtoIreland.Fearingforherson'simpiety,hismothertriedunsuccessfullytogetJoycetomakehisconfessionandtotakecommunion.Shefinallypassedintoacomaanddiedon13August,JamesandStanislaushavingrefusedtokneelwithothermembersofthefamilyprayingatherbedside.Afterherdeathhecontinuedtodrinkheavily,andconditionsathomegrewquiteappalling.Hescrapedalivingreviewingbooks,teachingandsinginghewasanaccomplishedtenor,andwonthebronzemedalinthe1904FeisCeoil.On7January1904heattemptedtopublishAPortraitoftheArtist,anessay-storydealingwithaesthetics,onlytohaveitrejectedfromthefree-thinkingmagazineDana.Hedecided,onhistwenty-secondbirthday,torevisethestoryintoanovelhecalledStephenHero.ItwasafictionalrenderingofJoyce'syouth,butheeventuallygrewfrustratedwithitsdirectionandabandonedthiswork.Itwasneverpublishedinthisform,butyearslater,inTrieste,JoycecompletelyrewroteitasAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan.TheunfinishedStephenHerowaspublishedafterhisdeath.ThesameyearhemetNoraBarnacle,ayoungwomanfromConnemara,CountyGalwaywhowasworkingasachambermaid.On16June1904,theyfirststeppedouttogether,aneventwhichwouldbecommemoratedbyprovidingthedatefortheactionofUlysses.JoyceremainedinDublinforsometimelonger,drinkingheavily.Afteroneofthesedrinkingbinges,hegotintoafightoveramisunderstandingwithawww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 4maninPhoenixPark;hewaspickedupanddustedoffbyaminoracquaintanceofhisfather's,AlfredH.Hunter,whobroughthimintohishometotendtohisinjuries.HunterwasrumouredtobeaJewandtohaveanunfaithfulwife,andwouldserveasoneofthemodelsforLeopoldBloom,theprotagonistofUlysses.HetookupwithmedicalstudentOliverStJohnGogarty,whoformedthebasisforthecharacterBuckMulliganinUlysses.AfterstayinginGogarty'sMartelloTowerinSandycoveforsixnights,heleftinthemiddleofthenightfollowinganaltercationwhichinvolvedGogartyfiringapistolatsomepanshangingdirectlyoverJoyce'sbed.HewalkedallthewaybacktoDublintostaywithrelativesforthenight,andsentafriendtothetowerthenextdaytopackhistrunk.ShortlythereafterheelopedtothecontinentwithNora.190420:TriesteandZurichJoyceandNorawentintoself-imposedexile,movingfirsttoZurich,wherehehadsupposedlyacquiredaposttoteachEnglishattheBerlitzLanguageSchoolthroughanagentinEngland.ItturnedoutthattheEnglishagenthadbeenswindled,butthedirectoroftheschoolsenthimontoTrieste,whichwaspartofAustria-HungaryuntilWorldWarI(todaypartofItaly).Onceagain,hefoundtherewasnopositionforhim,butwiththehelpofAlmidanoArtifoni,directoroftheTriesteBerlitzschool,hefinallysecuredateachingpositioninPola,thenalsopartofAustria-Hungary(todaypartofCroatia).Hestayedthere,teachingEnglishmainlytoAustro-HungariannavalofficersstationedatthePolabase,fromOctober1904untilMarch1905,whentheAustrianshavingdiscoveredanespionageringinthecityexpelledallaliens.WithArtifoni'shelp,hemovedbacktoTriesteandbeganteachingEnglishthere.HewouldremaininTriesteformostofthenexttenyears.LaterthatyearNoragavebirthtotheirfirstchild,George.Joycethenmanagedtotalkhisbrother,Stanislaus,intojoininghiminTrieste,andsecuredhimapositionteachingattheschool.Joyce'sostensiblereasonsweredesireforStanislaus'scompanyandthehopeofofferinghimamoreinterestinglifethanthatofhissimpleclerkingjobinDublin.Intruth,though,Joycehopedtoaugmenthisfamily'smeagreincomewithhisbrother'searnings.StanislausandJoycehadstrainedrelationsthroughoutthetimetheylivedtogetherinTrieste,withmostargumentscentringonJoyce'sdrinkinghabitsandfrivolitywithmoney.WiththechronicwanderlustofJoyce'searlyyears,hebecamefrustratedwithlifeinTriesteandmovedtoRomeinlate1906,havingsecuredemploymentinabank.HeintenselydislikedRome,andmovedbacktoTriesteinearly1907.HisdaughterLuciawasborninthesummerofthesameyear.JoycereturnedtoDublininmid-1909withGeorge,inordertovisithisfatherandworkongettingDublinerspublished.HevisitedNora'sfamilyinGalway,meetingthemforthefirsttime(asuccessfulvisit,tohisrelief).HealsolaunchedIreland'sfirstcinema,theVoltaCinematograph,withbackingfromhisItalianfriends.WhilepreparingtoreturntoTriestehedecidedtotakeoneofhissisters,Eva,backwithhimtohelpNorarunthehome.HespentonlyamonthinTriestebeforereturningtoDublin,thistimeasarepresentativeofsomecinemaownershopingtosetuparegularcinemainDublin.Theventurewassuccessful(butquicklyfellapartinJoyce'sabsence),andhereturnedtoTriesteinJanuary1910withanothersister,Eileen,intow.EvabecameveryhomesickforDublinandreturnedthereafewyearslater,butEileenspenttherestofherlifeonthecontinent,eventuallymarryingCzechbankcashierFrantisekSchaurek.JoycereturnedtoDublinagainbrieflyinmid-1912duringhisyears-longfightwithhisDublinpublisher,GeorgeRoberts,overthepublicationofDubliners.Histripwasonceagainfruitless,andonhisreturnhewrotethepoem"GasfromaBurner"asaninvectiveagainstRoberts.Afterthistrip,heneveragaincameclosertoDublinthanLondon,despitemanypleasfromhisfatherandinvitationsfromfellowIrishwriterWilliamButlerYeats.OneofhisstudentsinTriestewasEttoreSchmitz,betterknownbythewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 5pseudonymItaloSvevo.Theymetin1907andbecamelastingfriendsandmutualcritics.SchmitzwasaCatholicofJewishoriginandbecametheprimarymodelforLeopoldBloom;mostofthedetailsabouttheJewishfaithinUlyssescamefromSchmitz'sresponsestoqueriesfromJoyce.WhilelivinginTrieste,Joycewasfirstbesetwitheyeproblemsthatultimatelyrequiredoveradozensurgeries.Joyceconcoctedanumberofmoney-makingschemesduringthisperiod,includinganattempttobecomeacinemamagnateinDublin.HealsofrequentlydiscussedbutultimatelyabandonedaplantoimportIrishtweedstoTrieste.CorrespondencerelatingtothatventurewiththeIrishWoollenMillsaredisplayedinthewindowsoftheirpremisesonAston'sQuayinDublin.Hisskillatborrowingmoneysavedhimfromindigence.WhatincomehehadcamepartiallyfromhispositionattheBerlitzschoolandpartiallyfromteachingprivatestudents.In1915,aftermostofhisstudentswereconscriptedinTriesteforWorldWarI,hemovedtoZurich.Twoinfluentialprivatestudents,BaronAmbrogioRalliandCountFrancescoSordina,petitionedofficialsforanexitpermitfortheJoyces,whointurnagreednottotakeanyactionagainsttheemperorofAustria-Hungaryduringthewar.There,hemetoneofhismostenduringandimportantfriends,FrankBudgen,whoseopinionJoyceconstantlysoughtthroughthewritingofUlyssesandFinnegansWake.ItwasalsoherewhereEzraPoundbroughthimtotheattentionofEnglishfeministandpublisherHarrietShawWeaver,whowouldbecomeJoyce'spatron,providinghimthousandsofpoundsoverthenext25yearsandrelievinghimoftheburdenofteachinginordertofocusonhiswriting.WhileinZurichhewroteExiles,publishedAPortrait...,andbeganseriousworkonUlysses.ZurichduringthewarwashometoexilesandartistsfromacrossEurope,anditsbohemian,multilingualatmospheresuitedhim.Nevertheless,afterfouryearshewasrestless,andafterthewarhereturnedtoTriesteashehadoriginallyplanned.Hefoundthecityhadchanged,andsomeofhisoldfriendsnotedhismaturingfromteachertofull-timeartist.Hisrelationswithhisbrother(whohadbeeninternedinanAustrianprisoncampformostofthewarduetohispro-Italianpolitics)weremorestrainedthanever.JoyceheadedtoParisin1920ataninvitationfromEzraPound,supposedlyforaweek,butheendeduplivingthereforthenexttwentyyears.192041:ParisandZurichJoycesethimselftofinishingUlyssesinParis,delightedtofindthathewasgraduallygainingfameasanavant-gardewriter.AfurthergrantfromMissShawWeavermeanthecoulddevotehimselffull-timetowritingagain,aswellasconsortwithotherliteraryfiguresinthecity.Duringthisera,Joyce'seyesbegantogivehimmoreandmoreproblems.HewastreatedbyDrLouisBorschinParis,undergoingnineoperationsfromhimuntilBorsch'sdeathin1929.Throughoutthe1930shetravelledfrequentlytoSwitzerlandforeyesurgeriesandtreatmentsforLucia,who,accordingtotheJoyces,sufferedfromschizophrenia.LuciawasanalysedbyCarlJungatthetime,whoafterreadingUlysses,concludedthatherfatherhadschizophrenia.Jungsaidsheandherfatherweretwopeopleheadingtothebottomofariver,exceptthathewasdivingandshewasfalling.InParis,MariaandEugeneJolasnursedJoyceduringhislongyearsofwritingFinnegansWake.Wereitnotfortheirsupport(alongwithHarrietShawWeaver'sconstantfinancialsupport),thereisagoodpossibilitythathisbooksmightneverhavebeenfinishedorpublished.Intheirliterarymagazine"Transition,"theJolasespublishedseriallyvarioussectionsofJoyce'snovelunderthetitleWorkinProgress.HereturnedtoZurichinlate1940,fleeingtheNazioccupationofFrance.On11January1941,heunderwentsurgeryforaperforatedulcer.Whileheatfirstimproved,herelapsedthefollowingday,anddespiteseveraltransfusions,fellintoacoma.Heawokeat2a.m.on13January1941,andaskedforanursetocallhiswifeandsonbeforelosingconsciousnessagain.Theywerestillontheirwaywhenhedied15minuteslater.HeisburiedintheFlunternCemeterynearZurichZoo.www.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 6AlthoughtwoseniorIrishdiplomatswereinSwitzerlandatthetime,neitherattendedJoyce'sfuneral,andtheIrishgovernmentsubsequentlydeclinedNora'soffertopermittherepatriationofJoyce'sremains.Nora,whomJoycehadmarriedinLondonin1931,survivedhimby10years.Sheisburiednowbyhisside,asistheirsonGeorge,whodiedin1976.EllmannreportsthatwhenthearrangementsforJoyce'sburialwerebeingmade,aCatholicpriesttriedtoconvinceNorathatthereshouldbeafuneralMass.Shereplied,"Icouldn'tdothattohim."SwisstenorMaxMeilisangAddioterra,addiocielofromMonteverdi'sL'Orfeoatthefuneralservice.JoyceandReligionL.A.G.Strong,WilliamT.Noon,RobertBoyleandothershavearguedthatJoyce,laterinlife,reconciledwiththefaithherejectedearlierinlifeandthathispartingwiththefaithwassucceededbyanotsoobviousreunion,andthatUlyssesandFinnegansWakeareessentiallyCatholicexpressions.Likewise,HughKennerandT.S.EliotsawbetweenthelinesofJoycesworktheoutlookofaseriousChristianandthatbeneaththeveneeroftheworkliesaremnantofCatholicbeliefandattitude.KevinSullivanmaintainsthat,ratherthanreconcilingwiththefaith,Joyceneverleftit.CriticsholdingthisviewinsistthatStephen,theprotagonistofthesemi-autobiographicalAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManaswellasUlysses,isnotJoyce.Somewhatcryptically,inaninterviewaftercompletingUlysses,inresponsetothequestionWhendidyouleavetheCatholicChurch,Joyceanswered,ThatsfortheChurchtosay.EamonnHughesmaintainsthatJoycetakesadialecticapproach,bothassentinganddenying,sayingthatStephensmuchnotednonserviamisqualifiedIwillnotservethatwhichInolongerbelieve,andthatthenonserviamwillalwaysbebalancedbyStephensIamaservantandMollysyes.UmbertoEcocomparesJoycetotheancientepiscopivagantes(straybishops)intheMiddleAges.Theyleftadiscipline,notaculturalheritageorawayofthinking.Likethem,thewriterretainsthesenseofblasphemyheldasaliturgicalritual.Inanycasewehavedifferentfirst-handtestimoniescomingfromJoycehimself,hisbrotherStanislausJoyce,andhiswife:MymindrejectsthewholepresentsocialorderandChristianity-home,therecognisedvirtues,classesoflife,andreligiousdoctrines.[]SixyearsagoIlefttheCatholicchurch,hatingitmostfervently.Ifounditimpossibleformetoremaininitonaccountoftheimpulsesofmynature.ImadesecretwaruponitwhenIwasastudentanddeclinedtoacceptthepositionsitofferedme.BydoingthisImademyselfabeggarbutIretainedmypride.NowImakeopenwaruponitbywhatIwriteandsayanddo.MybrothersbreakawayfromCatholicismwasduetoothermotives.Hefeltitwasimperativethatheshouldsavehisrealspirituallifefrombeingoverlaidandcrushedbyafalseonethathehadoutgrown.Hebelievedthatpoetsinthemeasureoftheirgiftsandpersonalityweretherepositoriesofthegenuinespirituallifeoftheirraceandthepriestswereusurpers.HedetestedfalsityandbelievedinindividualfreedommorethoroughlythananymanIhaveeverknown.[]TheinterestthatmybrotheralwaysretainedinthephilosophyoftheCatholicChurchsprangfromthefactthatheconsideredCatholicphilosophytobethemostcoherentattempttoestablishsuchanintelectualandmaterialstability.WhenthearrangementsforJoyce'sburialwerebeingmade,aCatholicpriesttriedtoconvinceNoraBarnaclethatthereshouldbeafuneralMassforhim.Ellmannwroteshesaid:Icouldn'tdothattohim.MajorWorksDublinerswww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 7Joyce'sIrishexperiencesconstituteanessentialelementofhiswritings,andprovideallofthesettingsforhisfictionandmuchofitssubjectmatter.Hisearlyvolumeofshortstories,Dubliners,isapenetratinganalysisofthestagnationandparalysisofDublinsociety.Thestoriesincorporateepiphanies,awordusedparticularlybyJoyce,bywhichhemeantasuddenconsciousnessofthe"soul"ofathing.Thefinalandmostfamousstoryinthecollection,"TheDead",wasdirectedbyJohnHustonashislastfeaturefilmin1987.APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManisanearlycompleterewriteoftheabandonednovelStephenHero.JoyceattemptedtoburntheoriginalmanuscriptinafitofrageduringanargumentwithNora,thoughtohissubsequentreliefitwasrescuedbyhissister.AKnstlerroman,Portraitisaheavilyautobiographicalcoming-of-agenoveldepictingthechildhoodandadolescenceofprotagonistStephenDedalusandhisgradualgrowthintoartisticself-consciousness.SomehintsofthetechniquesJoycefrequentlyemployedinlaterworks,suchasstreamofconsciousness,interiormonologue,andreferencestoacharacter'spsychicrealityratherthantohisexternalsurroundings,areevidentthroughoutthisnovel.JosephStrickdirectedafilmofthebookin1977starringLukeJohnston,BoscoHogan,T.P.McKennaandJohnGielgud.ExilesandPoetryDespiteearlyinterestinthetheatre,Joycepublishedonlyoneplay,Exiles,begunshortlyaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarIin1914andpublishedin1918.Astudyofahusbandandwiferelationship,theplaylooksbacktoTheDead(thefinalstoryinDubliners)andforwardtoUlysses,whichJoycebeganaroundthetimeoftheplay'scomposition.Joycealsopublishedanumberofbooksofpoetry.Hisfirstmaturepublishedworkwasthesatiricalbroadside"TheHolyOffice"(1904),inwhichheproclaimedhimselftobethesuperiorofmanyprominentmembersoftheCelticrevival.Hisfirstfull-lengthpoetrycollectionChamberMusic(referring,Joyceexplained,tothesoundofurinehittingthesideofachamberpot)consistedof36shortlyrics.ThispublicationledtohisinclusionintheImagistAnthology,editedbyEzraPound,whowasachampionofJoyce'swork.OtherpoetryJoycepublishedinhislifetimeincludes"GasFromABurner"(1912),PomesPenyeach(1927)and"EccePuer"(writtenin1932tomarkthebirthofhisgrandsonandtherecentdeathofhisfather).ItwaspublishedbytheBlackSunPressinCollectedPoems(1936).UlyssesAshewascompletingworkonDublinersin1906,JoyceconsideredaddinganotherstoryfeaturingaJewishadvertisingcanvassercalledLeopoldBloomunderthetitleUlysses.Althoughhedidnotpursuetheideafurtheratthetime,heeventuallycommencedworkonanovelusingboththetitleandbasicpremisein1914.ThewritingwascompletedinOctober,1921.ThreemoremonthsweredevotedtoworkingontheproofsofthebookbeforeJoycehaltedworkshortlybeforehisself-imposeddeadline,his40thbirthday(2February1922).ThankstoEzraPound,serialpublicationofthenovelinthemagazineTheLittleReviewbeganin1918.ThismagazinewaseditedbyMargaretAndersonandJaneHeap,withthebackingofJohnQuinn,aNewYorkattorneywithaninterestincontemporaryexperimentalartandliterature.Unfortunately,thispublicationencounteredcensorshipproblemsintheUnitedStates;serialisationwashaltedin1920whentheeditorswereconvictedofpublishingobscenity.ThenovelwasnotpublishedintheUnitedStatesuntil1933.Partlybecauseofthiscontroversy,Joycefounditdifficulttogetapublishertoacceptthebook,butitwaspublishedin1922bySylviaBeachfromherwww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 8well-knownRiveGauchebookshop,ShakespeareandCompany.AnEnglisheditionpublishedthesameyearbyJoyce'spatron,HarrietShawWeaver,ranintofurtherdifficultieswiththeUnitedStatesauthorities,and500copiesthatwereshippedtotheStateswereseizedandpossiblydestroyed.Thefollowingyear,JohnRodkerproducedaprintrunof500moreintendedtoreplacethemissingcopies,butthesewereburnedbyEnglishcustomsatFolkestone.Afurtherconsequenceofthenovel'sambiguouslegalstatusasabannedbookwasthatanumberof"bootleg"versionsappeared,mostnotablyanumberofpirateversionsfromthepublisherSamuelRoth.In1928,acourtinjunctionagainstRothwasobtainedandheceasedpublication.WiththeappearanceofbothUlyssesandT.S.Eliot'spoem,TheWasteLand,1922wasakeyyearinthehistoryofEnglish-languageliterarymodernism.InUlysses,Joyceemploysstreamofconsciousness,parody,jokes,andvirtuallyeveryotherestablishedliterarytechniquetopresenthischaracters.Theactionofthenovel,whichtakesplaceinasingleday,16June1904,setsthecharactersandincidentsoftheOdysseyofHomerinmodernDublinandrepresentsOdysseus(Ulysses),PenelopeandTelemachusinthecharactersofLeopoldBloom,hiswifeMollyBloomandStephenDedalus,parodicallycontrastedwiththeirloftymodels.ThebookexploresvariousareasofDublinlife,dwellingonitssqualorandmonotony.Nevertheless,thebookisalsoanaffectionatelydetailedstudyofthecity,andJoyceclaimedthatifDublinweretobedestroyedinsomecatastropheitcouldberebuilt,brickbybrick,usinghisworkasamodel.Inordertoachievethislevelofaccuracy,Joyceusedthe1904editionofThom'sDirectoryaworkthatlistedtheownersand/ortenantsofeveryresidentialandcommercialpropertyinthecity.Healsobombardedfriendsstilllivingtherewithrequestsforinformationandclarification.Thebookconsistsof18chapters,eachcoveringroughlyonehouroftheday,beginningaround8a.m.andendingsometimeafter2a.m.thefollowingmorning.Eachchapteremploysitsownliterarystyle,andparodiesaspecificepisodeinHomer'sOdyssey.Furthermore,eachchapterisassociatedwithaspecificcolour,artorscience,andbodilyorgan.Thiscombinationofkaleidoscopicwritingwithanextremeformalschematicstructurerendersthebookamajorcontributiontothedevelopmentof20th-centurymodernistliterature.Theuseofclassicalmythologyasanorganisingframework,thenear-obsessivefocusonexternaldetail,andtheoccurrenceofsignificantactionwithinthemindsofcharactershavealsocontributedtothedevelopmentofliterarymodernism.Nevertheless,Joycecomplainedthat,"ImayhaveoversystematisedUlysses,"andplayeddownthemythiccorrespondencesbyeliminatingthechaptertitlesthathadbeentakenfromHomer.FinnegansWakeHavingcompletedworkonUlysses,Joycewassoexhaustedthathedidnotwritealineofproseforayear.On10March1923heinformedapatron,HarrietWeaver:"YesterdayIwrotetwopagesthefirstIhavesincethefinalYesofUlysses.Havingfoundapen,withsomedifficultyIcopiedthemoutinalargehandwritingonadoublesheetoffoolscapsothatIcouldreadthem.Illupoperdeilpelomanonilvizio,theItalianssay.Thewolfmaylosehisskinbutnothisviceortheleopardcannotchangehisspots."Thuswasbornatextthatbecameknown,first,asWorkinProgressandlaterFinnegansWake.By1926Joycehadcompletedthefirsttwopartsofthebook.Inthatyear,hemetEugeneandMariaJolaswhoofferedtoserialisethebookintheirmagazinetransition.Forthenextfewyears,Joyceworkedrapidlyonthenewbook,butinthe1930s,progressslowedconsiderably.Thiswasduetoanumberoffactors,includingthedeathofhisfatherin1931,concernoverthementalhealthofhisdaughterLuciaandhisownhealthproblems,includingfailingeyesight.Muchoftheworkwasdonewiththeassistanceofyoungeradmirers,includingSamuelBeckett.Forsomeyears,JoycenursedtheeccentricplanofturningoverthebooktohisfriendJamesStephenstocomplete,onthegroundsthatStephenswasborninthesamehospitalasJoyceexactlyoneweeklater,andsharedthefirstnameofbothJoyceandofwww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 9Joyce'sfictionalalter-ego(thisisoneexampleofJoyce'snumeroussuperstitions).Reactiontotheworkwasmixed,includingnegativecommentfromearlysupportersofJoyce'swork,suchasPoundandtheauthor'sbrotherStanislausJoyce.Inordertocounteractthishostilereception,abookofessaysbysupportersofthenewwork,includingBeckett,WilliamCarlosWilliamsandotherswasorganisedandpublishedin1929underthetitleOurExagminationRoundHisFactificationforIncaminationofWorkinProgress.Athis57thbirthdaypartyattheJolases'home,JoycerevealedthefinaltitleoftheworkandFinnegansWakewaspublishedinbookformon4May1939.Later,furthernegativecommentssurfacedfromdoctorandauthorHerveyCleckley,whoquestionedthesignificanceothershadplacedonthework.Inhisbook,TheMaskofSanity,CleckleyreferstoFinnegansWakeas"a628-pagecollectionoferuditegibberishindistinguishabletomostpeoplefromthefamiliarwordsaladproducedbyhebephrenicpatientsonthebackwardsofanystatehospital."Joyce'smethodofstreamofconsciousness,literaryallusionsandfreedreamassociationswaspushedtothelimitinFinnegansWake,whichabandonedallconventionsofplotandcharacterconstructionandiswritteninapeculiarandobscurelanguage,basedmainlyoncomplexmulti-levelpuns.Thisapproachissimilarto,butfarmoreextensivethanthatusedbyLewisCarrollinJabberwocky.ThishasledmanyreadersandcriticstoapplyJoyce'soft-quoteddescriptionintheWakeofUlyssesashis"usylesslyunreadableBlueBookofEccles"totheWakeitself.However,readershavebeenabletoreachaconsensusaboutthecentralcastofcharactersandgeneralplot.Muchofthewordplayinthebookstemsfromtheuseofmultilingualpunswhichdrawonawiderangeoflanguages.TheroleplayedbyBeckettandotherassistantsincludedcollatingwordsfromtheselanguagesoncardsforJoycetouseand,asJoyce'seyesightworsened,ofwritingthetextfromtheauthor'sdictation.TheviewofhistorypropoundedinthistextisverystronglyinfluencedbyGiambattistaVico,andthemetaphysicsofGiordanoBrunoofNolaareimportanttotheinterplayofthe"characters."Vicopropoundedacyclicalviewofhistory,inwhichcivilisationrosefromchaos,passedthroughtheocratic,aristocratic,anddemocraticphases,andthenlapsedbackintochaos.ThemostobviousexampleoftheinfluenceofVico'scyclicaltheoryofhistoryistobefoundintheopeningandclosingwordsofthebook.FinnegansWakeopenswiththewords"riverrun,pastEveandAdam's,fromswerveofshoretobendofbay,bringsusbyacommodiusvicusofrecirculationbacktoHowthCastleandEnvirons."("vicus"isapunonVico)andends"Awayalonealastalovedalongthe."Inotherwords,thebookendswiththebeginningofasentenceandbeginswiththeendofthesamesentence,turningthebookintoonegreatcycle.Indeed,JoycesaidthattheidealreaderoftheWakewouldsufferfrom"idealinsomnia"and,oncompletingthebook,wouldturntopageoneandstartagain,andsooninanendlesscycleofreading.LegacyJoyce'sworkhasbeensubjecttointensescrutinybyscholarsofalltypes.HehasalsobeenanimportantinfluenceonwritersandscholarsasdiverseasSamuelBeckett,JorgeLuisBorges,FlannO'Brien,MirtnCadhain,SalmanRushdie,RobertAntonWilson,JohnUpdike,andJosephCampbell.Ulysseshasbeencalled"ademonstrationandsummationoftheentire[Modernist]movement".Somescholars,mostnotablyVladimirNabokov,havemixedfeelingsonhiswork,oftenchampioningsomeofhisfictionwhilecondemningotherworks.InNabokov'sopinion,Ulysseswasbrilliant,FinnegansWakehorribleanattitudeJorgeLuisBorgesshared.Joyce'sinfluenceisalsoevidentinfieldsotherthanliterature.Thesentence"ThreequarksforMusterMark!"inJoyce'sFinnegansWakeisthesourceofwww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 10theword"quark",thenameofoneoftheelementaryparticles,proposedbythephysicist,MurrayGell-Mannin1963.TheFrenchphilosopherJacquesDerridahaswrittenabookontheuseoflanguageinUlysses,andtheAmericanphilosopherDonaldDavidsonhaswrittensimilarlyonFinnegansWakeincomparisonwithLewisCarroll.PsychoanalystJacquesLacanusedJoyce'swritingstoexplainhisconceptofthesinthome.AccordingtoLacan,Joyce'swritingisthesupplementarycordwhichkeptJoycefrompsychosis.TheworkandlifeofJoyceiscelebratedannuallyon16June,Bloomsday,inDublinandinanincreasingnumberofcitiesworldwide.In1999,TimeMagazinenamedJoyceoneofthe100MostImportantPeopleofthe20thCentury,andstated;"Joyce...revolutionised20thcenturyfiction".In1998,theModernLibrary,U.S.publisherofJoyce'sworks,rankedUlyssesNo.1,APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManNo.3,andFinnegansWakeNo.77,onitslistofthe100bestEnglish-languagenovelsofthe20thcentury.On1January2012copyrightrestrictionsexpiredonmuchofJoyce'sworkpublishedduringhislifetime,puttinghisworkintothepublicdomain.Eserleri:ChamberMusic(poems,1907)Dubliners(short-storycollection,1914)APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan(novel,1916)Exiles(play,1918)Ulysses(novel,1922)PomesPenyeach(poems,1927)CollectedPoems(poems,1936)FinnegansWake(novel,1939)TheCatandtheDevil(achildren'sbook,1936)PosthumousPublicationsStephenHero(precursortoAPortrait;written190406,published1944)GiacomoJoyce(written1907,published1968)LettersofJamesJoyceVol.1(Ed.StuartGilbert,1957)TheCriticalWritingsofJamesJoyce(Eds.EllsworthMasonandRichardEllman,1959)TheCatandtheDevil(London:FaberandFaber,1965)LettersofJamesJoyceVol.2(Ed.RichardEllman,1966)LettersofJamesJoyceVol.3(Ed.RichardEllman,1966)SelectedLettersofJamesJoyce(Ed.RichardEllman,1975)www.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 11A Flower Given to My DaughterFrailthewhiteroseandfrailareHerhandsthatgaveWhosesoulissereandpalerThantime'swanwave.Rosefrailandfair--yetfrailestAwonderwildIngentleeyesthouveilest,Myblueveinedchild.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 12A Memory of the Players in a Mirror at MidnightTheymouthlove'slanguage.GnashThethirteenteethYourleanjawsgrinwith.LashYouritchandquailing,nudegreedoftheflesh.Love'sbreathinyouisstale,wordedorsung,Assourascat'sbreath,Harshoftongue.ThisgreythatstaresLiesnot,starkskinandbone.Leavegreasylipstheirkissing.NoneWillchooseherwhatyouseetomouthupon.Direhungerholdshishour.Pluckforthyourheart,saltblood,afruitoftears.Pluckanddevour!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 13A PrayerAgain!Come,give,yieldallyourstrengthtome!FromfaralowwordbreathesonthebreakingbrainItscruelcalm,submission'smisery,Gentlingheraweastoasoulpredestined.Cease,silentlove!Mydoom!Blindmewithyourdarknearness,Ohavemercy,belovedenemyofmywill!IdarenotwithstandthecoldtouchthatIdread.DrawfrommestillMyslowlife!Benddeeperonme,threateninghead,Proudbymydownfall,remembering,pityingHimwhois,himwhowas!Again!Together,foldedbythenight,theylayonearth.IhearFromfarherlowwordbreatheonmybreakingbrain.Come!Iyield.Benddeeperuponme!Iamhere.Subduer,donotleaveme!Onlyjoy,onlyanguish,Takeme,saveme,sootheme,Ospareme!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 14All Day I Hear the Noise of WatersAlldayIhearthenoiseofwatersMakingmoan,Sadasthesea-birdiswhen,goingForthalone,Hehearsthewindscrytothewater'sMonotone.Thegreywinds,thecoldwindsareblowingWhereIgo.IhearthenoiseofmanywatersFarbelow.Allday,allnight,IhearthemflowingToandfro.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 15AloneThenoon'sgreygoldenmeshesmakeAllnightaveil,TheshorelampsinthesleepinglakeLaburnumtendrilstrail.TheslyreedswhispertothenightAname--hername-Andallmysoulisadelight,Aswoonofshame.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 16At That HourAtthathourwhenallthingshaverepose,Olonelywatcheroftheskies,DoyouhearthenightwindandthesighsOfharpsplayinguntoLovetouncloseThepalegatesofsunrise?Whenallthingsrepose,doyoualoneAwaketohearthesweetharpsplayToLovebeforehimonhisway,AndthenightwindansweringinantiphonTillnightisovergone?Playon,invisibleharps,untoLove,WhosewayinheavenisaglowAtthathourwhensoftlightscomeandgo,SoftsweetmusicintheairaboveAndintheearthbelow.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 17BahnhofstrasseTheeyesthatmockmesignthewayWheretoIpassateveofday.GreywaywhosevioletsignalsareThetrystingandthetwiningstar.Ahstarofevil!starofpain!HighheartedyouthcomesnotagainNoroldheart'swisdomyettoknowThesignsthatmockmeasIgo.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 18Be Not SadBenotsadbecauseallmenPreferalyingclamourbeforeyou:Sweetheart,beatpeaceagain---Cantheydishonouryou?Theyaresadderthanalltears;Theirlivesascendasacontinualsigh.Proudlyanswertotheirtears:Astheydeny,deny.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 19Because Your Voice Was at My SideBecauseyourvoicewasatmysideIgavehimpain,BecausewithinmyhandIheldYourhandagain.ThereisnowordnoranysignCanmakeamend---HeisastrangertomenowWhowasmyfriend.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 20Bid Adieu to MaidenhoodBidadieu,adieu,adieu,Bidadieutogirlishdays,HappyLoveiscometowooTheeandwoothygirlishwaysThezonethatdothbecometheefair,Thesnooduponthyyellowhair,WhenthouhastheardhisnameuponThebuglesofthecherubimBeginthousoftlytounzoneThygirlishbosomuntohimAndsoftlytoundothesnoodThatisthesignofmaidenhood.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 21Bright Cap and StreamersBrightcapandstreamers,Hesingsinthehollow:Comefollow,comefollow,Allyouthatlove.LeavedreamstothedreamersThatwillnotafter,ThatsongandlaughterDonothingmove.WithribbonsstreamingHesingsthebolder;IntroopathisshoulderThewildbeeshum.AndthetimeofdreamingDreamsisover---Aslovertolover,Sweetheart,Icome.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 22Dear Heart, Why Will You Use Me So?Dearheart,whywillyouusemeso?Deareyesthatgentlymeupbraid,Stillareyoubeautiful---butO,Howisyourbeautyraimented!Throughtheclearmirrorofyoureyes,Throughthesoftsighofkisstokiss,DesolatewindsassailwithcriesTheshadowygardenwhereloveis.AndsoonshalllovedissolvedbeWhenoverusthewildwindsblow---Butyou,dearlove,toodeartome,Alas!whywillyouusemeso?JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 23Ecce PuerOfthedarkpastAchildisborn;WithjoyandgriefMyheartistorn.CalminhiscradleThelivinglies.MayloveandmercyUnclosehiseyes!YounglifeisbreathedOntheglass;TheworldthatwasnotComestopass.Achildissleeping:Anoldmangone.O,fatherforsaken,Forgiveyourson!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 24FloodGoldbrownuponthesatedfloodTherockvineclustersliftandsway;VastwingsabovethelambentwatersbroodOfsullenday.AwasteofwatersruthlesslySwaysandupliftsitsweedymaneWherebroodingdaystaresdownupontheseaIndulldisdain.Upliftandsway,Ogoldenvine,Yourclusteredfruitstolove'sfullflood,LambentandvastandruthlessasisthineIncertitude!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 25From Dewy DreamsFromdewydreams,mysoul,arise,Fromlove'sdeepslumberandfromdeath,Forlo!thetreeesarefullofsighsWhoseleavesthemornadmonisheth.EastwardthegradualdawnprevailsWheresoftly-burningfiresappear,MakingtotrembleallthoseveilsOfgreyandgoldengossamer.Whilesweetly,gently,secretly,TheflowerybellsofmornarestirredAndthewisechoirsoffaeryBegin(innumerous!)tobeheard.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 26Gentle Lady, Do Not SingGentlelady,donotsingSadsongsabouttheendoflove;LayasidesadnessandsingHowlovethatpassesisenough.SingaboutthelongdeepsleepOfloversthataredead,andhowInthegraveallloveshallsleep:Loveisawearynow.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 27Go Seek Her OutGoseekheroutallcourteously,AndsayIcome,WindofspiceswhosesongiseverEpithalamium.O,hurryoverthedarklandsAndrunupontheseaForseasandlandsshallnotdivideusMyloveandme.Now,wind,ofyourgoodcourtesyIprayyougo,AndcomeintoherlittlegardenAndsingatherwindow;Singing:ThebridalwindisblowingForLoveisathisnoon;Andsoonwillyourtruelovebewithyou,Soon,Osoon.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 28He Who Hath Glory LostHewhohathglorylost,norhathFoundanysoultofellowhis,AmonghisfoesinscornandwrathHoldingtoancientnobleness,Thathighunconsortableone---Hisloveishiscompanion.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 29I Hear an Army Charging Upon the LandIhearanarmychargingupontheland,Andthethunderofhorsesplunging,foamabouttheirknees:Arrogant,inblackarmour,behindthemstand,Disdainingthereins,withflutteringwhips,thecharioteers.Theycryuntothenighttheirbattle-name:ImoaninsleepwhenIhearafartheirwhirlinglaughter.Theycleavethegloomofdreams,ablindingflame,Clanging,clangingupontheheartasuponananvil.Theycomeshakingintriumphtheirlong,greenhair:Theycomeoutoftheseaandrunshoutingbytheshore.Myheart,haveyounowisdomthustodespair?Mylove,mylove,mylove,whyhaveyouleftmealone?JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 30I Would in That Sweet Bosom BeIwouldinthatsweetbosombe(Osweetitisandfairitis!)Wherenorudewindmightvisitme.BecauseofsadausteritiesIwouldinthatsweetbosombe.Iwouldbeeverinthatheart(OsoftIknockandsoftentreather!)Whereonlypeacemightbemypart.AusteritieswereallthesweeterSoIwereeverinthatheart.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 31In the Dark Pine-WoodInthedarkpine-woodIwouldwelay,IndeepcoolshadowAtnoonofday.Howsweettoliethere,Sweettokiss,Wherethegreatpine-forestEnaisledis!ThykissdescendingSweeterwereWithasofttumultOfthyhair.Ountothepine-woodAtnoonofdayComewithmenow,Sweetlove,away.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 32Lean Out of the WindowLeanoutofthewindow,Goldenhair,IhearyousingingAmerryair.Mybookwasclosed,Ireadnomore,WatchingthefiredanceOnthefloor.Ihaveleftmybook,Ihaveleftmyroom,ForIheardyousingingThroughthegloom.SingingandsingingAmerryair,Leanoutofthewindow,Goldenhair.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 33Lightly Come or Lightly GoLightlycomeorlightlygo:Thoughthyheartpresagetheewoe,Valesandmanyawastedsun,Oreadletthylaughterrun,TilltheirreverentmountainairRippleallthyflyinghair.Lightly,lightly---everso:CloudsthatwrapthevalesbelowAtthehourofevenstarLowliestattendantsare;Loveandlaughtersong-confessedWhentheheartisheaviest.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 34Love Came to UsLovecametousintimegonebyWhenoneattwilightshylyplayedAndoneinfearwasstandingnigh---ForLoveatfirstisallafraid.Weweregravelovers.LoveispastThathadhissweethoursmanyaone;WelcometousnowatthelastThewaysthatweshallgoupon.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 35My Dove, My Beautiful OneMydove,mybeautifulone,Arise,arise!Thenight-dewliesUponmylipsandeyes.TheodorouswindsareweavingAmusicofsighs:Arise,arise,Mydove,mybeautifulone!Iwaitbythecedartree,Mysister,mylove,Whitebreastofthedove,Mybreastshallbeyourbed.ThepaledewliesLikeaveilonmyhead.Myfairone,myfairdove,Arise,arise!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 36My Love Is in a Light AttireMyloveisinalightattireAmongtheapple-trees,WherethegaywindsdomostdesireTorunincompanies.There,wherethegaywindsstaytowooTheyoungleavesastheypass,Mylovegoesslowly,bendingtoHershadowonthegrass;Andwherethesky'sapalebluecupOverthelaughingland,Mylovegoeslightly,holdingupHerdresswithdaintyhand.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 37Night PieceGauntingloom,Thepalestarstheirtorches,Enshrouded,wave.Ghostfiresfromheaven'sfarvergesfaintillume,Archesonsoaringarches,Night'ssindarknave.Seraphim,ThelosthostsawakenToservicetillInmoonlessgloomeachlapsesmuted,dim,RaisedwhenshehasandshakenHerthurible.Andlongandloud,Tonight'snaveupsoaring,AstarknelltollsAsthebleakincensesurges,cloudoncloud,VoidwardfromtheadoringWasteofsouls.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 38Now, O Now in This Brown LandNow,Onow,inthisbrownlandWhereLovedidsosweetmusicmakeWetwoshallwander,handinhand,Forbearingforoldfriendship'sake,NorgrievebecauseourlovewasgayWhichnowisendedinthisway.ArogueinredandyellowdressIsknocking,knockingatthetree;AndallaroundourlonelinessThewindiswhistlingmerrily.Theleaves---theydonotsighatallWhentheyeartakestheminthefall.Now,Onow,wehearnomoreThevilanelleandroundelay!Yetwillwekiss,sweetheart,beforeWetakesadleaveatcloseofday.Grievenot,sweetheart,foranything---Theyear,theyearisgathering.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 39O Cool Is the Valley NowOcoolisthevalleynowAndthere,love,willwegoFormanyachoirissingingnowWhereLovedidsometimego.Andhearyounotthethrushescalling,Callingusaway?OcoolandpleasantisthevalleyAndthere,love,willwestay.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 40O Sweetheart, Hear YouOSweetheart,hearyouYourlover'stale;AmanshallhavesorrowWhenfriendshimfail.ForheshallknowthenFriendsbeuntrueAndalittleashesTheirwordscometo.ButoneuntohimWillsoftlymoveAndsoftlywoohimInwaysoflove.HishandisunderHersmoothroundbreast;SohewhohassorrowShallhaverest.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 41O, It Was Out by DonnycarneyO,itwasoutbyDonnycarneyWhenthebatflewfromtreetotreeMyloveandIdidwalktogether;Andsweetwerethewordsshesaidtome.AlongwithusthesummerwindWentmurmuring---O,happily!---ButsofterthanthebreathofsummerWasthekissshegavetome.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 42Of That So Sweet ImprisonmentOfthatsosweetimprisonmentMysoul,dearest,isfain---SoftarmsthatwoometorelentAndwoometodetain.Ah,couldtheyeverholdmethereGladlywereIaprisoner!Dearest,throughinterwovenarmsBylovemadetremulous,ThatnightalluresmewherealarmsNowisemaytroubleus;ButlseeptodreamiersleepbewedWheresoulwithsoulliesprisoned.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 43On the Beach at FontanaWindwhinesandwhinestheshingle,Thecrazypierstakesgroan;AsenileseanumberseachsingleSlimesilveredstone.FromwhiningwindandcolderGreyseaIwraphimwarmAndtouchhistremblingfinebonedshoulderAndboyisharm.Aroundusfear,descendingDarknessoffearaboveAndinmyhearthowdeepunendingAcheoflove!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 44Rain Has Fallen All the DayRainhasfallenalltheday.Ocomeamongtheladentrees:TheleavesliethickuponthewayOfmemories.StayingalittlebythewayOfmemoriesshallwedepart.Come,mybeloved,whereImaySpeaktoyourheart.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 45She Weeps over RahoonRainonRahoonfallssoftly,softlyfalling,Wheremydarkloverlies.Sadishisvoicethatcallsme,sadlycalling,Atgreymoonrise.Love,hearthouHowsoft,howsadhisvoiceisevercalling,Everunanswered,andthedarkrainfalling,Thenasnow.Darktooourhearts,Olove,shalllieandcoldAshissadhearthaslainUnderthemoongreynettles,theblackmouldAndmutteringrain.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 46Silently She's CombingSilentlyshe'scombing,CombingherlonghairSilentlyandgraciously,Withmanyaprettyair.ThesunisinthewillowleavesAndonthedappledgrass,Andstillshe'scombingherlonghairBeforethelooking-glass.Iprayyou,ceasetocombout,Comboutyourlonghair,ForIhaveheardofwitcheryUnderaprettyair,ThatmakesasonethingtotheloverStayingandgoinghence,Allfair,withmanyaprettyairAndmanyanegligence.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 47SimplesObellabionda,Seicomel'onda!OfcoolsweetdewandradiancemildThemoonawebofsilenceweavesInthestillgardenwhereachildGathersthesimplesaladleaves.AmoondewstarsherhanginghairAndmoonlightkissesheryoungbrowAnd,gathering,shesingsanair:Fairasthewaveis,fair,artthou!Bemine,Ipray,awaxenearToshieldmefromherchildishcroonAndmineashieldedheartforherWhogatherssimplesofthemoon.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 48Sleep Now, O Sleep NowSleepnow,Osleepnow,Oyouunquietheart!Avoicecrying"Sleepnow"Isheardinmyheart.ThevoiceofthewinterIsheardatthedoor.Osleep,forthewinterIscrying"Sleepnomore."MykisswillgivepeacenowAndquiettoyourheart---Sleeponinpeacenow,Oyouunquietheart!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 49SongMyloveisinalightattireAmongtheappletrees,WherethegaywindsdomostdesireTorunincompanies.There,wherethegaywindsstaytowooTheyoungleavesastheypass,Mylovegoesslowly,bendingtoHershadowonthegrass.AndwheretheskysapalebluecupOverthelaughingland,Mylovegoeslightly,holdingupHerdresswithdaintyhand.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 50Strings in the Earth and AirStringsintheearthandairMakemusicsweet;StringsbytheriverwhereThewillowsmeet.There'smusicalongtheriverForLovewandersthere,Paleflowersonhismantle,Darkleavesonhishair.Allsoftlyplaying,Withheadtothemusicbent,AndfingersstrayingUponaninstrument.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 51The Ballad of Persse O'ReillyHaveyouheardofoneHumptyDumptyHowhefellwitharollandarumbleAndcurleduplikeLordOlofaCrumpleBythebuttoftheMagazineWall,(Chorus)OftheMagazineWall,Hump,helmetandall?HewasonetimeourKingoftheCastleNowhe'skickedaboutlikearottenoldparsnip.AndfromGreenstreethe'llbesentbyorderofHisWorshipTothepenaljailofMountjoy(Chorus)TothejailofMountjoy!Jailhimandjoy.HewasfafafatherofallschemesfortobotherusSlowcoachesandimmaculatecontraceptivesforthepopulace,Mare'smilkforthesick,sevendrySundaysaweek,Openairloveandreligion'sreform,(Chorus)Andreligiousreform,Hideousinform.Arrah,why,saysyou,couldn'themanageit?I'llgobail,myfinedairymandarling,LikethebumpingbulloftheCassidysAllyourbutterisinyourhorns.(Chorus)Hisbutterisinhishorns.Butterhishorns!(Repeat)Hurrahthere,Hosty,frostyHosty,changethatshirtonye,Rhymetherann,thekingofallranns!Balbaccio,balbuccio!Wehadchawchawchops,chairs,chewinggum,thechicken-poxandchinachambersUniversallyprovidedbythissoffsoapingsalesman.SmallwonderHe'llCheatE'erawanourlocalladsnicknamedhim.WhenChimpdenfirsttookthefloor(Chorus)WithhisbucketshopstoreDownBargainweg,Lower.SosnughewasinhishotelpremisessumptuousButsoonwe'llbonfireallhistrash,tricksandtrumperyAnd'tisshorttillsheriffClancy'llbewindinguphisunlimitedcompanyWiththebailiff'sbomatthedoor,(Chorus)Bimbamatthedoor.Thenhe'llbumnomore.Sweetbadluckonthewaveswashedtoourislandwww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 52ThehookerofthathammerfastvikingAndGall'scurseonthedaywhenEblanabaySawhisblackandtanman-o'-war.(Chorus)Sawhisman-o'-warOntheharbourbar.Wherefrom?roarsPoolbeg.Cookingha'pence,hebawlsDonnez-moiscampitle,wickanwipin'fampinyFingalMacOscarOnesineBargearseBonifaceThok'smingammelholeNorveegickersmonikerOgasayareatgammelhoreNorveegickerscod.(Chorus)ANorwegiancameloldcod.Heis,begod.Liftit,Hosty,liftit,yedevil,ye!upwiththerann,therhymingrann!ItwasduringsomefreshwatergardenpumpingOr,accordingtotheNursingMirror,whileadmiringthemonkeysThatourheavyweightheathenHumphareyMadeboldamaidtowoo(Chorus)Woohoo,what'llshedoo!Thegenerallosthermaidenloo!Heoughttoblushforhimself,theoldhayheadedphilosopher,Fortogoandshovehimselfthatwayontopofher.Begob,he'sthecruxofthecatalogueOfourantediluvialzoo,(Chorus)MessrsBillingandCoo.Noah'slarks,goodasnoo.HewasjoultingbyWellinton'smonumentOurrotorioushippopopotamunsWhensomebuggerletdownthebacktrapoftheomnibusAndhecaughthisdeathoffusiliers,(Chorus)Withhisrentinhisrears.Givehimsixyears.'TissorepityforhisinnocentpoorchildrenButlookoutforhismissuslegitimate!WhenthatfrewgetsagripofoldEarwickerWon'ttherebeearwigsonthegreen?(Chorus)Bigearwigsonthegreen,Thelargesteveryouseen.Suffoclose!Shikespower!Seudodanto!Anonymoses!Thenwe'llhaveafreetradeGael'sbandandmassmeetingFortosodhimthebravesonofScandiknavery.Andwe'llburyhimdowninOxmanstownAlongwiththedevilandtheDanes,www.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 53(Chorus)WiththedeafanddumbDanes,Andalltheirremains.Andnotalltheking'smennorhishorsesWillresurrecthiscorpusForthere'snotruespellinConnachtorhell(bis)That'sabletoraiseaCain.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 54The Twilight TurnsThetwilightturnsfromamethystTodeepanddeeperblue,ThelampfillswithapalegreenglowThetreesoftheavenue.Theoldpianoplaysanair,Sedateandslowandgay;Shebendsupontheyellowkeys,Herheadinclinesthisway.ShythoughtandgravewideeyesandhandsThatwanderastheylist---ThetwilightturnstodarkerblueWithlightsofamethyst.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 55This Heart that Flutters Near My HeartThisheartthatfluttersnearmyheartMyhopeandallmyrichesis,UnhappywhenwedrawapartAndhappybetweenkissandkiss:Myhopeandallmyriches---yes!---Andallmyhappiness.Forthere,asinsomemossynestThewrenswilldiverstreasureskeep,IlaidthosetreasuresIpossessedErethatmineeyeshadlearnedtoweep.ShallwenotbeaswiseastheyThoughlovelivebutaday?JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 56Thou Leanest to the Shell of NightThouleanesttotheshellofnight,Dearlady,adiviningear.InthatsoftchoiringofdelightWhatsoundhathmadethyhearttofear?SeemeditofriversrushingforthFromthegreydesertsofthenorth?ThatmoodofthineIshis,ifthoubutscanitwell,WhoamadtalebequeathstousAtghostinghourconjurable---AndallforsomestrangenamehereadInPurchasorinHolinshed.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 57Though I Thy Mithridates WereThoughIthyMithridateswere,Framedtodefythepoison-dart,YetmustthoufoldmeunawareToknowtheraptureofthyheart,AndIbutrenderandconfessThemaliceofthytenderness.Forelegantandantiquephrase,Dearest,mylipswaxalltoowise;NorhaveIknownalovewhosepraiseOurpipingpoetssolemnize,NeitheralovewheremaynotbeEversolittlefalsity.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 58TillyHetravelsafterawintersun,Urgingthecattlealongacoldredroad,Callingtothem,avoicetheyknow,HedriveshisbeastsaboveCabra.Thevoicetellsthemhomeiswarm.Theymooandmakebrutemusicwiththeirhoofs.Hedrivesthemwithafloweringbranchbeforehim,Smokeplumingtheirforeheads.Boor,bondoftheherd,Tonightstretchfullbythefire!IbleedbytheblackstreamFormytornbough!JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 59Tutto ScioltoAbirdlessheaven,seadusk,onelonestarPiercingthewest,Asthou,fondheart,love'stime,sofaint,sofar,Rememberest.Theclearyoungeyes'softlook,thecandidbrow,Thefragranthair,FallingasthroughthesilencefallethnowDuskoftheair.Whythen,rememberingthoseshySweetlures,repineWhenthedearlovesheyieldedwithasighWasallbutthine?JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 60Watching the Needleboats at San SabbaIheardtheiryoungheartscryingLovewardabovetheglancingoarAndheardtheprairiegrassessighing:Nomore,returnnomore!Ohearts,Osighinggrasses,Vainlyyourloveblownbanneretsmourn!NomorewillthewildwindthatpassesReturn,nomorereturn.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 61What Counsel Has the Hooded MoonWhatcounselhasthehoodedmoonPutinthyheart,myshylysweet,OfLoveinancientplenilune,Gloryandstarsbeneathhisfeet---AsagethatisbutkithandkinWiththecomedianCapuchin?BelievemeratherthatamwiseIndisregardofthedivine,AglorykindlesinthoseeyesTremblestostarlight.Mine,OMine!NomorebetearsinmoonormistForthee,sweetsentimentalist.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 62When the Shy Star Goes Forth in HeavenWhentheshystargoesforthinheavenAllmaidenly,disconsolate,HearyouamidthedrowsyevenOnewhoissingingbyyourgate.HissongissofterthanthedewAndheiscometovisityou.ObendnomoreinreveryWhenheateventideiscalling.Normuse:WhomaythissingerbeWhosesongaboutmyheartisfalling?Knowyoubythis,thelover'schant,'TisIthatamyourvisitant.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 63Who Goes Amid the Green WoodWhogoesamidthegreenwoodWithspringtidealladorningher?WhogoesamidthemerrygreenwoodTomakeitmerrier?WhopassesinthesunlightBywaysthatknowthelightfootfall?WhopassesinthesweetsunlightWithmiensovirginal?ThewaysofallthewoodlandGleamwithasoftandgoldenfire---ForwhomdoesallthesunnywoodlandCarrysobraveattire?O,itisformytrueloveThewoodstheirrichapparelwear---O,itisformyowntruelove,Thatissoyoungandfair.JamesJoycewww.PoemHunter.com-TheWorld'sPoetryArchive 64Winds of MayWindsofMay,thatdanceonthesea,Dancingaring-aroundingleeFromfurrowtofurrow,whileoverheadThefoamfliesuptobegarlanded,Insilveryarchesspanningtheair,Sawyoumytrueloveanywhere?Welladay!Welladay!ForthewindsofMay!Loveisunhappywhenloveisaway!JamesJoyce