Item D Number 03722 G NotScannfld
Author Klingman, D. L.
Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service
Roport/Artido TitlB Usin9 Phenoxy Herbicides Effectively
Journal/Book Tltlo
Year 1971
Month/Day January
Color D
Number of Images 26
Doscripton Notes
Monday, December 31, 2001 Page 3722 of 3802
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICEUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK - - - EASTERN SHORE
Dear Friend:
Vegetable Research FarmRt. 5Salisbury, Maryland 21801
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Sent by .-
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Formers'Bulletin No. 2183 'U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
USING
PHENOXY HERBICIDESEFFECTIVELY
''*:.> • ̂ -̂ W^Ti fT1'{
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COMMON AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES A
Common name Chemical name2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acidSilvex .. 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic
acidMCPA 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4-DB 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has suspended the use ofliquid formulations of 2,4,5-T around the home and of all formula-tions on lakes, ponds, and ditchbanks. Also, the Departmenthas cancelled use of all formulations of 2,4,5-T on food crops andof dry formulations around the home. 2,4,5-T should not be usedin any of the above situations, and inclusion of 2,4,5-T in thispublication does not suggest such uses.
CONTENTSPage
How plants react 3Salts and esters 3"Acid equivalent" 5Application 5
General principles 5Methods 6
Testing output of sprayer 8Cleaning spray equipment 10Susceptibility chart ' 11
VM,FOLLOW THE LABEL "
U.S. DfrAIIMENT OF AGIICUUUJE
This bulletin supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 2005, "Using 2,4-D Safely."
Issued May 1962Washington, D.C. Revised January 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents
USING PHENOXY HERBICIDES EFFECTIVELY2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA, Silvex, 2,4-DB
By D. L.,Klingman and W. C. Shaw, Crops Research Division,Agricultural Research Service
Phenoxy herbicides—chiefly2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1 silvex, MCPA, and2,4-DB—are used widely. Theyare used for controlling weeds inmany crops, on grazing lands, onlawns, and for killing unwantedbrush and trees. These herbicidesare especially useful because—• They are selective; they kill mostbroadleaf plants but do not killgrasses or grain crops,• They are potent; many speciesof weeds are controlled by less than1 pound of active ingredient peracre.• They are easy to use.• They are not poisonous to man,domestic animals, or game whenapplied at the recommended rates.• They do not accumulate in thesoil and they have no harmfuleffects on soil organisms.• They are not corrosive to spray-ing equipment.
HOW PLANTS REACT
When sprayed with phenoxyherbicides, leaves, green stems,twigs, flowers, and fruits usuallyabsorb the herbicides. Roots ab-sorb herbicides sprayed on the soil.
1 See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T onpage 2.
When they are applied to growingplants or to the soil, herbicidesrapidly become distributed in theleaves, stems, and roots and causesusceptible plants to die.
These herbicides are absorbedmost readily by plants that aregrowing rapidly. Annual weedsare easiest to kill when they areyoung. Perennial weeds are easyto kill while they are seedlings;after they are established, most per-ennials are easiest to kill at thetime flower buds appear.
Some broadleaf weeds are killedby very small amounts of phenoxyherbicides. Some are almost un-affected by very large amounts.
The chart on pages 12 to 24lists the susceptibility of manycommon weeds and woody plantsto control by 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1
MCPA, silvex, and 2,4-DB.
SALTS AND ESTERS
Phenoxy herbicides are usuallyformulated as acids, salts, andesters. Salt and ester formulationsusually are supplied as liquid con-centrates. The purchaser mixesthem before use. The salt con-centrates form solutions when mixedwith water. The ester concen-trates form solutions when mixedwith oil; they form milky-white
emulsions when mixed with water.Heat causes ester formulations to
release vapors. At temperaturesbelow 90° F., low-volatile estersare much less volatile than high-volatile esters, and are less likely todamage susceptible crops. Vaporsfrom either low- or high-volatileesters are about equally phytotoxicat temperatures above 90° F,
Vapors from ester formulations cankill susceptible plants growing nearthe area to which the formulations areapplied. Low-volatile esters aresafer—that is, less likely to harmsusceptible crops by toxic vapors—than high-volatile esters. Salt for-mulations are safest—they do notrelease enough vapors to causedamage.
High-volatile esters are less ex-pensive than low-volatile esters and
they can be used effectively andsafely if no susceptible crops aregrowing nearby.
Ester formulations of thephenoxy herbicides are generallymore potent, pound for pound, thansalts. They penetrate leaves andother plant surfaces more readilythan salts. When a range of ratesis recommended for herbicide ap-plication, use the lower rate foresters and the higher rate for salts.
Esters are more effective thansalts for killing weeds that aregrowing slowly because of droughtor cold weather. Esters usuallyare best for treating weeds in areasof low humidity; esters are formu-lated in oils and remain in moistcontact on foliage longer and pene-trate better than salts, which aremixed with water. And, because
BN-13721-X
Weeds in this field of small grain (treated part at right) were controlled with 2,4-D.The herbicide costs about 25 cents per acre.
they are oily, esters are less likelythan salts to be washed off foliageif rain falls soon after theirapplication.
"ACID EQUIVALENT"
Phenoxy herbicide concentratesare available in various strengths.The amount of active ingredientin the concentrate is indicated onthe container label as the numberof pounds of "acid equivalent" ineach gallon of concentrate.
Usually the strongest concen-trates are the most economical touse; they usually cost less perpound of acid equivalent thanweaker concentrates. For exam-ple, 1 gallon of a 2,4-D concen-trate containing 4 pounds of acidequivalent per gallon usually willcost less than 4 gallons of concen-trate containing 1 pound of acidequivalent per gallon, and it con-tains the same amount of activeingredient.
APPLICATION
General Principles
If herbicides are applied care-fully they can save you money andlabor. If they are applied careless-ly, they can kill your crops.
Some crops and ornamentalplants are extremely sensitive tophenoxy herbicides; they are se-verely injured or killed by smalltraces of the herbicides, such asspray drift or vapors.
The most sensitive of the cropsand ornamental plants include cot-ten, grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers,tobacco, mimosa, roses, and dog-wood. For more information
about sensitivity of your crops tophenoxy herbicides, ask your coun-ty agricultural agent.
When using phenoxy herbicidesnear sensitive plants, observe allprecautions regarding vapors, spraydrift, and cleanliness of equipment.
For safe and effective control ofweeds—• Get professional advice beforeapplying herbicides; ask your coun-ty agricultural agent, your Stateextension weed specialist, or otherlocal agricultural authorities forweed-control recommendations.• Use herbicides wisely: Follow la-bel precautions. Do not apply her-bicides for any use for which theyare not registered.• Avoid spraying on windy days.
Types of Phenoxy HerbicidesCommon// Available
SALTS, such as:
Amine (triethanolamine, diethanolamine,trimethylamine, diethylamine, and iso-propanolamine.
SodiumPotassiumAmmonium
ESTERS
High-Volatile, such as:
MethylEthylIsopropylButylAmyl
Low-Volatile, such as:
ButoxyethanolButoxyethoxypropanolEthoxyethoxypropanolIsoootylPropylene glycol butyl ether
• Do not apply ester formulationswhen the temperature is above 90°.• Check output of your sprayerfrequently to prevent over appli-cation of herbicides.• Avoid sprayer skips or over-lapping swaths.• Clean spray equipment immedi-ately after use.• Before using spray equipment forapplying insecticides or fungicidesto crops, test it for injurious tracesof herbicides.
Methods
Crop/ant/
You can apply herbicides oncropland as preemergence sprays(after the crop is planted but be-fore it or the weeds come up) oras postemergence sprays (after thecrop and weeds come up).
Most modern spray equipmentis designed for low-volume appli-cation—from about 5 to about 20gallons of spray per acre. With the
Cotton is extremely susceptible to phenoxy herbicides. This plantwas killed when it was accidentally sprayed with 2,4-D.
proper attachments, low-volumeequipment can be used for broad-cast spraying, band treatments, ordirected spraying.
Apply a broadcast spray if thecrop plants are not sensitive to theherbicide.
For broadcast application, thespray rig is equipped with amultiple-nozzle boom or a singleboomless nozzle.
Apply a directed spray if the cropplants are somewhat sensitive to theherbicide.
For directed application, the rigis equipped with a boom and dropnozzles, which are adjusted to spraythe weeds but no more than thebases of the crop plants.
Airplanes often are used forspraying nonrow crops, such assmall grains and rice.
Non cropland
Use a ground sprayer with boomto apply low-volume broadcastspray for the control of weeds,brush, and trees on grazing landand along irrigation canals.
Airplanes often are used for ap-plying low-volume broadcast spraysto noncropland areas that are toolarge, too rough, or have toomany obstructions for groundequipment.
Apply high-volume directedspray to kill brush and trees alongroads, utility lines, and fencerows,and aquatic weeds and brush alongirrigation and drainage canals.
Equipment for high-volumespraying usually has a large-capacity spray tank (over 100gallons per acre of spray may beused) and operates at relatively
high pressure (about 60 to 100pounds per square inch). The rigusually is equipped with a sprayhose and adjustable nozzle. Thespray often is applied as a drenchthat thoroughly wets the leavesand stems of the plants that areto be killed.
Apply sprays of ester formula-tions in diesel oil or kerosene tothe bark at the base of small treesor to cuts in the bark at the baseof large trees,
Phenoxy ester formulations withoil as a carrier can be absorbed bythe bark at the base of trees withtrunk diameters up to about 4
Spray Drift
Wind-carried droplets of phenoxyherbicides may kill susceptible cropsnear the area that is being treated.
To reduce the danger of damagingcrops with spray drift—• Use nozzles that apply a coarsespray.• Use low pressures—no more than35 pounds per square inch for boomsprayers, 100 pounds for spray guns.• Avoid spraying on windy days;do not spray with ground equip-ment or from airplanes when thewind velocity is sufficient to causedrift to sensitive crops.• Spray when wind is blowing awayfrom susceptible crops and towardthe area being sprayed.• Where special drift hazards exist,use one of the special drift-controlagents or formulations in properlydesigned and adjusted equipment.Get professional advice before usingthese.
RN-13879-X
Spray drift from a nearby application of phenoxy herbicideseverely injured this Concord grape vine.
inches. The spray usually is ap-plied with a small hand-operatedsprayer and the lower 6 to 12 inchesof bark on t>he trunk is thoroughlywetted with the solution.
The bark of many trees that areover 4 inches in diameter is toothick for the spray to penetrate.To kill these larger trees, it is neces-sary to ring the base of the treewith ax cuts and spray the estersolution into the cuts. The axcuts must go through the bark andinto the sapwood.
TESTING OUTPUT OFSPRAYER
Before mixing or applying herbi-cides on cropland, check the outputof your spray equipment. If youapply too little herbicide, it is in-effective. If you apply too much,it may kill your crops.
In the test, the tractor speed andthe pump pressure should be thesame as they will be when youapply herbicide. If your tractor isnot equipped with a speedometer,it is a good idea to make the test onthe same type of terrain that youplan to spray and to mark thethrottle setting that you use.
To test the output—• Fill the spray tank witli water.• Spray a strip exactly 220 yardslong.• At the end of 220 yards, stopspraying and measure, in quarts,the amount of water needed to refillthe spray tank.
To determine the spray output ingallons per acre, multiply the num-ber of quarts by 16.5 and divide theanswer by the width, in feet, of thespray strip.
Example: Your spray rig treatsa strip 20 feet wide. At operating
BN-13G81-X
The equipment used to apply insecticide to this tobacco plant had been used previouslyfor applying phenoxy herbicide. The tobacco was injured by herbicide traces thatremained in the sprayer.
speed and pressure, the rig uses 6quarts of water in 220 yards:
6X16.5 = 99.
99-^-20 = 4.95, or about 5 gallons of sprayper acre.
The output of the sprayer is forthe area treated. If your sprayeris adjusted to apply spray in bandsto row crops, calculate the totalwidth of the spray pattern. To dothis, multiply the number of nozzlesby the width that each nozzle treats.
If you are using 6 drop nozzlesand each treats a 20-inch width,then the total width of the spray
pattern is 10 feet, regardless of thenozzle spacing.
Output of the spray equipmentmay change because of enlargednozzle orifices or worn parts in thepump. Check the output periodi-cally to prevent application at thewrong rate.
After you know the output ofyour sprayer, you can mix the sprayaccurately. To calculate the totalamount of spray needed, multiplythe area to be sprayed, in acres, bythe output, per acre. Add therecommended amount of acid equiv-alent—in the form of herbicide
concentrate—to enough carrier(water or oil) to equal the totalamount of spray needed.
For example: The calculated out-put is 5 gallons per acre and youplan to spray 10 acres at a recom-mended rate of 1 pound of acidequivalent per acre. Thereforeyou will need a total of 50 gallons ofspray containing 10 pounds of acidequivalent.
The herbicide concentrate con-tains 4 pounds of acid equivalentper gallon. Add 2% gallons ofconcentrate (10 pounds total acidequivalent) to 47% gallons of water.
CLEANING SPRAYEQUIPMENT
Clean your spray equipment im-mediately after using it for apply-ing herbicides.
Some crops can be damaged orkilled by traces of phenoxy herbi-
cides that are left in the sprayerafter cleaning. Before applyingfungicides or insecticides to cropswith equipment that has been usedfor herbicides, test the equipmentfor herbicide traces.
Fill the tank witli water andspray a few of the crop plants.Sensitive plants such as tomato,cotton, and tobacco are good testplants. Wait a day or two afterspraying. If the crop plants showno distorted growth after this pe-riod, the equipment can be usedsafely for spraying the crop. Ifthe plants are distorted, then cleanthe spray equipment again. Re-test the equipment for cleanlinessbefore using it on crops.
For greatest safety with sensitivecrops, apply fungicides or insecti-cides with equipment that has notbeen used for applying herbicides.
You can clean spray equipmentquickly with a suspension of acti-
#-.,•
BK-11740-X
The right half of this field was sprayed with 2,4-D before the corn or weeds emerged.The left half of the field was not treated.
10
PRECAUTIONSPhenoxy herbicides are safe when stored, handled, mixed, and used in accord-
ance with label instructions and sound agricultural practices. Most herbicidesare low in toxicity. However, some can cause injury to man, many domesticanimals, and fish and wildlife if improperly used.
Most herbicides are toxic to many crop plants and ornamentals. Many arevolatile and their vapors and spray drift will cause damage to desirable plants.Avoid spraying when windy conditions exist.
.Keep herbicides away from children, livestock, and pets. Store herbicides inclosed, well-labeled containers in a dry place where they cannot contaminatefood, feed, or water.
When handling herbicides wear clean, dry clothing. Launder clothingafter each spraying operation before wearing again.
Do not inhale herbicides and avoid contact with spray mist and drift. Avoidrepeated or prolonged contact of herbicide with your skin. Avoid spillingit on any part of your body—especially your eyes, nose, and mouth. If youspill it on your body, wash it off with soap and water and remove contaminatedclothing.
To protect fish, wildlife, and livestock, do not clean spraying equipment ordump excess spray material near lakes, streams, or ponds.
Empty herbicide containers may be hazardous. Dispose of them in accord-ance with label instructions and the recommendations of your State Extensionweed science specialist or other local agricultural authorities. Do not burnherbicide containers.
vated charcoal in water. Use atleast ono-third of a tank of water.For each 10 gallons of water add% pound of activated charcoal and}« to % pound of laundry detergent.Agitate this mixture vigorously todistribute the charcoal through thewater.
Wash the equipment for 2 min-utes by swirling the liquid around inthe tnnk so that it reaches nil partsof the tank. Pump some of theliquid through the hose and nozzles.Then drain the tank and rinse theequipment with clean water.
SUSCEPTIBILITY CHART
The chart that follows lists theeffects of phenoxy herbicides when
applied as foliage sprays on a num-ber of common weeds. Normalrate of application for 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,1 MCPA, or silvex is 1 pound per,ucre; normal rate of application for2,4-DB is 2 pounds per acre.
The control ratings for the herbi-cides are interpreted as follows:Excellent.—One application at nor-
mal rate kills the weed.Good.—Several applications at nor-
mal rate needed to kill the weed.Fair.'—Repeated applications at
normal rate or application athigher rates needed to kill theweed.
Poor.—Weed kill is erratic, evenat high rates of application.1 See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T on
page 2.
11
Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by @,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB
Plant name
Alder (Alnus spp )Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)Alyssum, hoary (Berteroa incana)Amaranth :
Green (Amaranthus hybridus) _ .Palmer {A pdl-ineri}See also Pigweed.
Arrowgrass seaside (Triglochin maritimci)Arrowhead:
Annual (Sagittario, calycina)Perennial (S longiloba,}
Aster :Many-flowered (Aster ericoides)Western (A occidentalis)White heath (A pilosus)Woody (XyloTrhiza parryi)
Baccharis, coyote brush (Baccharis salicina)Baileya desert (Baileya multiradicUti)Bassia five-hook (Bassid hyssopifolia)Cornflower:
Batchelor's button (Centdurea cyctnus)Bedstraw:
Cleavers (Gallium aparine)Smooth (G mollugo)
Beeplant, Rocky Mountain (Cleome serrulctia)Beggartick, devils (Bidens frondosa)Florida betony (Stdckys floridana)Bindweed:
Field (Convolvulus arvensis) -Hedge (C sepiuiri)
Bistort, American (Polygonum bistortoides)Blaekberrv (Rubus SDD.)- -- - -- - —
Type of plant
WoodyPerennialPerennial3 .
Annualdo
Perennial
AnnualPerennialWoody
Perennial _ _ jdo -do .. .do
Woody _ _ _PerennialAnnual
do .
doPerennial.Annual
do . .Perennial
do..- do . .
dodo .
Woody ._ ._
2,4-D
GoodPoor__Fair ...
Excellent ._do . .
Fair _ . .
ExcellentFair .None
Good. . _Poor _ .Fair__Poor .Excellent.GoodFair. . _
Excellent
PoorNone. .FairExcellentPoor
Fair ...Good _Fair
doNone
MCPA
GoodNoneFair. . .
Excellentdo
ExcellentFair.None
None
Nonedo
Excellent
FairGood
None_.
Control '
2,4,5-T2
ExcellentFairExcellent
.. dodo
Fair
ExcellentPoor
do
PoorFairPoor
Good
Poor. do
ExcellentPoor
FairGood
doFairGood
Silvex
ExcellentFair
Excellent
Excellent
Poor
FairPoor
Gooddo
Fair
Fair . ..
2,4-DB
Poor.
Excellent
Do
DoDo
DoDo
Fair
Do.
Blackeyed susan (Rudbeckia serotina)Bloodweed (Ambrosia aptera)Blueweed Texas (Helianthus ciliaris)Bouncingbet (So-ponaria officinalis)Boxelder (Acer negundo)Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) _ _ _ _Broomweed common (Gutierrezia dracuncu-
loides) .
Buckeye California, (Aesculus californica)Buckwheat:
Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum)Wild (F convolvulus)
Buffalobur (Solatium rostratum)Bulrush (Scirpus spp.)Burdock common (Arctium minus)
Buckbrush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus)Western (S. occidentalis)
Burroweed (Haplopappus tenuisectus)Buttercup :
Celery leaf (Ranunculus sceleratus)Corn (R. arvensis)Creeping (R repens)Tall (R acris)
Carpetweed (Mollugo verticillato)Carrot wild (Daucus carota)Catehfly night flowering (Silene noctiflora)Catsear spotted (Hypochoeris radicata)Catnip (Nepeta cataria)Cattail :
Broadleaf (Typha latifolia)
Ceanothus (Ctxtnothus spp )
Chickweed:
Field (Cerastium arvense)Mouseear (C. vulgatum)
See footnotes at end of table.
PerennialAnnualPerennial
doWoodyPerennialAnnual
Woodydo
Annual. do__do
PerennialBiennialAnnualWoody
do_. .Perennial
do _
Annual_ _ do . - .Perennial
dodo
AnnualBiennial __AnnualPerennial
_ -do_ -.
. _ do -do
Woodydodo
AnnualPerennial
do
GoodExcellentFairPoorGoodNoneGood
doFair
PoorFairNone-FairExcellent _
doGoodFairGood
_ do
FairGood-
do- doNoneExcellentFairNoneGood
. do
Fair-. - -do
. doGoodFair - -
do- do. do - .-
None
None
ExcellentFairNoneFairExcellent
do
NoneFair
Excellentdodo
None
Fair.NoneExcellent
Poor-do
Fair-do
Poor
do- do
-do-
doExcellent
PoorGoodNoneGood
doPoor
FairGoodNoneFairExcellent -
doFairPoorGoodExcellent
Fhrfwllpnt,dodo
Nonedo
FairNoneExcellent
do
Fairdo
GoodExcellentFair
Gooddodo
Excellent
PoorGoodNoneGood
None
Fair
FairExcellent
doNone
Excellentdodo
Nonedo
FairNoneExcellent
Fairdo
Poor
Excellentdodo
Do.
Do.
Good.
None.Excellent.
ExcellentGood.Excellent.None.Excellent.Fair.None.Excellent.
Poor.Do.
Fair.
Poor.
Fair.Poor.
Do.
Susceptibility of common weeds to control by %,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and ®,4-DB—Continued
Plant name
Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Cinquefoil:Blueleaf (Potentilla diversifolia)Common (P canadensis)
Sulfur (P recta)Cockle :
Corn (Agrostemma githago)White (Lychnis alba)
Cocklebur common (Xctnthium pensylvani-cum).
Coffeeweed (Daubentonia texana)Coyote brush (Baccharis pilulftris)
Cranebill cutleaf (Geranium dissectum)Cress hoary (Cctrdaria draba)Croton :
Lindheimer (Croton lindheimeri)Texas (C texensis)Wolly (C capitatus) - -
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Foothill (Z paniculatus)
Devil's claw (Proboscidea louisianica) -
Type of plant
Perennial- - -Woody
Perennialdo
Annual 3Perennial
Annual 8_ .PerennialAnnual
Woodydo
PerennialAnnual 3Perennial
Annual_ .do .
dodo
AnnualPerennial
- - -doAnnual 3Perennial
do . .WoodyAnnual _
2,4-D
Good - -Poor
FairGoodExcellentGood
Poor - _do
Excellent
doGood
Fair
Excellent- -do .- -_ do -FairNoneFairExcellentPoorFairGood- .Excellent
_-_do
MCPA
Good
Fair _. -.
Fair
PoorNoneFair - -..
ExcellentFair- _ .
Excellent- -
Excellent-
FairExcellent -Poor
Control '
2,4,5-T 2
Good -Fair
dodo
Good
Nonedo
Excellent
doFairExcellent
Fair
GoodExcellent ._
._ do
GoodExcellent _ _
PoorFairExcellent
Silvex
GoodFair
Fair
Fair
None
Good
Excellent
Fair
GoodExcellent _
_ _ do
FairExcellent _ _
2,4-DB
Fair.None
Do
NoneDo
Good
Fair.
Good.
Excellent.
NoneGood.Poor
Dock:Broadleaf (Rumex obtusifolius)Curlv (R> crispus)Fiddle (R. pulcher)Pale (R altissintus)Veiny (R. venosus)
Dodder:Ijargeseed (Cuscuta indecora)Smallseed alfalfa (C. pentagona) _ _ _
Duckweed common (Lemna minor)Elm (Ulmus spp.) - -Eveningprimrose common (Oenothera biennis)Falseflax smallseeded (Camelina microcarpa)Fennel dog (Eupatorium capillifolium)Fiddleneck coast (Amsinckia intermedia)Filaree, redstem (Erodium cicutarium)Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium)Fleabane:
Annual (Erigeron dnnuus)Oregon (E. speciosus) -Rough {E. strigosus)
Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) - _ -Franseria:
Bur (Franseria discolor)Woollyleaf (F tomentosa)
Galinsoga, hairv (Galinsoga ciliata)Garlic, wild (Allium vineale) -Geranium, Carolina (Geranium carolinianum)Goatsrue (Galega offinalis)Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) - _ _Gooseberry, sierra (Ribes roezli)Goosefoot:
Jerusalem-oak (Chenopodium botrys) -- _Nettleleaf (C. murale)Oakleaf (C. qlaucuiri)
Gooseweed (Sphenoclca zeylanica)Gourd, buffalo (Cucurbita foetidissia) _Goutweed, Bishops (Aegopodium podagraria)Grapehyacinth (Muscari botryoides)Greenbrier (Smilax bona-nox) _ _
Common (S. rotundifolia) _ _ _ _Gromwell (Lithospermum officinale)
See footnotes at end of table.
Perennialdodododo - .
Annual. -do
_ doWoodyBiennialAnnual
dodo
Annual 3Perennial
AnnualPerenniaL - _Annual 3
.do
Perennial _ _do
AnnualPerennial -Annual3Perennial
_.doWoody
AnnuaL.do
_.dodo
Perennial-_do -
doWoody
_doPerennial
Gooddo
ExcellentGoodFair .. ..
Poor-_do
do..doExcellent- doGood
doGood - -
do
Fair__doGoodExcellent. _
Fairdo
GoodFair .Good.Fair__do . .-Excellent
Fair .. .Excellent-do
FairPoorNone
None--do-
do
Fairdo
Good
None- do. . .
None
Fair
Fair-
Fair.
PoorExcellentPoorExcellent -
Excellentdo
Poor
PoorNone
Gooddo
Good
Nonedodo
FairGood
ExcellentGood
Good
do
Excellent
PoorExcellentPoorGood
Good
Excellentdo
Fair
Poor. do
GoodPoor
Good
Nonedo
NoneFairExcellent
Excellentdo
Excellent
do
Excellent
PoorExcellentNoneGood
FairPoor
Poordo
Fair.Fair.
Poor.
None.Do.
Do.
Do.Do.
Poor.
Excellent.
Good.
Poor.
Do.Excellent.
Do.Do.
None.
Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—'Continued
Plant name
Groundcherry:Clammy (Physalis heterophylla)Purple flower (P lobotct)Smooth (P subglabratct)Wrights {P wrightii)
Groundsel:Arrowleaf (Senecio triangularis}Common (5. vulgaris*) _
Riddell (S riddellii)Threadleaf (5 longilobus)
Gum:Sweet (Liquidambar styracifluci)Tupelo or black (Nyssa sylvaHca)
Gumweed (Grindelio, SQU&TTOSCL)Halogeton (Halogeton glomsratus) _ - - -Hawksbeard smooth (Crepis capillaris)Hawkweed:
Orange (fUeracium auruntiacuvri) -Yellow (H. pratense) ~ -
Healall (Prunella vulgaris) - - -Hellebore false western (VeratTum californicutri)Hemlock poison (Conium maculatum)Hemp (Cctnnabis sativa)
Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule)Hickory (CaTya spp ) -
Hogpotato (HoffmanseggiO' densiflora)Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
Horsebrush. littleleaf (Tetradvmia alabraia) _
Woodydodo
AnnualPerennial
do - .Annual
doPerennial. _
do
Woodydo
PerennialAnnualAnnual 3
Perennial... -do -- -WoodyPerennial
doBiennial .Annual
dodo
WoodyPerennial
do .Woody _
dodo
2,4-D
Nonedodo
ExcellentFair
- doPoor . .Excellent
do.. -.Fair
Poor -NoneExcellentFair_ . ..Poor
Fair___doNoneGood
dodo
_ _ _ d oPoor. -do__-doExcellentNonePoor ... .FairPoor
MCPA
None.
Poor
Poor .-_Excellent
Poordo
__ do-- do
None._ do
Excellent
FairPoorFair .
None
Excellent
Control i
2,4, 5-T2
Fair
PoorExcellentFair
doNoneExcellent
Good .Fair
PoorNone
Poordo --.
FairPoor
FairGood
Fairdo
NoneFairGoodPoor
Silvex
Fair
PoorExcellentGood
NoneGood
Fairdo
PoorNone
Poordo
Excellent
GoodFair
None
Good
2,4-DB
None
Do
DoDo.
Good
NonePoor
NoneDo
ExcellentGood.
PoorNone.
Do
Horsenettle, Carolina (Solanum carolinense)Horsetail, field (Equisetum arvense)Horseweed, marestail (Erigeron canadensis)Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale)Indian-hemp (Apocynum cannabinum)Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata)Iris, Rocky Mountain (Iris missouriensis)Iron weed, Western (Vernonia baldwini). _ _Ivy, English (Hedera helix)Jerusalem-artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) _Jewelweed (Impatiens pallido)Jimmyweed (Haplopappus pluriflorus)Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) _Jointvetch, Northern (Aeschynomene vir-
ginica) .Juniper:
Alligator (Juniperus deppeana)One-seed (
Susceptibility oj common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—-Continued
Plant name
flora) .
Mallow:
Mesquite :
Broadleaf (A latifolia)
Monevwort (Lvsimachia nummularia) --
Type of plant
Annual3-- -.PerennialWoodyAnnualPerennial- _
WoodyPerennial
_ _doWoody--
Annual 3PerennialAnnual.- _doWoody
doAnnual
dodo
Woody --do -- -
Annualdo
Perennialdodo
- - d odo
Woody - .Perennial
2,4-D
Excellent __Fair _ - _
do _ExcellentNone
ExcellentFairGood- -Fair
PoorFair
doGood__
__-doPoorExcellent .-Fair
do
PoorNone _Excellent --Fair _Good_-Fair__ ...None
do-__do-_ - -
Excellent
MCPA
ExcellentNone
None
None
NoneExcellentPoorNoneGoodPoorFair
NoneExcellentFair
Nonedodo
Control i
2,4,5-T 2
FairGoodExcellentNone
Excellentdo
Fair
Poor
ExcellentFair
doGoodFair
do
doGoodExcellentGoodFxppllpnt,
Poordododo
Silvex
FairGoodExcellentNone
Excellent
Poor
FairGoodExcellentPoorGood
Fairdo
Gooddo
Fairdo
Good
2,4-DB
ExcellentNone
T^Tffllfnt
PoorN"oneExcellentN"onePoor
Fair.NoneExcellentNone
Do
DoDoDo
Poor
Morningglory:Common (Ipomoea purpurea)Ivyleaf (7. hederacea)Woolly (/. hirsutula)
Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus)Mudplantain (Heteranthera limosa)Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)Mulberry (Morus spp.)Mulesears (Wyethio, amplexicaulis)Mullein:
Common (Verbascutn thapsus)Moth (V. blattaria)
Mustard:Black (Brassica nigra)Blue (Chorispora tenella)Haresear (Conringia orientalis) .Hedge (Sisymbrium ojficinale)Indian (Brassica juncea)Tumble (Sisymbrium altissimum)Wild (Brassica kaber)Wormseed (Erysimum cheiranthoides)
Nettle:Stinging ( Urtica dioica)Tall (U. procera) . . _ _
Niggerhead (Rudbeckia occidentalis)Nightshade:
Black (Solanum nigrum)Cutleaf (S trifloruiri)Silverleaf (S. elaeagnifoliitm)
Norcal bean (Sophora secundiflora)Nutsedge:
Purple (Cyperus rotundus)Yellow (C. esculentus)
Oak:Black (Quercus velutina)Blackjack (Q. marilandica)Blue (Q. douglasii)Gambel (Q. gambelii)Interior live (Q. wislizenii)Post (Q stellata)Scrub (Q dutnosa)Shinnery (Q. havardi)
See footnotes at end of table.
Annualdodo
WoodyAnnualPerennialWoodyPerennial
BiennialPerennial
Annualdodo__ _ _ _do
.do.dodo
Annual 3
PerennialAnnual.Perennial
Annualdo
Perennialdo
dodo
Woodydo. ...dodo
.do.dodo
.do
dodo-do
ExcellentPoorNoneGood
PoorFair.
ExcellentFair.Excellent.
dodo.dododo
Gooddo. . .do
Fairdo
Poor
Poordo
dodo.do
Poor.FairPoor.Fair. ._
Excellent
GoodNone _
Poor
ExcellentPoorGoodExcellent
doGoodExcellent
do
Fair
Nonedo
NonePoor
PoorNonePoor
Excellentdodo
PoorGoodNonePoorGood
Fairdo
ExcellentGood
Excellentdodododo
Fair
PoorExcellent
Nonedo
Fairdo
PoorFairPoorGoodFairExcellent
Excellent
Good
Fair
Gooddo
ExcellentGood
Good
Good
PoorExcellent
Nonedo
Fairdo
PoorGoodFairExcellent
Excellent.Do.
Poor.Fair.
None.
Excellent.None.
Excellent.Do.Do.Do.Do.
Fair.
None.Do.
Do.Poor.
Do.None.Poor.
K>O
Susceptibility of common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, sttvex, and 2,4-DB—Continued
Plant name
Oak — ContinuedTurbinella (Q turbinella)White (Q alba)
Onion wild (Allium canadense)Orache (Atriplex hastata)Osage-orange (MacluTa pomifera)Parsley desert (Lom&tium gTayi)
Partridgepea (Cassia fasciculata)Passionflower Maypop (Passijlora incarnata)
Pellitoryweed (Parietaria floridana)Penny cress field (Thlaspi arvense)Pennywort, lawn {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides)Penstemon Rydberg {Penstemon TydbeTgii)Pepperweed:
Field (l/epidiutn campestre)
Yellowflower (Z/ perfoliatuiri)
Texas (Z) texana}Pigweed:
Tumble (A albus)
Plantain:Blackseed (Plantago rugelii)
Buckhorn (P lanceolate,)Poison-ivy (Rhus Tadicans)Poison-oak (Rhus diversiloba) . _ __ . _
Type of plant
Woodydo -._
PerennialAnnual-WoodyPerennial _BiennialAnnual _ _Perennial _Annual
dodo
Perennialdo
AnnualPerennialAnnual- do-
Woodydo
Annualdododo
Perennialdodo
Woodydo
2,4-D
Fair...doGoodPoor _ .Excellent
dodo
FairGoodNoneExcellent _GoodFair
ExcellentFairExcellent _
doPoorExcellent-
dodo
.. doFair
Excellent- .dodo
Fair__ _ _ d o
MCPA
NonePoor
Excellent
Excellent
NoneExcellent —
Excellent. -
Excellentdo -
Excellent-dodo- - -
Poor
Excellent _do
GoodFair -Poor
Control >
2,4,5-T 2
PoorGoodPoor -Excellent-Good
Excellentdo
GoodExcellent
dodo
Poor
Good.Fair
ExcellentPoor
Excellentdo
.do-None
Excellent-dododo
_—do
Silvex
Fair
FairExcellent
Excellent
GoodExcellent
Fair
ExcellentFairExcellent
Excellentdo
Poor
GoodExcellent
dodo
_..do
2,4-DB
PoorNone.Poor
Excellent
NoneGood
None
Excellent
Do
DoDoDo.
None
Excellent.DoDo
None.Do.
Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)Pondweed (Potamogeton spp.)Ponyfoot (Dichondra repens) -Poorjoe (Ttiodia tares}Poppy Roemer (Roemeria refractct)Prickly-ash Northern (Xanthoxylutn arneri-
canum) .Pricklvpear (Opuntia spp.)Pricklv poppy (Argemone intermedia)Purslane common {Portulaca oleracea)Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris)Pusley Florida (Richardia scabra)Queensdelight (Stillingia sylvatica)Rabbi thrush:
Yellow (C. viscidiflorus)
Ragweed:Common {Ambrosia artemisiifolia)Giant (A. trifida)Western (A. psilostachya)
Rape Bird (Brassica rapa)Raspberry (Rubus spp.)
Redvine (Brunnichia, cirrhosa)
Rose:
Cherokee (R laevigata)Macartney {R bracteata)JMultiflora (R multiflora)Prairie {R pratincold)Woods (R. woodsii)
Rubberweed:Bitter (Hymenoxys odorata)Colorado (H richardsoni)
Rue, African (Peganum harmctla)Sage:
Creeping (Salvia sonomensis)Purple (S. leHcophytta) _ _ _ _ _ _
See footnotes at end of table.
Perennialdo
.do _.Annual-
doWoody ... .
PerennialAnnual
dododo
Perennial _
Woody_ .do.- -
Annual
...dodo
PerennialPerennial 3BiennialWoody .
dodo
Perennial. _Annual
Woody-do
...do-do
- do- -do
AnnualPerennial
do -
do .do
dodo
ExcellentGoodExcellentPoor
ExcellentFairGoodExcellentNone
Fair-do
Excellent
dodo
Gooddo
ExcellentPoor
dodo
NoneExcellent
NoneFair
doPoorFairNone
ExcellentGood
Good- _do
FairNone
Fair
Fairdo
Poor. .doExcellent
dodo
FairExcellentNone
NoneExcellent
Nonedo
Fair
GoodPoor
Good
Fair
do
Excellent
Poordo
Excellent
dododo
FairExcellentGood
doPoor
doExcellent
Fairdo
GoodFairExcellentFair
Fairdo
Good
GoodPoor
Fair
GoodFair
Poordo -
Excellent
dododo
FairExcellentGood
PoorExcellent
ExcellentGoodFair
^None
Fair
do
Fair.
Good.Do.
Excellent.
Do.Do.Do.
Poor.Excellent.None.
Do.Good.
None.
Fair.
KJ Susceptibility of common weeds to control by 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—'Continued
Plant name
Sage — C ontinu ed
Sagebrush:
Salsify:
Meadow (T. pratensis)
Smart-weed:
Snake weed:
Sowthistle:
Soanishneedles (Bidens bimnnata) _ _ _ _ - -
Type of plant
Perennial
Woodydodo
Biennialdo, _ .
WoodyAnnual
doPerennial
dodo
Annualdo
Annualdo
Perennialdo
dodo
Annualdo
doPerennialAnnual
do
2,4-D
Good
doExcellent
do
Gooddo _
PoorFair
doGoodExcellentNoneGoodExcellentGood
dodo
PoorFair
do -GoodExcellentFair
ExcellentFairExcellent
do
MCPA
Poor
Good"
NoneFairGoodFair
NoneGoodExcellent
Fairdo
Fair
Excellent
ExcellentFair
Excellent..
Control !
2,4,5-T 2
Gooddodo
FairPoorGood. -.
do
NoneExcellent
_ do_ _ _ d o
Fair
. doGood. .ExcellentGood
ExcellentFairExcellent.
_-.do
Silvex
Fair
Good
GoodPoorExcellentFair
PoorGood
Fair
GoodFair .. _
Poor
doGood .. .Excellent
Fair
Excellent -_
2,4-DB
None
Poor.
None.
Fair.Do
None.Good
Do.Do.
Poor.
Good.Fair.
Excellent.Fair.Excellent.
10w
Speedwell:Common (Veronica officinalis)Corn (V. arvensis)Purslane (V. peregrina)-
Spikerush (Eleocharis palustris)Spurge:
Flowering (Euphorbia corollata)Leafy (E. esula)Spotted (E. maculata) _
Spurry, corn (Spergula arvensis)Squaw-berry (Rhus trilobata)Starthistle, yellow (Centaurea solstitialis)Sticktight, European (Lappula echinata)Strawberry, wild (Fragaria spp.)St Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)
Spotted (H . punctatum)Sumpweed, rough (Iva ciliata)Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) -Sweetclover, annual yellow (Melilotus indica)Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora)Tansy (Tanacetum vulgar e)Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata)Thistle:
Blessed (Cnicus benedictus). _Blue (Echium vulgare)Bull (Cirsium vulgare)Bristly (C. horridulum) _ -Canada (C. arvense)Russian (Salsola kali)
Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctorial _- -_Toadflax:
Blue (Linaria canadensis)Yellow (L. vulgaris) ._ . _ - _
Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) -Trumpet creeper (Catnpsis radic&ns)Velvet-leaf (Abutilon theophrasti)Vervain :
Blue (Verbena hastata)Hoary (V. stricta)Prostrate (V. bracteata) -Roadside (V bonariensis)
See footnotes at end of table.
PerennialAnnual
doPerennial
dodo
Annualdo
WoodyAnnual
. _ _ doPerennial
-dodo
Annual.dodo
WoodyPerennialAnnual
__ doBiennial
doPerennial 3
PerennialAnnual
do
Perennialdo
Woodydodo
Annual
Perennialdo
.dodo
Poordo
Fairdo
Poordododo
Fair.Good. - -Poor
doFairExcellent
dodo
PoorFair-Excellent
doFairExcellentFair.
doGood. do
PoorNone.,GoodFairPoorExcellent
doGood . ..Excellent -Good
Nonedodo-
Fair
None
Fair
None
GoodExcellent
None
FairExcellent
FairGood
None - - _FairNone
doGood
Nonedo
FairPoor
GoodPoor
doNonePoor
Poor
Fair
Excellent
PoorFair
FairExcellent
FairGoodExcellent
NoneFairExcellentFairGood
Poordo
Poor
FairFairFair
Fair
Excellent
Poor
Excellent
FairGood
NoneFairGoodExcellent
None.Do.
Poor.
None.
Do.Poor.None.
Do.
Excellent.Do.
Poor.
Excellent.
Fair.Good.
None.Fair.Poor.None.Excellent.
M Susceptibility of common weeds to control by %,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T, silvex, and 2,4-DB—-Continued
Plant name
Vetch:T^arrowleaf (Vicia angustifolia}Milk (Astragalus spp,)Two grooved (A bisulcatus)Wild (Vicia spp.)
Violet (Viola spp )Walnut, black (Juglans nigra) _ _ _ _Waterhemlock spotted (Cicuta maculatci)Water-hvacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)Waterplantain (Alismci triviale)Waterweed Canada (Elodea canadensis)Willow (Salix spp )Witch/weed (Striga asiatica}Woodsorrel yellow (Oxalis strictd)
Yarrow :Common (AchiUea millefolium}Western (A lanulosa)
Yellow-rocket (Barbarea vulgaris}
Type of plant
AnnualPerennial
doAnnualPerennialWoodyPerennial
dodo
_ doWoodyAnnualPerennialAnnualPerennial
do - -_do
Perennial 3WoodyPerennial
2,4-D
ExcellentGoodExcellent
doPoorExcellentGood
doExcellentFairGoodExcellentPoorGoodFair
PoorFairGoodExcellentNone
MCPA
Fairdo
ExcellentNone
Excellent _
Good _ ._Excellent _None_Fair
Poor.
Gooddo
Control '
2,4,5-T 2
ExcellentGood . _ _
Excellent
Excellentdodo
Good . .Excellent _
GoodFair
PoorFairGood
doPoor
Silvex
Excellent _
ExcellentGood
Excellentdo
_ doGood -._Excellent
-- do -
Poor
Fairdodo
2,4-DB
Excellent
Good.
Excellent.
None.Do.
Fair.None.
1 For explanation of control ratings, see "Susceptibility Chart," page 11.2 See limitation on use of 2,4,5-T, page 2.3 Sometimes biennial.
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