Item D Number 03722 G NotScannfld

Author Klingman, D. L.

Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service

Roport/Artido TitlB Usin9 Phenoxy Herbicides Effectively

Journal/Book Tltlo

Year 1971

Month/Day January

Color D

Number of Images 26

Doscripton Notes

Monday, December 31, 2001 Page 3722 of 3802

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICEUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK - - - EASTERN SHORE

Dear Friend:

Vegetable Research FarmRt. 5Salisbury, Maryland 21801

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Sent by .-

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Formers'Bulletin No. 2183 'U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

USING

PHENOXY HERBICIDESEFFECTIVELY

''*:.> • ̂ -̂ W^Ti fT1'{

•At.!>,«;;, "»>!!

COMMON AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES A

Common name Chemical name2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acidSilvex .. 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic

acidMCPA 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4-DB 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid

The U.S. Department of Agriculture has suspended the use ofliquid formulations of 2,4,5-T around the home and of all formula-tions on lakes, ponds, and ditchbanks. Also, the Departmenthas cancelled use of all formulations of 2,4,5-T on food crops andof dry formulations around the home. 2,4,5-T should not be usedin any of the above situations, and inclusion of 2,4,5-T in thispublication does not suggest such uses.

CONTENTSPage

How plants react 3Salts and esters 3"Acid equivalent" 5Application 5

General principles 5Methods 6

Testing output of sprayer 8Cleaning spray equipment 10Susceptibility chart ' 11

VM,FOLLOW THE LABEL "

U.S. DfrAIIMENT OF AGIICUUUJE

This bulletin supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 2005, "Using 2,4-D Safely."

Issued May 1962Washington, D.C. Revised January 1971

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents

USING PHENOXY HERBICIDES EFFECTIVELY2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA, Silvex, 2,4-DB

By D. L.,Klingman and W. C. Shaw, Crops Research Division,Agricultural Research Service

Phenoxy herbicides—chiefly2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1 silvex, MCPA, and2,4-DB—are used widely. Theyare used for controlling weeds inmany crops, on grazing lands, onlawns, and for killing unwantedbrush and trees. These herbicidesare especially useful because—• They are selective; they kill mostbroadleaf plants but do not killgrasses or grain crops,• They are potent; many speciesof weeds are controlled by less than1 pound of active ingredient peracre.• They are easy to use.• They are not poisonous to man,domestic animals, or game whenapplied at the recommended rates.• They do not accumulate in thesoil and they have no harmfuleffects on soil organisms.• They are not corrosive to spray-ing equipment.

HOW PLANTS REACT

When sprayed with phenoxyherbicides, leaves, green stems,twigs, flowers, and fruits usuallyabsorb the herbicides. Roots ab-sorb herbicides sprayed on the soil.

1 See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T onpage 2.

When they are applied to growingplants or to the soil, herbicidesrapidly become distributed in theleaves, stems, and roots and causesusceptible plants to die.

These herbicides are absorbedmost readily by plants that aregrowing rapidly. Annual weedsare easiest to kill when they areyoung. Perennial weeds are easyto kill while they are seedlings;after they are established, most per-ennials are easiest to kill at thetime flower buds appear.

Some broadleaf weeds are killedby very small amounts of phenoxyherbicides. Some are almost un-affected by very large amounts.

The chart on pages 12 to 24lists the susceptibility of manycommon weeds and woody plantsto control by 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1

MCPA, silvex, and 2,4-DB.

SALTS AND ESTERS

Phenoxy herbicides are usuallyformulated as acids, salts, andesters. Salt and ester formulationsusually are supplied as liquid con-centrates. The purchaser mixesthem before use. The salt con-centrates form solutions when mixedwith water. The ester concen-trates form solutions when mixedwith oil; they form milky-white

emulsions when mixed with water.Heat causes ester formulations to

release vapors. At temperaturesbelow 90° F., low-volatile estersare much less volatile than high-volatile esters, and are less likely todamage susceptible crops. Vaporsfrom either low- or high-volatileesters are about equally phytotoxicat temperatures above 90° F,

Vapors from ester formulations cankill susceptible plants growing nearthe area to which the formulations areapplied. Low-volatile esters aresafer—that is, less likely to harmsusceptible crops by toxic vapors—than high-volatile esters. Salt for-mulations are safest—they do notrelease enough vapors to causedamage.

High-volatile esters are less ex-pensive than low-volatile esters and

they can be used effectively andsafely if no susceptible crops aregrowing nearby.

Ester formulations of thephenoxy herbicides are generallymore potent, pound for pound, thansalts. They penetrate leaves andother plant surfaces more readilythan salts. When a range of ratesis recommended for herbicide ap-plication, use the lower rate foresters and the higher rate for salts.

Esters are more effective thansalts for killing weeds that aregrowing slowly because of droughtor cold weather. Esters usuallyare best for treating weeds in areasof low humidity; esters are formu-lated in oils and remain in moistcontact on foliage longer and pene-trate better than salts, which aremixed with water. And, because

BN-13721-X

Weeds in this field of small grain (treated part at right) were controlled with 2,4-D.The herbicide costs about 25 cents per acre.

they are oily, esters are less likelythan salts to be washed off foliageif rain falls soon after theirapplication.

"ACID EQUIVALENT"

Phenoxy herbicide concentratesare available in various strengths.The amount of active ingredientin the concentrate is indicated onthe container label as the numberof pounds of "acid equivalent" ineach gallon of concentrate.

Usually the strongest concen-trates are the most economical touse; they usually cost less perpound of acid equivalent thanweaker concentrates. For exam-ple, 1 gallon of a 2,4-D concen-trate containing 4 pounds of acidequivalent per gallon usually willcost less than 4 gallons of concen-trate containing 1 pound of acidequivalent per gallon, and it con-tains the same amount of activeingredient.

APPLICATION

General Principles

If herbicides are applied care-fully they can save you money andlabor. If they are applied careless-ly, they can kill your crops.

Some crops and ornamentalplants are extremely sensitive tophenoxy herbicides; they are se-verely injured or killed by smalltraces of the herbicides, such asspray drift or vapors.

The most sensitive of the cropsand ornamental plants include cot-ten, grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers,tobacco, mimosa, roses, and dog-wood. For more information

about sensitivity of your crops tophenoxy herbicides, ask your coun-ty agricultural agent.

When using phenoxy herbicidesnear sensitive plants, observe allprecautions regarding vapors, spraydrift, and cleanliness of equipment.

For safe and effective control ofweeds—• Get professional advice beforeapplying herbicides; ask your coun-ty agricultural agent, your Stateextension weed specialist, or otherlocal agricultural authorities forweed-control recommendations.• Use herbicides wisely: Follow la-bel precautions. Do not apply her-bicides for any use for which theyare not registered.• Avoid spraying on windy days.

Types of Phenoxy HerbicidesCommon// Available

SALTS, such as:

Amine (triethanolamine, diethanolamine,trimethylamine, diethylamine, and iso-propanolamine.

SodiumPotassiumAmmonium

ESTERS

High-Volatile, such as:

MethylEthylIsopropylButylAmyl

Low-Volatile, such as:

ButoxyethanolButoxyethoxypropanolEthoxyethoxypropanolIsoootylPropylene glycol butyl ether

• Do not apply ester formulationswhen the temperature is above 90°.• Check output of your sprayerfrequently to prevent over appli-cation of herbicides.• Avoid sprayer skips or over-lapping swaths.• Clean spray equipment immedi-ately after use.• Before using spray equipment forapplying insecticides or fungicidesto crops, test it for injurious tracesof herbicides.

Methods

Crop/ant/

You can apply herbicides oncropland as preemergence sprays(after the crop is planted but be-fore it or the weeds come up) oras postemergence sprays (after thecrop and weeds come up).

Most modern spray equipmentis designed for low-volume appli-cation—from about 5 to about 20gallons of spray per acre. With the

Cotton is extremely susceptible to phenoxy herbicides. This plantwas killed when it was accidentally sprayed with 2,4-D.

proper attachments, low-volumeequipment can be used for broad-cast spraying, band treatments, ordirected spraying.

Apply a broadcast spray if thecrop plants are not sensitive to theherbicide.

For broadcast application, thespray rig is equipped with amultiple-nozzle boom or a singleboomless nozzle.

Apply a directed spray if the cropplants are somewhat sensitive to theherbicide.

For directed application, the rigis equipped with a boom and dropnozzles, which are adjusted to spraythe weeds but no more than thebases of the crop plants.

Airplanes often are used forspraying nonrow crops, such assmall grains and rice.

Non cropland

Use a ground sprayer with boomto apply low-volume broadcastspray for the control of weeds,brush, and trees on grazing landand along irrigation canals.

Airplanes often are used for ap-plying low-volume broadcast spraysto noncropland areas that are toolarge, too rough, or have toomany obstructions for groundequipment.

Apply high-volume directedspray to kill brush and trees alongroads, utility lines, and fencerows,and aquatic weeds and brush alongirrigation and drainage canals.

Equipment for high-volumespraying usually has a large-capacity spray tank (over 100gallons per acre of spray may beused) and operates at relatively

high pressure (about 60 to 100pounds per square inch). The rigusually is equipped with a sprayhose and adjustable nozzle. Thespray often is applied as a drenchthat thoroughly wets the leavesand stems of the plants that areto be killed.

Apply sprays of ester formula-tions in diesel oil or kerosene tothe bark at the base of small treesor to cuts in the bark at the baseof large trees,

Phenoxy ester formulations withoil as a carrier can be absorbed bythe bark at the base of trees withtrunk diameters up to about 4

Spray Drift

Wind-carried droplets of phenoxyherbicides may kill susceptible cropsnear the area that is being treated.

To reduce the danger of damagingcrops with spray drift—• Use nozzles that apply a coarsespray.• Use low pressures—no more than35 pounds per square inch for boomsprayers, 100 pounds for spray guns.• Avoid spraying on windy days;do not spray with ground equip-ment or from airplanes when thewind velocity is sufficient to causedrift to sensitive crops.• Spray when wind is blowing awayfrom susceptible crops and towardthe area being sprayed.• Where special drift hazards exist,use one of the special drift-controlagents or formulations in properlydesigned and adjusted equipment.Get professional advice before usingthese.

RN-13879-X

Spray drift from a nearby application of phenoxy herbicideseverely injured this Concord grape vine.

inches. The spray usually is ap-plied with a small hand-operatedsprayer and the lower 6 to 12 inchesof bark on t>he trunk is thoroughlywetted with the solution.

The bark of many trees that areover 4 inches in diameter is toothick for the spray to penetrate.To kill these larger trees, it is neces-sary to ring the base of the treewith ax cuts and spray the estersolution into the cuts. The axcuts must go through the bark andinto the sapwood.

TESTING OUTPUT OFSPRAYER

Before mixing or applying herbi-cides on cropland, check the outputof your spray equipment. If youapply too little herbicide, it is in-effective. If you apply too much,it may kill your crops.

In the test, the tractor speed andthe pump pressure should be thesame as they will be when youapply herbicide. If your tractor isnot equipped with a speedometer,it is a good idea to make the test onthe same type of terrain that youplan to spray and to mark thethrottle setting that you use.

To test the output—• Fill the spray tank witli water.• Spray a strip exactly 220 yardslong.• At the end of 220 yards, stopspraying and measure, in quarts,the amount of water needed to refillthe spray tank.

To determine the spray output ingallons per acre, multiply the num-ber of quarts by 16.5 and divide theanswer by the width, in feet, of thespray strip.

Example: Your spray rig treatsa strip 20 feet wide. At operating

BN-13G81-X

The equipment used to apply insecticide to this tobacco plant had been used previouslyfor applying phenoxy herbicide. The tobacco was injured by herbicide traces thatremained in the sprayer.

speed and pressure, the rig uses 6quarts of water in 220 yards:

6X16.5 = 99.

99-^-20 = 4.95, or about 5 gallons of sprayper acre.

The output of the sprayer is forthe area treated. If your sprayeris adjusted to apply spray in bandsto row crops, calculate the totalwidth of the spray pattern. To dothis, multiply the number of nozzlesby the width that each nozzle treats.

If you are using 6 drop nozzlesand each treats a 20-inch width,then the total width of the spray

pattern is 10 feet, regardless of thenozzle spacing.

Output of the spray equipmentmay change because of enlargednozzle orifices or worn parts in thepump. Check the output periodi-cally to prevent application at thewrong rate.

After you know the output ofyour sprayer, you can mix the sprayaccurately. To calculate the totalamount of spray needed, multiplythe area to be sprayed, in acres, bythe output, per acre. Add therecommended amount of acid equiv-alent—in the form of herbicide

concentrate—to enough carrier(water or oil) to equal the totalamount of spray needed.

For example: The calculated out-put is 5 gallons per acre and youplan to spray 10 acres at a recom-mended rate of 1 pound of acidequivalent per acre. Thereforeyou will need a total of 50 gallons ofspray containing 10 pounds of acidequivalent.

The herbicide concentrate con-tains 4 pounds of acid equivalentper gallon. Add 2% gallons ofconcentrate (10 pounds total acidequivalent) to 47% gallons of water.

CLEANING SPRAYEQUIPMENT

Clean your spray equipment im-mediately after using it for apply-ing herbicides.

Some crops can be damaged orkilled by traces of phenoxy herbi-

cides that are left in the sprayerafter cleaning. Before applyingfungicides or insecticides to cropswith equipment that has been usedfor herbicides, test the equipmentfor herbicide traces.

Fill the tank witli water andspray a few of the crop plants.Sensitive plants such as tomato,cotton, and tobacco are good testplants. Wait a day or two afterspraying. If the crop plants showno distorted growth after this pe-riod, the equipment can be usedsafely for spraying the crop. Ifthe plants are distorted, then cleanthe spray equipment again. Re-test the equipment for cleanlinessbefore using it on crops.

For greatest safety with sensitivecrops, apply fungicides or insecti-cides with equipment that has notbeen used for applying herbicides.

You can clean spray equipmentquickly with a suspension of acti-

#-.,•

BK-11740-X

The right half of this field was sprayed with 2,4-D before the corn or weeds emerged.The left half of the field was not treated.

10

PRECAUTIONSPhenoxy herbicides are safe when stored, handled, mixed, and used in accord-

ance with label instructions and sound agricultural practices. Most herbicidesare low in toxicity. However, some can cause injury to man, many domesticanimals, and fish and wildlife if improperly used.

Most herbicides are toxic to many crop plants and ornamentals. Many arevolatile and their vapors and spray drift will cause damage to desirable plants.Avoid spraying when windy conditions exist.

.Keep herbicides away from children, livestock, and pets. Store herbicides inclosed, well-labeled containers in a dry place where they cannot contaminatefood, feed, or water.

When handling herbicides wear clean, dry clothing. Launder clothingafter each spraying operation before wearing again.

Do not inhale herbicides and avoid contact with spray mist and drift. Avoidrepeated or prolonged contact of herbicide with your skin. Avoid spillingit on any part of your body—especially your eyes, nose, and mouth. If youspill it on your body, wash it off with soap and water and remove contaminatedclothing.

To protect fish, wildlife, and livestock, do not clean spraying equipment ordump excess spray material near lakes, streams, or ponds.

Empty herbicide containers may be hazardous. Dispose of them in accord-ance with label instructions and the recommendations of your State Extensionweed science specialist or other local agricultural authorities. Do not burnherbicide containers.

vated charcoal in water. Use atleast ono-third of a tank of water.For each 10 gallons of water add% pound of activated charcoal and}« to % pound of laundry detergent.Agitate this mixture vigorously todistribute the charcoal through thewater.

Wash the equipment for 2 min-utes by swirling the liquid around inthe tnnk so that it reaches nil partsof the tank. Pump some of theliquid through the hose and nozzles.Then drain the tank and rinse theequipment with clean water.

SUSCEPTIBILITY CHART

The chart that follows lists theeffects of phenoxy herbicides when

applied as foliage sprays on a num-ber of common weeds. Normalrate of application for 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1 MCPA, or silvex is 1 pound per,ucre; normal rate of application for2,4-DB is 2 pounds per acre.

The control ratings for the herbi-cides are interpreted as follows:Excellent.—One application at nor-

mal rate kills the weed.Good.—Several applications at nor-

mal rate needed to kill the weed.Fair.'—Repeated applications at

normal rate or application athigher rates needed to kill theweed.

Poor.—Weed kill is erratic, evenat high rates of application.1 See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T on

page 2.

11

Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by @,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB

Plant name

Alder (Alnus spp )Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)Alyssum, hoary (Berteroa incana)Amaranth :

Green (Amaranthus hybridus) _ .Palmer {A pdl-ineri}See also Pigweed.

Arrowgrass seaside (Triglochin maritimci)Arrowhead:

Annual (Sagittario, calycina)Perennial (S longiloba,}

Aster :Many-flowered (Aster ericoides)Western (A occidentalis)White heath (A pilosus)Woody (XyloTrhiza parryi)

Baccharis, coyote brush (Baccharis salicina)Baileya desert (Baileya multiradicUti)Bassia five-hook (Bassid hyssopifolia)Cornflower:

Batchelor's button (Centdurea cyctnus)Bedstraw:

Cleavers (Gallium aparine)Smooth (G mollugo)

Beeplant, Rocky Mountain (Cleome serrulctia)Beggartick, devils (Bidens frondosa)Florida betony (Stdckys floridana)Bindweed:

Field (Convolvulus arvensis) -Hedge (C sepiuiri)

Bistort, American (Polygonum bistortoides)Blaekberrv (Rubus SDD.)- -- - -- - —

Type of plant

WoodyPerennialPerennial3 .

Annualdo

Perennial

AnnualPerennialWoody

Perennial _ _ jdo -do .. .do

Woody _ _ _PerennialAnnual

do .

doPerennial.Annual

do . .Perennial

do..- do . .

dodo .

Woody ._ ._

2,4-D

GoodPoor__Fair ...

Excellent ._do . .

Fair _ . .

ExcellentFair .None

Good. . _Poor _ .Fair__Poor .Excellent.GoodFair. . _

Excellent

PoorNone. .FairExcellentPoor

Fair ...Good _Fair

doNone

MCPA

GoodNoneFair. . .

Excellentdo

ExcellentFair.None

None

Nonedo

Excellent

FairGood

None_.

Control '

2,4,5-T2

ExcellentFairExcellent

.. dodo

Fair

ExcellentPoor

do

PoorFairPoor

Good

Poor. do

ExcellentPoor

FairGood

doFairGood

Silvex

ExcellentFair

Excellent

Excellent

Poor

FairPoor

Gooddo

Fair

Fair . ..

2,4-DB

Poor.

Excellent

Do

DoDo

DoDo

Fair

Do.

Blackeyed susan (Rudbeckia serotina)Bloodweed (Ambrosia aptera)Blueweed Texas (Helianthus ciliaris)Bouncingbet (So-ponaria officinalis)Boxelder (Acer negundo)Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) _ _ _ _Broomweed common (Gutierrezia dracuncu-

loides) .

Buckeye California, (Aesculus californica)Buckwheat:

Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum)Wild (F convolvulus)

Buffalobur (Solatium rostratum)Bulrush (Scirpus spp.)Burdock common (Arctium minus)

Buckbrush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus)Western (S. occidentalis)

Burroweed (Haplopappus tenuisectus)Buttercup :

Celery leaf (Ranunculus sceleratus)Corn (R. arvensis)Creeping (R repens)Tall (R acris)

Carpetweed (Mollugo verticillato)Carrot wild (Daucus carota)Catehfly night flowering (Silene noctiflora)Catsear spotted (Hypochoeris radicata)Catnip (Nepeta cataria)Cattail :

Broadleaf (Typha latifolia)

Ceanothus (Ctxtnothus spp )

Chickweed:

Field (Cerastium arvense)Mouseear (C. vulgatum)

See footnotes at end of table.

PerennialAnnualPerennial

doWoodyPerennialAnnual

Woodydo

Annual. do__do

PerennialBiennialAnnualWoody

do_. .Perennial

do _

Annual_ _ do . - .Perennial

dodo

AnnualBiennial __AnnualPerennial

_ -do_ -.

. _ do -do

Woodydodo

AnnualPerennial

do

GoodExcellentFairPoorGoodNoneGood

doFair

PoorFairNone-FairExcellent _

doGoodFairGood

_ do

FairGood-

do- doNoneExcellentFairNoneGood

. do

Fair-. - -do

. doGoodFair - -

do- do. do - .-

None

None

ExcellentFairNoneFairExcellent

do

NoneFair

Excellentdodo

None

Fair.NoneExcellent

Poor-do

Fair-do

Poor

do- do

-do-

doExcellent

PoorGoodNoneGood

doPoor

FairGoodNoneFairExcellent -

doFairPoorGoodExcellent

Fhrfwllpnt,dodo

Nonedo

FairNoneExcellent

do

Fairdo

GoodExcellentFair

Gooddodo

Excellent

PoorGoodNoneGood

None

Fair

FairExcellent

doNone

Excellentdodo

Nonedo

FairNoneExcellent

Fairdo

Poor

Excellentdodo

Do.

Do.

Good.

None.Excellent.

ExcellentGood.Excellent.None.Excellent.Fair.None.Excellent.

Poor.Do.

Fair.

Poor.

Fair.Poor.

Do.

Susceptibility of common weeds to control by %,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and ®,4-DB—Continued

Plant name

Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Cinquefoil:Blueleaf (Potentilla diversifolia)Common (P canadensis)

Sulfur (P recta)Cockle :

Corn (Agrostemma githago)White (Lychnis alba)

Cocklebur common (Xctnthium pensylvani-cum).

Coffeeweed (Daubentonia texana)Coyote brush (Baccharis pilulftris)

Cranebill cutleaf (Geranium dissectum)Cress hoary (Cctrdaria draba)Croton :

Lindheimer (Croton lindheimeri)Texas (C texensis)Wolly (C capitatus) - -

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Foothill (Z paniculatus)

Devil's claw (Proboscidea louisianica) -

Type of plant

Perennial- - -Woody

Perennialdo

Annual 3Perennial

Annual 8_ .PerennialAnnual

Woodydo

PerennialAnnual 3Perennial

Annual_ .do .

dodo

AnnualPerennial

- - -doAnnual 3Perennial

do . .WoodyAnnual _

2,4-D

Good - -Poor

FairGoodExcellentGood

Poor - _do

Excellent

doGood

Fair

Excellent- -do .- -_ do -FairNoneFairExcellentPoorFairGood- .Excellent

_-_do

MCPA

Good

Fair _. -.

Fair

PoorNoneFair - -..

ExcellentFair- _ .

Excellent- -

Excellent-

FairExcellent -Poor

Control '

2,4,5-T 2

Good -Fair

dodo

Good

Nonedo

Excellent

doFairExcellent

Fair

GoodExcellent ._

._ do

GoodExcellent _ _

PoorFairExcellent

Silvex

GoodFair

Fair

Fair

None

Good

Excellent

Fair

GoodExcellent _

_ _ do

FairExcellent _ _

2,4-DB

Fair.None

Do

NoneDo

Good

Fair.

Good.

Excellent.

NoneGood.Poor

Dock:Broadleaf (Rumex obtusifolius)Curlv (R> crispus)Fiddle (R. pulcher)Pale (R altissintus)Veiny (R. venosus)

Dodder:Ijargeseed (Cuscuta indecora)Smallseed alfalfa (C. pentagona) _ _ _

Duckweed common (Lemna minor)Elm (Ulmus spp.) - -Eveningprimrose common (Oenothera biennis)Falseflax smallseeded (Camelina microcarpa)Fennel dog (Eupatorium capillifolium)Fiddleneck coast (Amsinckia intermedia)Filaree, redstem (Erodium cicutarium)Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium)Fleabane:

Annual (Erigeron dnnuus)Oregon (E. speciosus) -Rough {E. strigosus)

Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) - _ -Franseria:

Bur (Franseria discolor)Woollyleaf (F tomentosa)

Galinsoga, hairv (Galinsoga ciliata)Garlic, wild (Allium vineale) -Geranium, Carolina (Geranium carolinianum)Goatsrue (Galega offinalis)Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) - _ _Gooseberry, sierra (Ribes roezli)Goosefoot:

Jerusalem-oak (Chenopodium botrys) -- _Nettleleaf (C. murale)Oakleaf (C. qlaucuiri)

Gooseweed (Sphenoclca zeylanica)Gourd, buffalo (Cucurbita foetidissia) _Goutweed, Bishops (Aegopodium podagraria)Grapehyacinth (Muscari botryoides)Greenbrier (Smilax bona-nox) _ _

Common (S. rotundifolia) _ _ _ _Gromwell (Lithospermum officinale)

See footnotes at end of table.

Perennialdodododo - .

Annual. -do

_ doWoodyBiennialAnnual

dodo

Annual 3Perennial

AnnualPerenniaL - _Annual 3

.do

Perennial _ _do

AnnualPerennial -Annual3Perennial

_.doWoody

AnnuaL.do

_.dodo

Perennial-_do -

doWoody

_doPerennial

Gooddo

ExcellentGoodFair .. ..

Poor-_do

do..doExcellent- doGood

doGood - -

do

Fair__doGoodExcellent. _

Fairdo

GoodFair .Good.Fair__do . .-Excellent

Fair .. .Excellent-do

FairPoorNone

None--do-

do

Fairdo

Good

None- do. . .

None

Fair

Fair-

Fair.

PoorExcellentPoorExcellent -

Excellentdo

Poor

PoorNone

Gooddo

Good

Nonedodo

FairGood

ExcellentGood

Good

do

Excellent

PoorExcellentPoorGood

Good

Excellentdo

Fair

Poor. do

GoodPoor

Good

Nonedo

NoneFairExcellent

Excellentdo

Excellent

do

Excellent

PoorExcellentNoneGood

FairPoor

Poordo

Fair.Fair.

Poor.

None.Do.

Do.

Do.Do.

Poor.

Excellent.

Good.

Poor.

Do.Excellent.

Do.Do.

None.

Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—'Continued

Plant name

Groundcherry:Clammy (Physalis heterophylla)Purple flower (P lobotct)Smooth (P subglabratct)Wrights {P wrightii)

Groundsel:Arrowleaf (Senecio triangularis}Common (5. vulgaris*) _

Riddell (S riddellii)Threadleaf (5 longilobus)

Gum:Sweet (Liquidambar styracifluci)Tupelo or black (Nyssa sylvaHca)

Gumweed (Grindelio, SQU&TTOSCL)Halogeton (Halogeton glomsratus) _ - - -Hawksbeard smooth (Crepis capillaris)Hawkweed:

Orange (fUeracium auruntiacuvri) -Yellow (H. pratense) ~ -

Healall (Prunella vulgaris) - - -Hellebore false western (VeratTum californicutri)Hemlock poison (Conium maculatum)Hemp (Cctnnabis sativa)

Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule)Hickory (CaTya spp ) -

Hogpotato (HoffmanseggiO' densiflora)Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)

Horsebrush. littleleaf (Tetradvmia alabraia) _

Woodydodo

AnnualPerennial

do - .Annual

doPerennial. _

do

Woodydo

PerennialAnnualAnnual 3

Perennial... -do -- -WoodyPerennial

doBiennial .Annual

dodo

WoodyPerennial

do .Woody _

dodo

2,4-D

Nonedodo

ExcellentFair

- doPoor . .Excellent

do.. -.Fair

Poor -NoneExcellentFair_ . ..Poor

Fair___doNoneGood

dodo

_ _ _ d oPoor. -do__-doExcellentNonePoor ... .FairPoor

MCPA

None.

Poor

Poor .-_Excellent

Poordo

__ do-- do

None._ do

Excellent

FairPoorFair .

None

Excellent

Control i

2,4, 5-T2

Fair

PoorExcellentFair

doNoneExcellent

Good .Fair

PoorNone

Poordo --.

FairPoor

FairGood

Fairdo

NoneFairGoodPoor

Silvex

Fair

PoorExcellentGood

NoneGood

Fairdo

PoorNone

Poordo

Excellent

GoodFair

None

Good

2,4-DB

None

Do

DoDo.

Good

NonePoor

NoneDo

ExcellentGood.

PoorNone.

Do

Horsenettle, Carolina (Solanum carolinense)Horsetail, field (Equisetum arvense)Horseweed, marestail (Erigeron canadensis)Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale)Indian-hemp (Apocynum cannabinum)Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata)Iris, Rocky Mountain (Iris missouriensis)Iron weed, Western (Vernonia baldwini). _ _Ivy, English (Hedera helix)Jerusalem-artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) _Jewelweed (Impatiens pallido)Jimmyweed (Haplopappus pluriflorus)Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) _Jointvetch, Northern (Aeschynomene vir-

ginica) .Juniper:

Alligator (Juniperus deppeana)One-seed (

Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—-Continued

Plant name

flora) .

Mallow:

Mesquite :

Broadleaf (A latifolia)

Monevwort (Lvsimachia nummularia) --

Type of plant

Annual3-- -.PerennialWoodyAnnualPerennial- _

WoodyPerennial

_ _doWoody--

Annual 3PerennialAnnual.- _doWoody

doAnnual

dodo

Woody --do -- -

Annualdo

Perennialdodo

- - d odo

Woody - .Perennial

2,4-D

Excellent __Fair _ - _

do _ExcellentNone

ExcellentFairGood- -Fair

PoorFair

doGood__

__-doPoorExcellent .-Fair

do

PoorNone _Excellent --Fair _Good_-Fair__ ...None

do-__do-_ - -

Excellent

MCPA

ExcellentNone

None

None

NoneExcellentPoorNoneGoodPoorFair

NoneExcellentFair

Nonedodo

Control i

2,4,5-T 2

FairGoodExcellentNone

Excellentdo

Fair

Poor

ExcellentFair

doGoodFair

do

doGoodExcellentGoodFxppllpnt,

Poordododo

Silvex

FairGoodExcellentNone

Excellent

Poor

FairGoodExcellentPoorGood

Fairdo

Gooddo

Fairdo

Good

2,4-DB

ExcellentNone

T^Tffllfnt

PoorN"oneExcellentN"onePoor

Fair.NoneExcellentNone

Do

DoDoDo

Poor

Morningglory:Common (Ipomoea purpurea)Ivyleaf (7. hederacea)Woolly (/. hirsutula)

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus)Mudplantain (Heteranthera limosa)Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)Mulberry (Morus spp.)Mulesears (Wyethio, amplexicaulis)Mullein:

Common (Verbascutn thapsus)Moth (V. blattaria)

Mustard:Black (Brassica nigra)Blue (Chorispora tenella)Haresear (Conringia orientalis) .Hedge (Sisymbrium ojficinale)Indian (Brassica juncea)Tumble (Sisymbrium altissimum)Wild (Brassica kaber)Wormseed (Erysimum cheiranthoides)

Nettle:Stinging ( Urtica dioica)Tall (U. procera) . . _ _

Niggerhead (Rudbeckia occidentalis)Nightshade:

Black (Solanum nigrum)Cutleaf (S trifloruiri)Silverleaf (S. elaeagnifoliitm)

Norcal bean (Sophora secundiflora)Nutsedge:

Purple (Cyperus rotundus)Yellow (C. esculentus)

Oak:Black (Quercus velutina)Blackjack (Q. marilandica)Blue (Q. douglasii)Gambel (Q. gambelii)Interior live (Q. wislizenii)Post (Q stellata)Scrub (Q dutnosa)Shinnery (Q. havardi)

See footnotes at end of table.

Annualdodo

WoodyAnnualPerennialWoodyPerennial

BiennialPerennial

Annualdodo__ _ _ _do

.do.dodo

Annual 3

PerennialAnnual.Perennial

Annualdo

Perennialdo

dodo

Woodydo. ...dodo

.do.dodo

.do

dodo-do

ExcellentPoorNoneGood

PoorFair.

ExcellentFair.Excellent.

dodo.dododo

Gooddo. . .do

Fairdo

Poor

Poordo

dodo.do

Poor.FairPoor.Fair. ._

Excellent

GoodNone _

Poor

ExcellentPoorGoodExcellent

doGoodExcellent

do

Fair

Nonedo

NonePoor

PoorNonePoor

Excellentdodo

PoorGoodNonePoorGood

Fairdo

ExcellentGood

Excellentdodododo

Fair

PoorExcellent

Nonedo

Fairdo

PoorFairPoorGoodFairExcellent

Excellent

Good

Fair

Gooddo

ExcellentGood

Good

Good

PoorExcellent

Nonedo

Fairdo

PoorGoodFairExcellent

Excellent.Do.

Poor.Fair.

None.

Excellent.None.

Excellent.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Fair.

None.Do.

Do.Poor.

Do.None.Poor.

K>O

Susceptibility of common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, sttvex, and 2,4-DB—Continued

Plant name

Oak — ContinuedTurbinella (Q turbinella)White (Q alba)

Onion wild (Allium canadense)Orache (Atriplex hastata)Osage-orange (MacluTa pomifera)Parsley desert (Lom&tium gTayi)

Partridgepea (Cassia fasciculata)Passionflower Maypop (Passijlora incarnata)

Pellitoryweed (Parietaria floridana)Penny cress field (Thlaspi arvense)Pennywort, lawn {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides)Penstemon Rydberg {Penstemon TydbeTgii)Pepperweed:

Field (l/epidiutn campestre)

Yellowflower (Z/ perfoliatuiri)

Texas (Z) texana}Pigweed:

Tumble (A albus)

Plantain:Blackseed (Plantago rugelii)

Buckhorn (P lanceolate,)Poison-ivy (Rhus Tadicans)Poison-oak (Rhus diversiloba) . _ __ . _

Type of plant

Woodydo -._

PerennialAnnual-WoodyPerennial _BiennialAnnual _ _Perennial _Annual

dodo

Perennialdo

AnnualPerennialAnnual- do-

Woodydo

Annualdododo

Perennialdodo

Woodydo

2,4-D

Fair...doGoodPoor _ .Excellent

dodo

FairGoodNoneExcellent _GoodFair

ExcellentFairExcellent _

doPoorExcellent-

dodo

.. doFair

Excellent- .dodo

Fair__ _ _ d o

MCPA

NonePoor

Excellent

Excellent

NoneExcellent —

Excellent. -

Excellentdo -

Excellent-dodo- - -

Poor

Excellent _do

GoodFair -Poor

Control >

2,4,5-T 2

PoorGoodPoor -Excellent-Good

Excellentdo

GoodExcellent

dodo

Poor

Good.Fair

ExcellentPoor

Excellentdo

.do-None

Excellent-dododo

_—do

Silvex

Fair

FairExcellent

Excellent

GoodExcellent

Fair

ExcellentFairExcellent

Excellentdo

Poor

GoodExcellent

dodo

_..do

2,4-DB

PoorNone.Poor

Excellent

NoneGood

None

Excellent

Do

DoDoDo.

None

Excellent.DoDo

None.Do.

Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)Pondweed (Potamogeton spp.)Ponyfoot (Dichondra repens) -Poorjoe (Ttiodia tares}Poppy Roemer (Roemeria refractct)Prickly-ash Northern (Xanthoxylutn arneri-

canum) .Pricklvpear (Opuntia spp.)Pricklv poppy (Argemone intermedia)Purslane common {Portulaca oleracea)Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris)Pusley Florida (Richardia scabra)Queensdelight (Stillingia sylvatica)Rabbi thrush:

Yellow (C. viscidiflorus)

Ragweed:Common {Ambrosia artemisiifolia)Giant (A. trifida)Western (A. psilostachya)

Rape Bird (Brassica rapa)Raspberry (Rubus spp.)

Redvine (Brunnichia, cirrhosa)

Rose:

Cherokee (R laevigata)Macartney {R bracteata)JMultiflora (R multiflora)Prairie {R pratincold)Woods (R. woodsii)

Rubberweed:Bitter (Hymenoxys odorata)Colorado (H richardsoni)

Rue, African (Peganum harmctla)Sage:

Creeping (Salvia sonomensis)Purple (S. leHcophytta) _ _ _ _ _ _

See footnotes at end of table.

Perennialdo

.do _.Annual-

doWoody ... .

PerennialAnnual

dododo

Perennial _

Woody_ .do.- -

Annual

...dodo

PerennialPerennial 3BiennialWoody .

dodo

Perennial. _Annual

Woody-do

...do-do

- do- -do

AnnualPerennial

do -

do .do

dodo

ExcellentGoodExcellentPoor

ExcellentFairGoodExcellentNone

Fair-do

Excellent

dodo

Gooddo

ExcellentPoor

dodo

NoneExcellent

NoneFair

doPoorFairNone

ExcellentGood

Good- _do

FairNone

Fair

Fairdo

Poor. .doExcellent

dodo

FairExcellentNone

NoneExcellent

Nonedo

Fair

GoodPoor

Good

Fair

do

Excellent

Poordo

Excellent

dododo

FairExcellentGood

doPoor

doExcellent

Fairdo

GoodFairExcellentFair

Fairdo

Good

GoodPoor

Fair

GoodFair

Poordo -

Excellent

dododo

FairExcellentGood

PoorExcellent

ExcellentGoodFair

^None

Fair

do

Fair.

Good.Do.

Excellent.

Do.Do.Do.

Poor.Excellent.None.

Do.Good.

None.

Fair.

KJ Susceptibility of common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—'Continued

Plant name

Sage — C ontinu ed

Sagebrush:

Salsify:

Meadow (T. pratensis)

Smart-weed:

Snake weed:

Sowthistle:

Soanishneedles (Bidens bimnnata) _ _ _ _ - -

Type of plant

Perennial

Woodydodo

Biennialdo, _ .

WoodyAnnual

doPerennial

dodo

Annualdo

Annualdo

Perennialdo

dodo

Annualdo

doPerennialAnnual

do

2,4-D

Good

doExcellent

do

Gooddo _

PoorFair

doGoodExcellentNoneGoodExcellentGood

dodo

PoorFair

do -GoodExcellentFair

ExcellentFairExcellent

do

MCPA

Poor

Good"

NoneFairGoodFair

NoneGoodExcellent

Fairdo

Fair

Excellent

ExcellentFair

Excellent..

Control !

2,4,5-T 2

Gooddodo

FairPoorGood. -.

do

NoneExcellent

_ do_ _ _ d o

Fair

. doGood. .ExcellentGood

ExcellentFairExcellent.

_-.do

Silvex

Fair

Good

GoodPoorExcellentFair

PoorGood

Fair

GoodFair .. _

Poor

doGood .. .Excellent

Fair

Excellent -_

2,4-DB

None

Poor.

None.

Fair.Do

None.Good

Do.Do.

Poor.

Good.Fair.

Excellent.Fair.Excellent.

10w

Speedwell:Common (Veronica officinalis)Corn (V. arvensis)Purslane (V. peregrina)-

Spikerush (Eleocharis palustris)Spurge:

Flowering (Euphorbia corollata)Leafy (E. esula)Spotted (E. maculata) _

Spurry, corn (Spergula arvensis)Squaw-berry (Rhus trilobata)Starthistle, yellow (Centaurea solstitialis)Sticktight, European (Lappula echinata)Strawberry, wild (Fragaria spp.)St Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)

Spotted (H . punctatum)Sumpweed, rough (Iva ciliata)Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) -Sweetclover, annual yellow (Melilotus indica)Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora)Tansy (Tanacetum vulgar e)Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata)Thistle:

Blessed (Cnicus benedictus). _Blue (Echium vulgare)Bull (Cirsium vulgare)Bristly (C. horridulum) _ -Canada (C. arvense)Russian (Salsola kali)

Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctorial _- -_Toadflax:

Blue (Linaria canadensis)Yellow (L. vulgaris) ._ . _ - _

Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) -Trumpet creeper (Catnpsis radic&ns)Velvet-leaf (Abutilon theophrasti)Vervain :

Blue (Verbena hastata)Hoary (V. stricta)Prostrate (V. bracteata) -Roadside (V bonariensis)

See footnotes at end of table.

PerennialAnnual

doPerennial

dodo

Annualdo

WoodyAnnual

. _ _ doPerennial

-dodo

Annual.dodo

WoodyPerennialAnnual

__ doBiennial

doPerennial 3

PerennialAnnual

do

Perennialdo

Woodydodo

Annual

Perennialdo

.dodo

Poordo

Fairdo

Poordododo

Fair.Good. - -Poor

doFairExcellent

dodo

PoorFair-Excellent

doFairExcellentFair.

doGood. do

PoorNone.,GoodFairPoorExcellent

doGood . ..Excellent -Good

Nonedodo-

Fair

None

Fair

None

GoodExcellent

None

FairExcellent

FairGood

None - - _FairNone

doGood

Nonedo

FairPoor

GoodPoor

doNonePoor

Poor

Fair

Excellent

PoorFair

FairExcellent

FairGoodExcellent

NoneFairExcellentFairGood

Poordo

Poor

FairFairFair

Fair

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

FairGood

NoneFairGoodExcellent

None.Do.

Poor.

None.

Do.Poor.None.

Do.

Excellent.Do.

Poor.

Excellent.

Fair.Good.

None.Fair.Poor.None.Excellent.

M Susceptibility of common weeds to control by %,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—-Continued

Plant name

Vetch:T^arrowleaf (Vicia angustifolia}Milk (Astragalus spp,)Two grooved (A bisulcatus)Wild (Vicia spp.)

Violet (Viola spp )Walnut, black (Juglans nigra) _ _ _ _Waterhemlock spotted (Cicuta maculatci)Water-hvacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)Waterplantain (Alismci triviale)Waterweed Canada (Elodea canadensis)Willow (Salix spp )Witch/weed (Striga asiatica}Woodsorrel yellow (Oxalis strictd)

Yarrow :Common (AchiUea millefolium}Western (A lanulosa)

Yellow-rocket (Barbarea vulgaris}

Type of plant

AnnualPerennial

doAnnualPerennialWoodyPerennial

dodo

_ doWoodyAnnualPerennialAnnualPerennial

do - -_do

Perennial 3WoodyPerennial

2,4-D

ExcellentGoodExcellent

doPoorExcellentGood

doExcellentFairGoodExcellentPoorGoodFair

PoorFairGoodExcellentNone

MCPA

Fairdo

ExcellentNone

Excellent _

Good _ ._Excellent _None_Fair

Poor.

Gooddo

Control '

2,4,5-T 2

ExcellentGood . _ _

Excellent

Excellentdodo

Good . .Excellent _

GoodFair

PoorFairGood

doPoor

Silvex

Excellent _

ExcellentGood

Excellentdo

_ doGood -._Excellent

-- do -

Poor

Fairdodo

2,4-DB

Excellent

Good.

Excellent.

None.Do.

Fair.None.

1 For explanation of control ratings, see "Susceptibility Chart," page 11.2 See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T, page 2.3 Sometimes biennial.