Isu Global (1)

8/16/2019 Isu Global (1)

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Table of Contents

Preface……………………………………………………………………….2

Summary of Research Methods……………………………………………...4

Background…………………………………………………………………..5

Expert………………………………………………………………………...8

Roe of !ontro………………………………………………………………."4

#og$c of E%$………………………………………………………………....."&

!ase Stud$es…………………………………………………………………..2' ( 28

!h$na………………………………………………………………….2'

)nd$a…………………………………………………………………...2*

+orth ,orea…………………………………………………………...2-

)nternat$ona rgan$/at$ons……………………………………………………20

!anad$an !onnect$ons…………………………………………………………*2

Sout$ons……………………………………………………………………….*5

1orks !$ted……………………………………………………………………*0

ppend$x…………………………………………………………………….....4*

B$3$ography……………………………………………………………………44

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Preface

)t $s fr$ghten$ng to th$nk that So ong as nucear eapons cont$nue to ex$st6 so $ the

temptat$on to threaten others $th o%erhem$ng m$$tary force7 +ucear 1eapons 9uotes:

though there $s some amount of truth $n th$s statement6 $t $s $mportant to recogn$/e the fas$t$es.

1h$e the ;n$ted +at$ons can agree that +ucear eapons are the most dangerous eapons on

earth7 ;+<:6 peope cannot assume that the har3our$ng of a eapon $ ead to the ut$mate

destruct$on of mank$nd. Rather6 the extent a country may go to =ust to ac>u$re someth$ng $th the

capa3$$ty of destroy$ng the ord $s the remarka3e part of $t. ?he $ntent$on of th$s report $s to

expore the pursu$t 3y many nat$ons to o3ta$n nucear eapons. ?hrough th$s $t $ 3e cear to

see that th$s >uest eads to the corrupt$on of go%ernment6 the o%era ack of safety $n the ord6

and the dra$n of resources $th$n the go3a commun$ty.

?hroughout h$story the thought of poer and contro has ed to fa of so many countr$es.

Paces $ke Soma$a6 +orth ,orea and Sudan are exampes of go%ernments turn$ng on the$r on

c$t$/ens to 3enef$t the peope $n h$gher pos$t$ons. ?he common factor among these types of

countr$es $s that the po$t$ca off$c$as are $%$ng $n great amounts of eath. ne th$ng that

contr$3utes to the corrupt$on of go%ernment $s the $$c$t nucear trade6 )ran pro%$ded the 1h$te

@ouse $th a $st of pr$soners $t anted reeased... that heped open the door to nucear

negot$at$ons7 3r$ght A Str$cker6 2'"5:. )ran $s a country that $s desperatey try$ng to get a hod

of nucear eapons6 $th the reputat$on they ha%e as a country $t $s not surpr$s$ng hat they are

$$ng to do. ?he country orked $th the ;n$ted States6 and used an $n%$tat$on for fr$endy

reat$ons to the$r 3enef$t. )nstead of tak$ng respons$3$$ty for the$r c$t$/ens m$stakes6 they $n%$ted

corrupt$on $nto the$r country 3y trad$ng human $%es for eapons. !orrupt$on not ony sos

econom$c groth 3ut fues po$t$ca $nsta3$$ty7 ,hodro%osky6 2'"':. Soc$ety desperatey needs

to progress 3ut $t $s common to see de%eop$ng countr$es $th c$t$/ens $%$ng e 3eo the

po%erty $ne cont$nue to get more poor. )nstances $ke th$s are due to the $ne>ua$ty $n go%ernment

systemsC h$ch often resuts $n money 3e$ng used $n the rong ay. )t $s $mportant to remem3er

that the future depends on ho honest and strong fore$gn eaders $ 3e7 ,hodro%osky6 2'"':.

Safety $s h$ghy %aued amongst a peopeC somet$mes certa$n popuat$ons $ke peope $n

+orth mer$ca do not rea$/e ho much safety they ha%e. )n compar$son6 peope ho $%ed $n

fghan$stan dur$ng the "00's ere $%$ng $n constant fear e%eryday from the ?a$3an and unt$

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no they pro3a3y st$ do to some extent. ?ogether n$ne countr$es posses more than "5 '''

nucear eapons7 +ucear rsenas:. ne nucear eapon aone has the poer to competey

de%astate a sma country. S$nce there are amost 2'' countr$es6 e ha%e enough eapons to drop

roughy &5 on each country. ?h$s $ competey erase any form of human $fe6 and $t $s a

3ecause each country fees the need to 3e more poerfu than another. ?he safety of the ent$re

ord $s $n =eopardy 3ecause the peope $n poer are so desperatey seek$ng an $nfuence on the

ord e%en though $t oud 3e out of the$r on fear. nucear eapon has not 3een used $n ar

s$nce "0456 the tests of these eapons hoe%er6 are cont$nuousy ongo$ng. )n "054 the ;S

detonated a hydrogen 3om3 at B$k$n$ to6 contam$nat$ng res$dents of Rongeap and ;t$r$k7

+ucear 1eapons ?$me$ne:. ?he ;n$ted States takes ad%antage of the poer they ha%e and tests

a eapon that they kno $ cause harm on an $sand $th $nha3$tants. ?he popuat$on $s not the

$mportant matter 3ut the audac$ty of a human 3e$ng to r$sk human $%es for such an uneth$ca

purpose. )n the process of ga$n$ng th$s nucear technoogy many $%es are at stake.

Dor more than haf a century the nucear eapons programmes d$%ert pu3$c funds from

heath care6 educat$on6 d$saster re$ef and other %$ta ser%$ces7 rguments for +ucear

3o$t$on:. ?he so caed need for these eapons $s remo%$ng $mportance from the many soc$a

programs that coud 3e $mpro%$ng a country. Resources are 3e$ng dra$ned a $n an effort to

o3ta$n nucear eapons and soon th$s $ 3e to the detr$ment of these countr$es. )n 2'"'6 the

ord spent o%er n$nety(one 3$$on doars on nucear eapons. ?h$s amount of money eas$y

coud ha%e 3een used to decrease po%erty or g$%e ch$dren a 3etter educat$on. )n years to come

the spend$ng amount $ ony $ncrease and the marg$n that separates the need for soc$a

programs and the amount of nucear eapons $ aso $ncrease. !onse>uenty the amount of

money used on nucear eapons $s dra$n$ng the funds that are needed $n other areas.

?hrough the search for nucear eapons the corrupt$on of go%ernment6 the ack of go3a

safety and the dra$n$ng of resources $s $ne%$ta3e. )t $s $mportant to remem3er that e%en though

nucear eapons hod the capa3$$ty of destroy$ng the ord6 the countr$es that are seek$ng them

go through extreme engths =ust to o3ta$n these eapons. ?he amount of contro a eapon of

mass destruct$on has on one country et aone the ord $s $ncred$3y fr$ghten$ng.

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Summary of Research Methods

?h$s paper $s 3ased around nucear eapons6 these eapons started to 3ecome go3ay

ree%ant $n the "05's. Dor th$s reason6 the research used $s fa$ry current compared the ong span

of h$story the ord pro%$des. Most of the $nformat$on $s from on$ne data3ases $ke Ebsco and

Proquest . ?hrough these e3s$tes art$ces and schoary 3ooks ere found that spoke a3out the

$nk 3eteen corrupt$on and nucear eapons. 1hat made the $nformat$on %a$d from these

pu3$shed orks as the repet$t$on of the $nformat$on throughout other art$ces from s$tes $ke

The Guardian, Huffington Post and Foreign Affairs h$ch $s a su3scr$pt$on s$te that pro%$des

$nformat$on on countr$es that date 3acks to the eary "0''s. ?he $nformat$on g$%en usuay has

some ree%ancy to po$t$cs and $s r$tten 3y po$t$ca anaysts. )n add$t$on to th$s6 $nternat$ona

organ$/at$ons had trustorthy $nformat$on $ncud$ng paces $ke UNODA and ISISOn!ine.

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Background

+ucear eapons are a part of a ne age of technoogy $n the ord. ?he f$rst nucear

eapon as used $n the Second 1ord 1ar to 3om3 the apanese c$t$es of @$rosh$ma and

+agasak$. S$nce then6 the ord has 3een $n a race to o3ta$n nucear technoogy and gather the

most eapons. ?he Manhattan Pro=ect as created dur$ng the "04's6 $t used o%er 2 3$$on

doars and empoyed "2' ''' mer$cans to de%eop the f$rst atom$c 3om3 B$nder6 2'"-:. ?h$s

pro=ect as the f$rst of $ts k$nd and as %ery secret$%eC $t as paramount that dur$ng the ar the

x$s poers d$d not kno hat as 3e$ng d$scussed 3eteen the phys$c$sts. fter the f$rst 3om3

as tested $n +e Mex$co6 the nucear arms race had off$c$ay 3egun B$nder6 2'"-:.

fter the x$s poers had 3een defeated6 $t as e%$dent that $n order to 3e an $nfuent$a

country $n the ord6 nucear eapons oud ha%e to 3e ac>u$red. t the same t$me the ;n$ted

+at$ons Fenera ssem3y caed for compete e$m$nat$on of a nucear eapons +ucear

1eapons ?$me$ne:. !ontrary to the 3e$efs of the ;+6 one nat$on after another tested the$r

nucear eapons. ?he So%$et ;n$on tested $ts nucear eapon $n ,a/akhstan6 3ecom$ng the

second nat$on to do so.

Doo$ng th$s pattern6 the ;n$ted ,$ngdom d$d the same $n ustra$a and Drance tested

$n the Sahara <esert +on G Pro$ferat$on ?reaty:. ?he !od 1ar era 3egan and $t had mer$cans

fear$ng an $mpend$ng 3om3 attack 3y the So%$ets at any moment. )n "0-*6 ?he #$m$ted ?est(Ban

?reaty as created due to the heath ha/ards that foo the excess$%e test$ng of nucear

eapons. Some countr$es $thhed from s$gn$ng 3ecause they anted the a3$$ty to create the$r

on nucear arsena. ?he <e%eopment and Pro$ferat$on of +ucear 1eapons:

By "0-4 !h$na6 Drance6 So%$et ;n$on6 ;n$ted ,$ngdom6 and the ;n$ted States ere f$%e

countr$es ho possessed nucear eapons +ucear 1eapons 3o$t$on:. )n "0-86 the +onPro$ferat$on ?reaty as s$gned to hep decrease the amount of eapons 3e$ng ac>u$red and

pre%ents any more from 3e$ng created B$nder6 2'"-:. ?he +on(Pro$ferat$on treaty as s$gned

3y "*' countr$es $th !h$na and Drance dec$d$ng not to =o$n +ucear +on(Pro$ferat$on ?reaty:.

?he ut$mate goa of th$s treaty as to pre%ent a nucear ar from erupt$ng $th$n the ord.

!ountr$es ere hoe%er6 aoed to access peacefu nucear technoogy h$ch oud 3ecome a

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contro%ers$a top$cC the def$n$t$on of peacefu nucear technoogy %ar$es among countr$es. 1hen

)nd$a detonated a 3om3 as part of an underground nucear test6 the ord as aare they had

nucear poer6 e%en though the country ca$med $t as a peacefu test +ucear 1eapons

?$me$ne6 n.d:.

?here ere some countr$es $th and $thout nucear eapons ho d$d not s$gn the treaty.

South fr$ca dec$ded to s$gn the treaty 3y "00" due to the fear the 3ack m$nor$ty oppos$t$on

oud f$nd the$r sma stock p$e and use $t aga$nst the go%ernment ?he <e%eopment and

Pro$ferat$on of +ucear 1eapons6 n.d:. +at$ons such as )srae6 Pak$stan6 and )nd$a a ere

specuated of hod$ng nucear eapons 3ut they had not s$gned the +on(Pro$ferat$on ?reaty.

?hen an )srae$ nucear techn$c$an $egay d$scosed e%$dence that pro%ed the nat$on to $ndeed 3e

a nucear state. 1$th photographs of the 3om3 factory6 $t as cear that )srae had at east "''

arheads and 3om3s ?he <e%eopment and Pro$ferat$on of +ucear 1eapons:. t th$s t$me6

+orth ,orea as aso ook$ng toards 3ack$ng out of the treaty.

?he term Rogue States as used 3y the mer$can go%ernment to descr$3e a country that

threatens ord peace. ?h$s as ater used aga$n 3y Pres$dent Bush as the x$s of E%$76 he used

th$s to descr$3e the nat$ons of )ra>6 )ran and +orth ,orea after the 0H"" attacks Rogue State:.

?he +orth ,orean go%ernment announced that $t has successfuy competed a nucear test $n

2''- +ucear 1eapons ?$me$ne:. ?he test conducted as a ong range m$ss$e6 ett$ng $t fy

o%er apan 3efore $t as supposed to detonate $n the Pac$f$c cean. though a fe m$nutes $nto

the f$ght $t detonated $n the sky. Many countr$es scrut$n$/ed +orth ,orea for th$s act$on and

some e%en sa $t as a pro%ocat$on to ar +orth ,orea test(f$res Se%era M$ss$es6 n.d:.

S$nce then many coa$t$ons ha%e 3een formed $n order to stop to stop the spread of

nucear eapons. )!+ $n I$enna as created to competey a3o$sh nucear eapons6 and the

+oreg$an go%ernment hed a conference to exam$ne and d$scuss the human$tar$an $mpacts of

nucear eapons. of th$s as done $n an attempt to stop the d$fferent types of pro$ferat$on ofnucear eapons S$de A #e%y6 2''&: J

". ?he de%eopment of the capa3$$ty for produc$ng or ac>u$r$ng nucear eapons 3y

countr$es that do not currenty ha%e nucear eapons hor$/onta pro$ferat$on:.

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2. ?he $ncrease of eapon stockp$es 3y countr$es that currenty ha%e nucear eapons6 the

$mpro%ement of techn$ca soph$st$cat$on or re$a3$$ty of these eapons6 and the

de%eopment of ne eapons6 such as m$n$(nukes7 or 3attef$ed nucear eapons

%ert$ca pro$ferat$on:.

*. ?he ac>u$s$t$on of nucear eapons or the mater$as and knoedge 3y $nd$%$duas

or nonstate ent$t$es6 often termed terror$sts67 to produce nucear eapons another form of

hor$/onta pro$ferat$on:.

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Expert

Ro3ert #$tak has 3een a ma=or part of the nucear eapon non pro$ferat$on commun$ty.!urrenty he ser%es as the I$ce Pres$dent for Schoars and <$rector of )nternat$ona Secur$ty

Stud$es at the 1oodro 1$son )nternat$ona !enter for Schoars $n 1ash$ngton Ro3ert S.

#$tak:. ?he 1$son !entre de%otes $ts t$me to get the most %aua3e $nformat$on to the genera

pu3$c. ?h$s $s a $n an effort to ha%e ord $ssues front and centre for the pu3$c6 an $mportant

part of democracy

Mr. #$tak ser%ed on the +at$ona Secur$ty !ounc$ as the <$rector for non(pro$ferat$on

dur$ng the !$nton adm$n$strat$on. ?h$s adm$n$strat$on as respons$3e for pass$ng the )ran +on(

Pro$ferat$on ct. ?h$s author$/es pun$t$%e act$on to 3e taken aga$nst $nd$%$duas knon to 3e

suppy$ng eapons of mass destruct$on to )ran R$ce:.

?he 3ooks ut$er StatesJ mer$can Strateg$es to !onta$n6 Engage6 or !hange

Reg$mesC Reg$me !hangeJ ;.S. Strategy through the Pr$sm of 0H""C and Rogue States and ;.S.

Dore$gn Po$cyJ !onta$nment after the !od 1ar are a r$tten 3y Ro3ert #$tak Ro3ert S.

#$tak:. ?hey speak a3out mer$cas $n%o%ement $th nucear eapons and ho they dea $th

the pro$ferat$on of other eapons. ?hroughout these 3ooks he $s cr$t$ca of ho many countr$es

use nucear eapons and speaks of the fears of pro$ferat$on.

Ro3ert #$tak has h$s on anays$s on the nucear eapon s$tuat$on go$ng on $n the

ord r$ght no he states $n )ns$ght on +ucear ?echnoogy:J

<esp$te n$ghtmare pred$ct$ons ohn ,ennedyKs speech to the ;+ Fenera ssem3y $n

"0-2: of a ord of 2' or *' nucear eapon states6 the num3er of nucear states the

or$g$na 56 the * outs$de the treaty6 and +orth ,orea: $s reat$%ey o. nd some states

e.g.6 South fr$ca: that had eapons programs term$nated them. ?hat $s test$mony to the

fact that most states do not 3e$e%e that they need nucear eapons to meet the$r secur$ty

chaenges. ?he ;.S. nucear Lum3reaL6 nota3y6 pro%$des assurance to ;.S. a$es $n

Europe and s$a.

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?he paradox of nucear eapons $s that these horr$f$cay destruct$%e eapons ha%e made ar

unth$nka3e 3eteen the ordKs ma=or poers. ?h$s $s $n sharp contrast to the f$rst haf of the

2'th century $n h$ch to non(nucear 1ord 1ars ere fought $th tens of m$$ons of deaths.

?oday6 as Pres$dent 3ama sa$d6 $n h$s $mportant 2''0 speech $n Prague6 the danger $s ess ma=or

ar 3eteen nucear states than that a s$nge nucear eapon $ fa $nto the hands of a terror$st

group.

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Interview with James Acton

ames M. cton $s co(d$rector of the +ucear Po$cy Program and sen$or assoc$ate

at the !arneg$e Endoment for )nternat$ona Peace. phys$c$st 3y tra$n$ng6 cton

spec$a$/es $n deterrence6 d$sarmament6 nonpro$ferat$on6 and nucear energy. ctons

pu3$cat$ons span the f$ed of nucear po$cy. @e $s the author of to deph$

3ooks6 <eterrence <ur$ng <$sarmamentJ <eep +ucear Reduct$ons and )nternat$ona

Secur$ty and 3o$sh$ng +ucear 1eapons $th Feorge Perko%$ch:. @e rote6 $th

Mark @$33s6 1hy Dukush$ma 1as Pre%enta3e67 a ground3reak$ng study $nto the

acc$dents root causes. @$s anays$s on pro$ferat$on threats6 $ncud$ng )ran and +orth

,orea6 has 3een $dey d$ssem$nated 3y ma=or =ournas6 nespapers6 and e3s$tes. ) as

ucky enough to ha%e a phone $nter%$e $th Mr. cton and ask h$m >uest$ons ) had

a3out corrupt$on and nucear eapons ames M. cton:.

9uest$on ": What would you say is your greatest accomplishment in your research?

I "ou!d sa#, the $iece of "or% I&' 'ost $roud of has to do "ith non nuc!ear "ea$ons( I

did a cou$!e of $ieces about the U(S de)e!o$ing these )er# fast )er# !ong range non

nuc!ear "ea$ons( It&s a $rogra' ca!!ed con)entiona! $ro'$t g!oba! stri%e the# are

!aunched b# roc%ets and the# g!ide in at'os$here at e*tre'e!# high s$eeds, though

+ussia and hina are !oo%ing to ar' the' "ith nuc!ear "ea$ons( The re$ort I "rote is

ca!!ed si!)er bu!!et it&s the one I&' 'ost $roud of( It "as one of the first "or%s in that fie!d

I fee! as if it bro%e the 'ost ground(

9uest$on 2: What similarities have you found amongst all countries with nuclear

weapons?

I "ou!d high!ight a cou$!e of si'i!arities- first!# a!! countries "ith nuc!ear "ea$ons see'

to be )er# $aranoid about those "ea$ons being destro#ed( During the co!d "ar the US

"as )er# "orried about So)iet Union attac%ing nuc!ear "ea$ons )ice )ersa( India and

Pa%istan are a!so "orried about one another destro#ing the "ea$ons( A!! countries for

'uch of the ti'e not necessari!# a!"a#s "orr# about their nuc!ear "ea$ons being $re

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e'$ti)e!# being destro#ed( I thin% a!! countries "ith nuc!ear "ea$ons tend to strugg!e to

gi)e u$ "ea$ons( I thin% disbar'ent has to be 'u!ti !atera!( I 'ean there are 'an# rea!

strategic barriers to getting to .ero( For a!! countries "ith nuc!ear "ea$ons, there is a

degree to "hich the# enforce it( The 'ore countries ha)e the' the 'ore the# "ant the'

and those are reasons of $o"er internationa!!# and because do'estica!!# #ou get these

interna! constituencies "hich once the# ha)e nuc!ear "ea$on s the# "ant 'ore( These

are si'i!ar barriers that I "ou!d high!ight(

9uest$on *: Do you think it will take nuclear weapons falling into the hands of

terrorists to realize the danger of them?

/e!! I thin% first!# the good ne"s is that it&s )er# )er# un!i%e!# for terrorists to get their

hands on a fu!! nuc!ear "ea$on( I thin% it&s 'ore !i%e!# for the' to get their hands on the

'ateria! that bui!ds u$ a nuc!ear "ea$on( The# cou!d tr# to bui!d a )er# crude one

the'se!)es( If there "ere an e)ent of nuc!ear terroris' I don&t thin% "e %no" ho" it&s

!i%e!# to affect state )ie"s about their nuc!ear "ea$ons( On the one hand #ou cou!d see

states sa#ing 0actua!!# these "ea$ons are 'ore of a !iabi!it# than a benefit1 and "e

shou!d 'a%e $rogress to"ards disar'a'ent or 'a#be gi)e the' u$ co'$!ete!#( On the

other hand I 'ean i'agine if "e found out that another state had gi)en nuc!ear 'ateria!

to terrorists( The nuc!ear "ea$ons 'ight be seen as being i'$ortant to $unish other

states "ho ga)e a"a# nuc!ear 'ateria! to terrorists( I ho$e it doesn&t ta%e a catastro$he

for states to i'$ro)e their nuc!ear $o!icies but if terrorists "ere to use nuc!ear "ea$ons

or if the states "ere to use nuc!ear "ea$ons( I thin% "hat ha$$ened or ho" that use

ha$$ened "ou!d affect the state $o!icies after "ards( I don&t thin% "e can $redict in

ad)ance "hat "ou!d ha$$en(

9uest$on 4: Do you think it will ever be possible to have a nuclear free world?

The "a# that I !oo% at it is that there are three strategic difficu!ties "ith gi)ing u$ nuc!ear

"ea$ons, ear!ier I "as ta!%ing about 'ore $s#cho!ogica! $rob!e's or do'estic $rob!e's(

First!# #ou "ou!d ha)e to )erif#, #ou "ou!d ha)e to ha)e the $rohibition against nu%es

#ou ha)e to be ab!e to te!! "ith high confidence "hether so'eone is cheating( Second!#

#ou ha)e to be ab!e to do so'ething about it( It&s no good 2ust %no"ing that so'eone e!se

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is cheating if #ou can&t sto$ the' in good ti'e( So enforce'ent is our second cha!!enge(

The third cha!!enge is 'an# states in the "or!d toda# use nuc!ear "ea$ons because the#

are con)entiona!!# "ea%- it&s not 2ust to deter nuc!ear attac%s( The +ussians sa# it&s

con)entiona!!# "ea% ne*t to NATO( So +ussia needs nu%es to co'$ensate because it&s

con)entiona!!# "ea%( Pa%istan sa#s e*act!# the sa'e thing about India( 3ou a!so ha)e to

address this $rob!e' at the fact there are con)entiona! i'ba!ances in the "or!d( No" if

#ou cou!d do a!! that( I thin% to a "or!d "ithout nuc!ear "ea$ons( I 2ust don&t thin% "e

can o)erco'e those cha!!enges( /hat I "ou!d sa# is that "e can get a !ong "a# to .ero(

/e cou!dn&t get to .ero but "e cou!d get )er# c!ose to it(

9uest$on 5: Do you think people can live with nuclear energy rather than nuclear weapons?

/e!! I thin% 'ost states a!read# thin% about nuc!ear $o"er 'ore than nuc!ear "ea$ons,

on!# nine states ha)e nuc!ear "ea$ons and I thin% it&s about 45 states that ha)e nuc!ear

$o"er reactors( So I thin% o)er the !ong run nuc!ear $o"er is read# to s$read( I a' $ro

nuc!ear $o"er( /hether the s$read of nuc!ear $o"er !eads to the s$read of nuc!ear

"ea$ons "i!! de$end on ho" "e!! "e as an internationa! co''unit# are 'anaging that(

+eactors the'se!)es are not that $ro!iferati)e, 2ust ha)ing a nuc!ear $o"er reactor does

not 'assi)e!# enhance #our $otentia! to de)e!o$ nuc!ear "ea$ons&( Pro!iferation 'a#

co'e in if #ou ha)e enrich'ent techno!og# "hich "e use to 'a%e fue! for nuc!ear

reactors( Or "e 'a%e $rocessing techno!og# that gi)es #ou the abi!it# to se$arate

$!utoniu' fro' the fue! that&s being used in nuc!ear reactors( So if "e cou!d ha)e the

s$read of nuc!ear reactors "ithout enrich'ent or re$rocessing techno!og# s$reading( /e

ha)e a good chance of e!i'inating $ro!iferation(

9uest$on -: Why do you think people go to such great extents to get nuclear

weapons?

/e!!, there&s a fa'ous artic!e b# a $o!itica! scientist na'ed Scott Sagan in "hich he sa#s

there are three different reasons "h# states de)e!o$ nuc!ear "ea$ons, and in other states

the# 'a# ha)e 'u!ti$!e reasons( The first is securit# because #ou be!ie)e #ou ha)e a

securit# threat and #ou de)e!o$ the nu%es because #ou are "orried about that( The

second one is $o"er actua!!#, because #ou be!ie)e it "i!! 'a%e #ou a bigger or 'ore

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$o"erfu! countr#( The third reason is do'estic $o!itics, #ou do it because #ou "ant to be

seen b# #our o"n $eo$!e as being strong and $o"erfu!( Those are the three 'oti)ations( I

thin% the# are a!! $resent in e)er# countr# but in so'e stronger than others( Those are the

three %e# reasons "h# states de)e!o$ nuc!ear "ea$ons(

9uest$on &: ould you give an example of a country going to extreme lengths to

receive nuclear technology?

/e!! I thin% North 6orea is an e*tre'e e*a'$!e( I 'ean North 6orea has in)ested a huge

$ercent of its nationa! resources in Nuc!ear /ea$ons( I can&t gi)e #ou a nu'ber but there

is no question, the ordinar# $eo$!e ha)e rea!!# suffered because the regi'e is so intent on

de)e!o$ing nuc!ear "ea$ons( Second!# at !east so'e North 6orean nuc!ear "ea$ons

techno!og# $articu!ar!# the techno!og# for 'a%ing enriched uraniu' that techno!og#

co'es fro' the b!ac% 'ar%et( A !ot of it co'es fro' Pa%istan(

9uest$on 8: Do you think countries sanctioning is a good way to end proliferation of

nuclear weapons?

Not b# itse!f, sanctions on!# "or% if its& $art of a broader strateg#( I thin% sanctioning did

he!$ force Iran to negotiate( 7ut if "e&re not "i!!ing to negotiate "ith Iran and stri%e a

reasonab!e dea!, "e "ou!dn&t ha)e got a dea! at the end of the da#( Sanctions ha)e to be

$art of a broad strateg#( The# don&t "or% 'uch b# the'se!)es- I don&t e*$ect sanctions on

North 6orea to sto$ an#thing(

0: Is it important for young people to learn about !uclear Weapons?

I be!ie)e that hu'anit# faces t"o e*istentia! threats( One being c!i'ate change and the

other is nuc!ear "ea$ons( And co'bating those t"o threats is going to ta%e decades to

do( It&s incredib!# i'$ortant that #oung $eo$!e get in)o!)ed and get educated about these

threats(

"hank you for this interview I very much appreciate it and look forward to writing

about this topic#

O%a#8 Than%s for $honing and #ou&re "e!co'e I en2o#ed it too(

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Roe of !ontro

<ue to the >u$ck spread of pro$ferat$on6 many nat$ons ere a3e to ac>u$re nucear

eapons. ?hough the ay that they are currenty kept $s unsta3e and can ead to the m$suse of

these eapons. 1eapons $n genera contro a great port$on of the ord 3ecause of ho they are

used and expo$ted $n m$$tary act$on. +ucear eapons ha%e an e%en greater amount of contro

3ecause of ho much poer they hod. !urrenty there are thousands of nucear eapons $n the

ord that are controed 3y go%ernments and $n turn affect the act$ons of a go%ernment. 1hen

d$scuss$ng the roe of contro $n the >uest for nucear eapons6 e can d$%$de $t $nto three areasC

ho has $t6 ho needs $t6 and ho shoud care ?here are many peope ho ha%e o3ta$ned a

more s$gn$f$cant amount of poer due to the fact that they ha%e these eapons.

<ur$ng the "04's the ;n$ted States hoped to ma$nta$n a monopoy on $ts ne eapon7

Dacts6 Sheets A Br$efs6 2'"4: th$s as a $n effort to rema$n as the po$ce state of the ord

3ecause they ant the e%ents $n the ord to fa under the$r on agenda. !urrenty6 that $s not

the case as there are e$ght nat$ons that ha%e a 3een a3e to o3ta$n nucear eapons. )n the

stockp$e of eapons today6 Russ$a $s est$mated to ha%e o%er &''' $n 2'"- ,r$stensen A

+orr$s:. though Russ$a has such a great amount of these eapons6 they are eus$%e to =ust ho

they go a3out contro$ng them. ?he$r go%ernment pro%$des amost no pu3$c $nformat$on a3out

$ts nucear eapons storage program7 Rosen6 2'"4:. Russ$a om$ts most $nformat$on a3out the$r

program h$ch contr$3utes to the ack of contro they ha%e o%er the$r eapons. ?h$s may 3e

3ecause of the unmanagea3e num3er they possess. )n another case6 +orth ,orea $s $ncapa3e of

pro%$ng to the ord they are $n contro of the$r nucear eapons. )n other ords6 +orth ,orea

has 3een a3e to smash 3$ts of eapons(grade uran$um together N 3ut that doesnKt mean they

ha%e a 3om3 they can use7 ,r$stensen A +orr$s6 2'"4:. E%en though they ha%e had three tests6

no pu3$c $nformat$on has 3een reeased to %a$date any susp$c$ons Rosen6 2'"4:. )t seems that

+orth ,orea $s str$ng$ng the ord aong =ust for them to 3uy $nto the $us$on of a poerfu

country $th eapons. )n compar$son to the "'' pus countr$es of the ord6 the fe that ha%enucear eapons ha%e shon not to 3e $n contro of these eapons due to the ack of pu3$c

aareness.

E%en though the n$ne states that are knon to possess nucear eapons are

cons$dera3y ess than the num3er of countr$es $n the ord6 the amount of concern surround$ng

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nucear eapons shoud not 3e d$m$n$shed. ?hese fe countr$es are compet$ng $$c$t act$ons $n

order to appease the ord stage h$e har3or$ng eapons of mass destruct$on. ?here are some

peope ho care a3out th$s process and through th$s ha%e an aspect of contro o%er $t. ?he ;n$ted

+at$ons $s ork$ng $th other countr$es toards a +ucear Dree Oone7 ;+<:. ?h$s $

pre%ent $t from gett$ng $nto the hands of terror$sts 3ut ut$matey6 the ;+ $ 3e a3e to ha%e

contro o%er a the eapons and the$r d$sarmament. ?he peace keep$ng efforts of the ;+ $

3enef$t the ord as they try to e$m$nate nucear eapons competey. !oa$t$ons $n the ord

care a3out peope contro$ng eapons 3ecause they ant to 3e the group $n charge.

1hat one person needs6 another person ants6 a need $s someth$ng needed to sur%$%e6 a

ant $s someth$ng peope des$re to ha%e7 @aks6 n.d:. Soc$ety has shaped peope to put the$r

ants $n front of th$ngs that are needed for sur%$%a. Many of t$mes peope ho are put $n poer

confuse the needs of the$r c$t$/ens $th the ants $n the$r m$nds. ?he reason g$%en 3y countr$es

as to hy they create nucear eapons $s for nat$ona secur$tyC co$nc$dentay th$s as after the

Second 1ord 1ar had ended. t th$s po$nt $n h$story peope ere under a state of parano$a and

mans fear eads h$m to $nno%ate $n the ay he defends aga$nst and attacks: h$s enem$es7 ?he

Roe of +ucear 1eapons $n Fo3a Secur$ty6 n.d:. Many eaders thought that 3ecause of the

3om3s dropped on apan6 they too needed to ha%e a nucear eapon $n the$r arsena. ?he$r fear

created a d$fferent a%enue for them to defend themse%es and e%entuay some countr$es rea$/ed

that they d$d not need nucear eapons h$e others st$ cont$nue to 3u$d up the$r stockp$e.

Some countr$es may ha%e an ut$matum due to the reg$on they $%e6 for exampeJ

)n the ra3 ord and 3eyond6 there $s gro$ng $mpat$ence $th the skeed nucear

status >uo. Egypt $n part$cuar has threatened to ak out of the +P? uness there $s

progress toards creat$ng a nucear(free /one $n the M$dde East Borger6 2'"4:.

Egypt $s s$tuated 3es$de )srae and $t has 3een specuated that the country carr$es nucear

eaponsC there $s a great threat of 3e$ng attacked $f they are enem$es $n ar. ?he nat$on of Egyptmay fee the need to pu out of a treaty that pre%ents them from creat$ng nucear eapons $n

order to protect themse%es $n the ay they see f$t.

s ment$oned $n the $nter%$e $th ames cton6 there are certa$n con%ent$ona

$m3aances $n the ord that ao for the creat$on of nucear eapons. !ountr$es are $m3aanced

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$n the$r po$t$ca structure of the$r country6 th$s adds to the con%ent$ona $m3aances. !erta$n

top$cs that most of Europe and mer$ca f$nd trad$t$ona6 $ke ha%$ng democrat$c %otes or

consut$ng other mem3ers of go%ernment 3efore mak$ng a dec$s$on. n exampe $s +orth ,orea

ho has a separate po$t$ca $deoogy aong $th the$r structure. ?h$s $deoogy states that

anyth$ng needed to 3e done to protect the country can and $ 3e done. )n another part of the

ord6 3efore they carry out an act$on a $st $s checked off of poss$3e negat$%e outcomes and the

peope ho coud 3e affected. <ue to these to separate $deoog$es of ho pro3ems $n the ord

shoud 3e handed6 d$sarmament $s a %ery far(fetched $n terms of a sout$on. ?here $s aso the

argument of con%ent$onay eak countr$es dec$d$ng to make nucear eapons. ?he de3ate

surrounds the def$n$t$on of con%ent$onay eak e.g. Russ$a %s. +? and )nd$a %s. Pak$stan.

country ho sees $tsef as eak compared to another organ$/at$on needs contro of the nat$ona

secur$ty. ?hey compensate for th$s 3y creat$ng nucear eapons.

%era6 $t $s hard to contro the corrupt$on that happens hen peope try to o3ta$n

nucear eapons. Somet$mes6 countr$es are not $n contro of the$r on eapon programs and

appear scattered to the outs$de ord. ther t$mes6 a peacefu contro cannot seem to 3e

competey ga$ned $t 3ecause of the un$$ngness of other countr$es to et go. @oe%er6 eaders

et the$r on $deas of the current ord s$tuat$ons $nfuence the$r $deas to get eapons. !ontro $s

someth$ng that $s constanty 3e$ng ost and on $n the ord.

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#og$c of E%$

E%$ $s knon to mank$nd as profoundy $mmora or mae%oent6 hether $t $s

d$spayed $n thoughts6 ords or act$ons. ?h$s term $s used $ghty as not one person en=oys 3e$ng

categor$/ed as e%$. ?he extreme one must go to $n order to 3e cass$f$ed as e%$6 $s not a short

one. though $n some cases there has to 3e a necessary e%$7 an act that seems to some so

he$nous6 3ut $t $s knon that $t must ex$st. ?he og$c of e%$7 =ust$f$es these mae%oent or

$mmora acts 3ecause they are needed for certa$n th$ngs to happen. )n th$s sect$on6 the e%$ acts of

go%ernments that seek out nucear eapons $ 3e =ust$f$ed.

?he countr$es that currenty hod eapons of mass destruct$ons and the ones ho

ha%e recenty d$smanted the$r on6 a ha%e s$m$ar$t$es. ?o soc$ety6 the har3or$ng of these

eapons seems $ke po$ntess e%$ 3ecause they are not 3e$ng used. of these countr$es ha%e

s$m$ar expanat$ons as to hy they 3u$d these eapons. Scott Sagan 1hy do States 3u$d

+ucear 1eapons6 "00&: has created a theory as to hy countr$es dec$de to 3u$d nucear

eapons.

?he secur$ty mode7 accord$ng to h$ch states 3u$d nucear eapons to $ncrease n

nnat$ona secur$ty aga$nst fore$gn threats6 espec$ay nucear threatsC the domest$c

po$c$es mode7 h$ch en%$s$ons nucear eapons as po$t$ca toos used to ad%ance

paroch$a domest$c and 3ureaucrat$c $nterestsC and the norms mode7 under h$ch

nucear eapon dec$s$ons are made 3ecause eapons ac>u$s$t$on6 or restra$nt $n eapons

de%eopment6 pro%$des a more $mportant normat$%e of states modern$ty and $dent$ty.

?hese three modes hep to dra an archetype for nucear eapon statesC $t aso heps soc$ety

understand the reason$ng 3eh$nd the need for these eapons.

?he thought that nucear eapons pro%$de secur$ty for a country $s usuay stemmed

from parano$a of a go%ernment. +ucear eapons g$%e Pak$stan reassurance that $t $ ne%er 3ehum$$ated the ay $t as $n "0&"6 hen )nd$an forces dec$s$%ey defeated Pak$stan $n a to(

front ar7 P$aamar$6 2'"5:. Pak$stan 3e$e%es that the 3u$d$ng of nucear eapons $

$ncrease $f not guarantee $ts success $n ar. 1$thout these eapons other )sam$c nat$ons may try

to start a ar and Pak$stan $ 3e rendered defenseess. ?he mode of domest$c po$c$es uses

these eapons as toos to skeer the m$nds of c$t$/ens $nto agree$ng $th the$r %$es. !ountr$es

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ca$m to ha%e nucear eapons $n order to sho the$r poer to the$r on c$t$/ens hen there

seems to 3e a state of unrest. Recenty6 the +orth ,orean eaders comments are part of an

esta3$shed strategy that the $soated6 commun$st reg$me has used $n the past to counter cr$t$c$sm

and ga$n concess$ons from the $nternat$ona commun$ty7 Paden6 2'"5:. )t $s not ne that the

ord has $ssues $th the ay that +orth ,orea treats $ts c$t$/ens and the$r domest$c po$cy $n

genera. 1hen they reeased a statement that they had a hydrogen 3om36 th$s rem$nded the

peope of +orth ,orea that the go%ernment they $%e under $s truy poerfu and $t aso rem$nded

the rest of the ord to take them ser$ousy. ?he norms mode states that nucear eapons are

3u$t to sho the $dent$ty or the modern$/at$on of a country. )f e see a country 3u$d$ng many

eapons $t shos ho progress$%e the state $s 3ecause they are a3e to enr$ch so much uran$um.

?hese eapons are st$ t$ed %ery cosey to e$te %$es of hat nat$ona poer $s7?he Roe of

+ucear 1eapons $n Fo3a Secur$ty:. Poer $s measured $n terms of hat you ha%e and hat

you are a3e to contro. Some countr$es that pre%$ousy had nucear eapons may ha%e ony

chosen to do th$s 3ecause $t shoed ho capa3e they ere. ;t$matey6 they fe $nto trap of

poer and su3m$tted the$r country to 3e controed 3y eapons of mass destruct$on. ?h$s

$nstance as not $ntent$onay ony to $ncrease the $nfuence the certa$n country had on the ord.

nother reason hy the o3ta$n$ng of nucear eapons $s =ust$f$a3e $s 3ecause of the

groth to the economy $t pro%$des. ?he enr$chment of uran$um pro%$des many peope $th =o3sC

$t aso opens ne a%enues for commod$t$es to 3e sod $ke non nucear eapons and nucear

energy. Many po$t$ca eaders are aso champ$on$ng the cause Gthey 3e$e%e $n%estments $n

nucear arms must cont$nue7 +ucear 1eapons Spend$ng:. Peope ho are $n poer 3e$e%e $n

endors$ng nucear eapons $s an $n%estment6 th$s $ e%entuay 3enef$t them $n some ay. ?he

amount of money they are putt$ng $nto the$r programs may not 3e go$ng to a great cause 3ut $t $s

ut$matey someth$ng that $ reap reard e%entuay6 hether th$s $s soc$a6 m$$tar$y or

econom$c. +ucear eapons can aso promote the de%eopment of ad%anced con%ent$ona

mun$t$ons ead$ng to a scenar$o here the strateg$c orkoad $s carr$ed 3y a com3$nat$on ofnucear and nonnucear forces7 Qounger6 2''&:. <ue to the ant of nucear eapons 3y other

countr$es6 peope may 3e $nc$ned to see d$fferent su3st$tut$ons h$ch $ncude non nucear

eapons. ?hese may pu attent$on aay from the mass amounts of nucear eapons. E%entuay

peope may f$nd a more eff$c$ent ar eaponC th$s can aso 3e seen as earn$ng from your

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m$stakes. 1hen peope ha%e the repercuss$ons of $d$ot$c dec$s$ons star$ng them $n the face6 they

can f$nay see a d$fferent aternat$%e.

?here are many reasons hy peope chose to cont$nue har3or$ng nucear eapons

e%en though the effects of these eapons are knon to 3e deady. Many eaders g$%e the

reason$ng 3eh$nd the$r nucear eapon programs as nat$ona secur$ty6 domest$c po$cy6 and

keep$ng the $dent$tyHmodern$ty of a nat$on. ?he creat$on of nucear eapons aso creates =o3s and

$n turn 3oosts the economy. @$r$ng these %ery $nte$gent peope $ ony cause them to 3e more

$n>u$s$t$%e and ha%e $deas for ne $n%ent$ons. ?hese ne eapons or $n%ent$on $ ut$matey

ead to more soc$ay accepta3e non nucear eapons. )n a sense6 3u$d$ng eapons of mass

destruct$on $ actuay hep to create a 3etter soc$ety $n some areas.

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!ase Stud$es

!h$na

!h$nas nucear h$story has spanned o%er haf a decade6 from nucear test$ng to

negot$at$ons $th other countr$es a3out the de%eopment of nucear eapons. !h$na $s popuated

$th o%er one 3$$on peope Economy of !h$na: ho are a go%erned 3y a commun$st reg$me.

?hey are the argest manufactur$ng economy $n the ordC one of the many th$ngs they

manufacture $s nucear eapons. ?here ha%e 3een $nstances here the country has surpr$sed the

ord $th the$r act$ons concern$ng eapons of mass destruct$on. +ot ony ha%e there 3een

$mpacts on the$r on country 3ut $t affects the rest of the ord as e. ?he$r dec$s$on to =o$n the

+on( pro$ferat$on treaty has not remo%ed them from the nucear eapons commun$tyC $t ony

g$%es them a ne ay to $n%o%e themse%es.

?he $n%o%ement of nucear eapons started $th the !od 1ar. ?ens$ons 3eteen

commun$st So%$et ;n$on and the ;n$ted States forced certa$n countr$es to choose a$es.

+aturay commun$st !h$na s$ded $th the So%$et ;n$on. ?he mer$cans dec$ded to use +ucear

Backma$ !h$na: on the !h$nese go%ernment $n order to $n a ar. <ur$ng the ,orean 1ar the

;.S. cont$nuousy arned !h$na not to cont$nue f$ght$ng aga$nst them or they oud ha%e

nucear eapons used aga$nst them. +o e kno that the chances of mer$ca do$ng th$s ere

s$m to none6 3ut $n that t$me per$od no one kne ho far the ;.S oud go $th $ts nucear

eapons. See$ng as they ere one of fe countr$es $th these eapons. S$noGSo%$et reat$ons

ere formed ater on $n the f$ft$es !h$na: th$s ed to nucear eapons 3e$ng created 3y !h$na

$th ass$stance from the So%$et ;n$on. ?he !h$nese and So%$et go%ernment had someth$ng they

coud 3oth reate to6 the$r great d$s$ke for mer$ca. ?he 3ackma$ 3y the ;n$ted States ed !h$na

to 3e$e%e they had a nat$ona secur$ty pro3em6 one of the many reasons hy nucear eapons

are ac>u$red $n the f$rst pace. Soon they used the method of ?h$rd #$ne !onstruct$on !h$na: and

$t aoed them to transform od fac$$t$es that ere no onger $n use $nto ne ork$ng factor$esthat 3enef$tted strateg$c $nterests. ?he$r strateg$c $nterests at the t$me ere o3%$ousy creat$ng

nucear eapons and soon nucear fac$$t$es ere created. Dor exampe6 a gaseous d$ffus$on

uran$um enr$chment fac$$ty at @ep$ng6 a puton$um product$on reactor and extract$on fac$$ty

at Fuangyuan6 the +ucear Due !omponent Pant at Q$3$n6 and a nucear eapon des$gn fac$$ty

at M$anyang ere then created. ?h$s ed up to the f$rst nucear test $n "0-4.

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1h$e the ad%ancement of nucear technoogy $n !h$na as ne6 $t affected many aspects

of !h$nese $fe. ?h$s as $n part due to the go%ernment of !h$na 3e$ng commun$stC they ere

competey opposed to most $f not a of the $deoog$es that ere hed 3y one of the 3$ggest

countr$es6 the ;n$ted States of mer$ca. )n order to ha%e !h$nese c$t$/ens not >uest$on the

sudden $nterest $n nucear eapons6 there needed to 3e a method of soc$a contro .1$th that an

nt$(mer$can 1eek as organ$/ed throughout !h$na from une 2" to 2& @udson6 Russ$a and

!h$naJ ?he <$emmas of Poer:. ?he %$es and op$n$ons of !h$nas eaders greaty effects ho

the$r soc$ety funct$ons and they anted the masses to 3e persuaded that outs$de the$r 3orders the

de%$$sh mer$can $mper$a$sts are a$t$ng for the opportun$ty to $n%ade and su3due the$r

country. ?he go%ernment anted themse%es gor$f$ed 3y the !h$nese peope. )t as amost as $f

the$r sa%at$on depended on the speedy transformat$on of !h$na $nto a %$g$ant armed camp

@udson6 Russ$a and !h$naJ ?he <$emmas of Poer:. ?he f$rst tang$3e resuts of the !h$nese

modern$/at$on program ere seenC the depoyment $n the near future of the ne6 ong(range <D(

*" m$ss$e6 h$ch as successfuy tested $n ugust "000 Mann$ng6 Montaperto6 Ro3erts6

!h$naJ ?he Dorgotten +ucear Poer:. S$nce then !h$na has made s$gn$f$cant progress $n the$r

=ourney to modern$/e the$r nucear program.

!h$na has $nterpreted the +P? as guarantee$ng a mem3ers r$ght to de%eop enr$chment

for peacefu purposes7 under )nternat$ona tom$c Energy gency )E: safeguards Samore6

+ucear R$ghts and 1rongs:. <esp$te the$r d$sagreement on the pro$ferat$on of nucear eapons6

there ha%e 3een $nstances here !h$na has shared $nformat$on a3out these eapons $th non(

+P? countr$es. Dor $nstance $n "084 the go%ernment stated that 1e do not engage $n nucear

pro$ferat$on ourse%es6 nor do e hep other countr$es de%eop nucear eapons7 3ut $t as

re%eaed that they had shared a des$gn for a nucear eapon $th Pak$stan and enough uran$um

to create to 3om3s !h$naKs +on(Pro$ferat$on 1ords %s.!h$naKs +ucear Pro$ferat$on <eeds :.

?h$s demonstrates the unre$a3$$ty of the !h$nese go%ernment see$ng as they go 3ack on the$r

ords. ?he pro$ferat$on of nucear eapons puts the hoe ord $n danger and the ack of$ntegr$ty from !h$na concern$ng th$s top$c $s trou3$ng. ?h$s $s not a ne concept6 ha%$ng

commun$st countr$es dec$de that the needs of the$r on country6 h$ch happen to 3e the sef$sh

ants of a eaderC trump someth$ng $ke ord$de secur$ty. !h$na oud rather s$gn the

!omprehens$%e ?est Ban ?reaty7 h$ch aos them to cont$nue hod$ng the$r stockp$e 3ut

keeps them from test$ng anymore eapons. ?here $s o3%$ous concern a3out th$s dec$s$on 3ecause

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th$s does not stop nucear eapon use $n arC ao$ng !h$na to o3ta$n nucear eapons of the$r

on or from an ay !omprehens$%e ?est Ban ?reaty6 n.d:.

?o truy con%$nce the ord that $t $s no onger a supporter of nucear eapon

pro$ferat$on6 !h$na must s$gn the +P? to demonstrate $ts compete ded$cat$on. !urrenty the

country $s ork$ng %ery hard to mo%e toards nucear poer rather than ony stockp$$ng nucear

eapons. S$nce the country of !h$na $s commun$st they eas$y contro the$r c$t$/ens $thout them

kno$ng ho $tte freedom they ha%e. ?h$s $s hy they are norma$/ed $th the fact that !h$na

has 2-' arheads see ppend$x ): $th a 3$g enough army to defend $tsef from any enem$es. )n

the future !h$na shoud not 3e eft out of the group of countr$es 3e$ng stud$ed h$e ook$ng at

nucear eapons they are fuy capa3e to 3ecome a key payer. ?h$s $s due to the fact that !h$na

o3%$ousy has to cons$der $ts nat$ona secur$ty espec$ay h$e 3e$ng and enemy of the ;n$ted

States. ?hey ha%e aso pro%ed to the ord that they cannot 3e trusted $th the task of non

pro$ferat$on.

)nd$a

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)nd$a has not yet made $t cear to the ord $ts compete nucear capa3$$t$es. ?hey

conducted the$r f$rst nucear test $n "0&46 and ha%e a four$sh$ng and argey $nd$genous nucear

poer program +ucear Poer $n )nd$a6 n.d:. ?hough )nd$a has a s$/a3e and gro$ng nucear

arsena6 $t has not made an off$c$a ca$m as to $ts nucear capa3$$t$esC athough $t $s suspected

they ha%e o%er "'' arheads )nd$a:. ?he$r >uest for nucear eapons 3egan around the same

t$me the country as search$ng for $ndependence. ?he de3ate of eapon %s. poer concern$ng

nucear technoogy as created as e. 1$th the capa3$$t$es )nd$a hed6 they had d$fferent

op$n$ons as to ho the nucear technoogy shoud 3e used. ?hey coud poer the$r country $th

poer pants or6 harness uran$um $nto a eapon of mass destruct$on. ?he outcome of th$s de3ate

had $mpacts on the country and the ord aso. ?he secur$ty $n South s$a 3e$ng comprom$sed $s

one of the many pro3ems that arose 3ecause of )nd$as pro3a3e nucear technoogy. E%en after

o%er haf a century of $ndependence6 the nat$ons of South s$a are st$ $n a cyce of po%erty

Moes6 2'"2:. ?he country of Pak$stan has s$gn$f$cance to )nd$a hen tak$ng a3out nucear

eapons. Dor $nstance $n 2''& there as a chance of nucear ar 3eteen the to countr$es after

an attack on the )nd$an Par$ament Moes6 2'"2:. ?he tense reat$ons 3eteen )nd$a and Pak$stan

are ma$ny due to nucear eapons.

)nd$as $n%o%ement $n nucear eapons 3egan dur$ng the$r pre($ndependence era6 a sma

group of sc$ent$sts thought a3out $n%est$ng resources $n nucear poer. though $th the

capa3$$ty to produce nucear poer they ere aso a3e to create nucear eapons. )n "0&4 after

they ga$ned $ndependence the Pr$me M$n$ster aahara +ehru aunched a nucear program. ?he

countr$es $nterest $n nucear technoogy as no pu3$c$/ed and the c$t$/ens had separate

op$n$ons. ?he de3ate of hether or not an expos$%e de%$ce shoud 3e made as no gro$ng

stronger )nd$a6 n.d:. #ater that year they tested a sma de%$ce 3ut ca$med $t to 3e a peacefu

nucear expos$on. ?h$s opened doors to the a3$$ty of )nd$a concern$ng nucear eapons.

Doo$ng th$s there seemed to 3e to s$des the go%ernment as pay$ng at6 the Pr$me M$n$ster

Ra=$% Fandh$ 3egan to author$/e eapon$/at$on of )nd$aKs nucear capa3$$ty. Qet at the samet$me6 )nd$a cont$nued to support efforts for nucear d$sarmament )nd$a6 n.d:. Many countr$es d$d

not appro%e of th$s and as a resut6 the ;n$ted States paced sanct$ons upon )nd$a. )nd$as act$ons

ere condemned 3y the ord and deser%ed a response6 or at east someth$ng to make them

cons$der the dec$s$ons they ere mak$ng.

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<ue to the creat$on of nucear eapons 3y )nd$a certa$n pro3ems occurred h$ch not

ony affected the$r country 3ut the ord as e. s a resut of f$%e nucear eapons tests )nd$a

had undergone ser$ous sanct$ons from the ;n$ted States. ?a f$%e tests ere conducted $th$n a

three day span6 an aarm$ng rate for the ord to see. ?he ;.S 3e$ng the po$ce state fet as $f $f $t

as necessary for repercuss$ons to take pace. Sanct$ons ere then paced upon the country of

)nd$a. ?hese f$nanc$a sanct$ons ed to the ma=or f$nanc$a $thdraa of other countr$es $ke

<enmark6 Seden and !anada ho suspended or canceed o%er "'' m$$on doars of non(

human$tar$an a$d aone !arr$ere. M6 Morro. <6 n.d:. ?hese sanct$ons eft the second most

popuated country $n the ord $th 2' m$$on ess $n fore$gn a$d.

Pak$stan $s a country that 3orders )nd$a and they 3oth ha%e an outstand$ng h$story

concern$ng nucear eapons. )n Pak$stans case6 they tested the$r f$rst nucear eapon "4 years

after )nd$a d$d. )n "0086 the unspoken nucear arms race 3egan 3eteen )nd$a and !h$na h$e $t

ended after ess than a month. n May "" and up unt$ May "*6 "0086 )nd$a conducted f$%e

underground nucear tests. fter the f$rst set of tests6 )nd$aKs Pr$me M$n$ster . B. Ia=payee

$mmed$atey announced that )nd$a had detonated three underground nucear de%$ces at Pokhran

)nd$a A Pak$stan6 "008:. ?hese tests aone shocked the ord 3ecause $th$n a span of three

days6 f$%e nucear eapons ere detonated 3y a country that as thought to ha%e %$rtuay no

$n%o%ement $th these eapons. n May 28 and *'6 "0086 Pak$stan fooed su$t6 $th an

aeged s$x tests of $ts on6 one of h$ch ere ca$med to 3e a *2 k$oton 3om3. )n the ake of

the tests6 the ;.+. Secur$ty !ounc$ demanded $n an unan$mous %ote on une 5 that )nd$a and

Pak$stan refra$n from further nucear tests6 hat the$r eapon programs6 and s$gn nucear arms

contro agreements uncond$t$onay )nd$a A Pak$stan6 "008:.?h$s as fooed 3y )nd$a s$gn$ng

the !omprehens$%e ?est Ban ?reaty and Pak$stan has yet to do so. )n 2''"6 the )nd$a Par$ament

3u$d$ng as under attack 3y Pak$stan$ terror$sts h$ch ed to a harsh standoff 3eteen the to

countr$es. Both )nd$an and Pak$stan$ forces $ned up aong the$r 3orders $th the chance of

nucear ar %ery pro3a3e )nd$a A Pak$stan:. )t $s cear that nucear eapons $thout e%en 3e$ng

used $n a %$oent ay can cause the threat to the end of a human $%es. )nd$a and Pak$stan are

3oth countr$es ho co ex$st 3es$de each other and due to the threat of a nucear eapon6 they

coud not do so $tte as to speak a3out the concern around the $ssue of terror$sm. ?he mass

amount of trou3e and parano$a certa$n countr$es go through $ke )nd$a and Pak$stan: $s

o3%$ousy a due to the pursu$t of nucear eapons. )t $s cear to see that $t astes t$me h$ch

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coud 3e d$rected to a more press$ng go3a $ssue. !urrenty 3oth )nd$a and Pak$stan possess

arge nucear arsenas. nd 3oth a$m them at the other Moes6 2'"2: th$s $s concern$ng hen

d$scuss$ng the safety of South s$a. )t $s not fa$r for the safety of South s$a to 3e dependent on

to nat$ons ho are 3$nd to the trap of dece$t they are $n courtesy of nucear eapons.

)nd$as $n%o%ement $n nucear eapons has not 3een put $nto the spot$ght $n 1estern

nes noadays. though $t $s greaty $mportant $n South s$an nes6 to countr$es $th nucear

eapons 3order each other and ha%e the eapons fac$ng one another. )nd$a has 3een creat$ng

the$r nucear arsena s$nce pre $ndependence from Br$ta$n. !urrenty they do not d$scose to the

ord ho many nucear eapons the$r stockp$e hods. ?here $s a $m$ted amount that the ord

knos a3out )nd$as fu $n%o%ement $th the nucear commun$ty 3ut $t $s $mportant not to

forget the$r past capa3$$t$es.

+orth ,orea

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+orth ,orea $s go%erned as a one party tota$tar$an state6 $th the uche $deoogy. uche

transates to sef re$ance7 and $s an app$cat$on of Marx$st(#en$n$st pr$nc$pes. ?h$s asserts that

e%ery state has the r$ght of sef(determ$nat$on $n order to secure the happ$ness and prosper$ty of

$ts peope as $t 3est sees f$t #ee6 2''*:. ?here $s a $nk 3eteen th$s $deoogy and +orth ,oreas

>uest for nucear eapons. )f creat$ng a eapon of mass destruct$on seems the most og$ca ay

to keep $ts c$t$/ens safe6 the$r po$t$ca $deoogy sees $t as the$r r$ght to create nucear eapons.

?he uche $deoogy $s much more $ke a ha pass for +orth ,orea6 anyth$ng they ant goes

3ecause the $deoogy of the$r country says so. fter a6 ho are other nat$ons to knock don the

nat$ona pr$de of another country )t $s sad to say that the$r $deoogy $s often comprom$sed 3y the

cra%$ng for poer 3y eaders throughout the country. ?he greatest threat to secur$ty of the peope

of +orth ,orea comes from the go%ernment of +orth ,orea. ?he go%ernment $s h$d$ng many

th$ngs from $ts c$t$/ens and the amount of contro the peope are under $s un3e$e%a3e. ?he

nat$ons pre%$ous and current eaders d$sgu$se the need for nucear eapons as a nat$ona secur$ty

effort 3ut rea$st$cay6 the engths that they go to o3ta$n nucear eapons h$ch $s ony to ha%e a

poerfu roe $n the ord $ ead to the detr$ment of the country.

factor that contr$3uted to +orth ,oreas ong strugge to o3ta$n nucear eapons as

the ,orean 1ar. s a resut of the Second 1ord 1ar6 to separate go%ernments had 3een

formed $n ,oreaC $n the South the ;n$ted States rmy M$$tary Fo%ernment $n ,orea as $n

contro6 h$e the Peopes Repu3$c of ,orea go%erned the +orth. +e$ther of the to

go%ernments oud recogn$/e one as the accepted go%ernment of the ent$re country of ,orea6

and a ar ensued M$et:. )n the course of the ar6 the ;.S threatened +orth ,orea $th a

poss$3e nucear eapon attack 3y aud$ng to the great amount that as currenty 3e$ng

stockp$ed. ?he ar ended $n "05* $th a d$%$de $n the ,orean Pen$nsua6 th$s formed South

,orea and +orth ,orea @$story.com Staff6 2''0:. +orth ,orea as ead 3y a commun$st

reg$me and as try$ng to $n%o%e themse%es $n a nucear eapon$/ed ord. E%en $n "052

3efore they ere competey d$%$ded from South ,orea6 the

tom$c Energy Research

)nst$tute and the cademy of Sc$ences as created +orth ,orea6 2'"-:. ?he country of +orth

,orea kne a3out ho poerfu these eapons ere and they asted no t$me try$ng to o3ta$n

them or at east earn the technoogy 3eh$nd them. ?he effort at h$ch they go to currenty $s not

surpr$s$ng6 espec$ay after earn$ng a3out ho eary the$r $n%o%ement $n nucear eapons as.

E%en though the +orth ,orean go%ernment as determ$ned to get these eapons themse%es6 $t






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def$n$tey oud not 3e poss$3e $thout hep from other countr$es. )n "05- Pyongyang s$gned

the found$ng charter of the So%$et ;n$onKs o$nt )nst$tute for +ucear Research $n and so 3egan

the$r attempt at creat$ng nucear eapons +orth ,orea6 2'"-:. )t $s d$spayed here aga$n $n

+orth ,oreas case the a$ance 3eteen commun$st go%ernments. ?hey 3oth ha%e common

ground and much to the d$smay of other countr$es6 they hep one another reach those goas. <ue

to +orth ,oreas sef re$ance po$cy6 they d$d not ha%e any more fore$gn ass$stance $n the$r

nucear eapons program6 and aong $th the fa of the So%$et ;n$on +orth ,orea as 3ack to

s>uare one. 1hen they rea$/ed that they coud not compete th$s pro=ect on the$r on6 they asked

for hep from the !h$nese ho ere a$es $n the ,orean 1ar. !h$na refused to share pans for a

nucear 3om3 $th +orth ,orea.

Presenty6 +orth ,orea has not competed a successfu nucear eapons test. Dor o%er

haf a century they ha%e 3een t$reessy ork$ng to enr$ch ;ran$um $n efforts to pro%e to $ts

poer to the ord or keep $ts peope safe. ?hey fee as $f there $s a threat to the$r countr$es

secur$ty and for th$s reason they make nucear eapons. ?he truth $s hoe%er6 that $th each test

they attempt and each announcement they make to prope the$r nucear eapon campa$gn6 $t ony

creates greater enem$es for them. ?he $rony 3eh$nd the s$tuat$on $s that $f +orth ,orea dec$ded to

=ust ex$st as another typ$ca commun$st reg$me h$ch democrat$c countr$es oud ha%e to keep a

cose eye on6 there oud not 3e a sour taste $n ones mouth after say$ng +orth ,orea. though

to rat$ona$/e $t6 that $s the goa e%ery commun$st country hopes to atta$nC add an amount of fear

or apprehens$on from not ony $ts on peope 3ut the rest of the ord. ?he extent at h$ch

+orth ,orea has gone to try and 3u$d $ts nucear arsena $s r$d$cuous. +orth ,orea as a3e to

produce them nucear eapons: ony $th ass$stance from other countr$es6 and on the 3acks of

$ts on peope6 ho star%ed +orth ,orea6 2'"-:. )n "00- the$r eader ,$m $ng() pa$d * m$$on

doars to Pak$stan $n order to rece$%e nucear technoogy. ?hese * m$$on doars coud ha%e

gone to the c$t$/ens ho $%e 3y su3s$stence farm$ng and are una3e to emerge from 3eo the

po%erty $ne. ?h$s pro%es that hat +orth ,orea $s do$ng to keep $ts c$t$/ens safe $s $n fact nothep$ng at a 3ecause $t puts the country $nto unnecessary de3t.

?here $s aso susp$c$on that +orth ,orea may 3e us$ng the 3ack market to not ony o3ta$n

the$r nucear eapons6 3ut to se eapons to other countr$es. ?hey ha%e certa$ny not 3een go$ng

a3out th$s the ega ay6 $n 2''" the$r m$ss$e saes came to a tota of 5-' m$$on doars +orth

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,orea6 2'"-:. ?h$s as from the pro$ferat$on of nucear eapons to suspected countr$es $ke

#$3ya and Syr$a. ?he$r most recent nucear test $n anuary of 2'"- as ca$med 3y the +orth

,orean go%ernment to 3e a successfu hydrogen 3om3 test. ?he test conducted 3y +orth ,orea

as $n d$rect %$oat$on of the ;+s Secur$ty !ounc$ resout$on6 and many countr$es urge +orth

,orea to end the$r tests. ?he tests that they conduct 3r$ng peope to rea$/e the +orth ,orea $s

determ$ned to ha%e a propery funct$on$ng nucear eapon and they ant the hoe ord to

kno. ?he use of med$a $n +orth ,oreas case $s %ery smart6 athough $t coud 3e hat ru$ns the$r

hoe pan $n the end.

)nternat$ona rgan$/at$ons

)t $s $mportant for our soc$ety to ha%e peope ho ad%ocate for ord $ssues. )n the case

of nucear eapons6 more and more peope are ook$ng toards d$sarmament to ensure go3a

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safety. ?here are many o3staces to o%ercome to get the message acrossC some go%ernments ha%e

made strong 3arr$ers to e%ade the d$sarmament of the$r nucear arsena. Some organ$/at$ons ork

hand $n hand $th %ar$ous go%ernments h$e others prefer to ork on a spec$f$c $ssue and ha%e

a go3a $mpact. 1$th nucear eapons6 most organ$/at$ons are created to competey d$sarm a

nucear eapons rather than the non( pro$ferat$on of them. ?h$s $s 3ecause many peope fee as

$f har3or$ng nucear eapons can ead to the destruct$on of the ord aong $th the ack of

peace and safety.

$!%DA& $nited !ations %ffice for Disarmament Affairs

ne prom$nent organ$/at$on that ad%ocates for the d$sarmament of nucear eapons $s the

;+<. ?he ;+< ;n$ted +at$ons ff$ce for <$sarmament ffa$rs: $s an )F

$ntergo%ernmenta organ$/at$on: th$s means that they ork $n agreement $th other nat$ons to

e%entuay create a go3a coa$t$on. ?he ;+< as esta3$shed $n anuary "008 as the

<epartment for <$sarmament ffa$rs and $t currenty does not ony focus on nucear eapons 3ut

rather a eapons of mass destruct$on. ?he$r %$s$on $s to promote go3a norms of d$sarmament

and they 3e$e%e that d$sarmament aone $ not produce ord peace. Qet they aso ma$nta$n

that the e$m$nat$on of eapons of mass destruct$on6 $$c$t arms traff$ck$ng and 3urgeon$ng

eapons stockp$es oud ad%ance 3oth peace and de%eopment goas. )t oud accomp$sh th$s

3y reduc$ng the effects of ars6 e$m$nat$ng some key $ncent$%es to ne conf$cts6 and $3erat$ng

resources to $mpro%e the $%es of a the peope and the natura en%$ronment $n h$ch they $%e

I$s$on6n.d:.

?he !omm$ss$on $n the ;+< as created so that peope coud make

recommendat$ons concern$ng the f$ed of d$sarmament. ?hey ere respons$3e for the proposas

that esta3$shed mut$ atera treat$es $ke the +on G pro$ferat$on treaty as e as the

!omprehens$%e Ban ?reaty. ?hese types of treat$es are hep$ng to reduce categor$es of nucear

eapons. ?he fa $th$n these treat$es $s that hen a country dec$des not to s$gn for exampethe +P? +on(Pro$ferat$on ?reaty: they may make ca$ms that state they do not support the

pro$ferat$on of eapons. ?he >uest$on rema$ns hy ha%e they not s$gned the treaty ?h$s $s

most $key 3ecause shar$ng $nformat$on a3out nucear eapons to a country that does not ha%e

the capa3$$ty to produce a eapon aone can g$%e them a great amount of e%erage. S$mpy6

some countr$es chose not to s$gn the treaty 3ecause they do not ant to ose poer. ?h$s $s an

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unfortunate c$rcumstance for the ;+< ho de%otes a ot of t$me to the d$sarmament of

eapons.

IA!& International ampaign to Abolish !uclear Weapons

Another organization who supports the abolishing of nuclear weapons is IA!

"International a#paign to Abolish !uclear $eapons% n&'(& )he* are a

nongo+ern#ental organization "!,-( which #eans that the* 'o not wor. for an*

go+ern#ent an' neither 'o the* wor. for profit& )heir #ain goal is to #obilize people in

all countries to inspire% persua'e an' pressure their go+ern#ents to initiate an' support

negotiations for a treat* banning nuclear weapons "a#paign -+er+iew(& )he* utilize

the power of the people an' wor's rather than +iolent actions to #eet their en' goal

which is getting go+ern#ents to sign a treat* that bans all nuclear weapons& )he* feel

that banning nuclear weapons is necessar* because nuclear weapons are the onl*

weapons of #ass 'estruction not *et prohibite' b* an international con+ention% e+en

though the* ha+e the greatest 'estructi+e capacit* of all weapons ")he ase for a /an

)reat*% n&'(& urrentl* the* ha+e successfull* ha' 127 nations for#all* en'orse their

u#anitarian ple'ge tig#atize% prohibit an' eli#inate nuclear weapons

"u#anitarian le'ge% n&'(& )his ple'ge co##its nations to launch negotiations that will

ban nuclear weapons& )he organization has been running for ten *ears an' althoughthe* ha+e the co##it#ent of countries there is not a huge step towar's co#plete

abolish#ent& It will ta.e a long ti#e for co#plete abolish#ent to occur because there is

o+er 10 000 weapons of #ass 'estruction in the worl' #ore than half of which are being

hel' b* the & an' ussia& )here is not #uch control this organization has o+er the

'ifferent go+ern#ents which can be a 'etri#ent to their ca#paign& If this !,- wants to

succee' then the co#plete co operation of 'ifferent fe'eral go+ern#ents will be

nee'e'% countries li.e !orth orea an' ussia #ust be willing to wor. together& )his is

in benefit for the safet* of the entire worl'&

A co##onalit* between these two organizations is that the* are both tr*ing to

get support fro# other countries& !ot onl* 'o the* wor. with nuclear weapon states%

the* are eager to reach all countries in the worl' to pre+ent an* instance of nuclear

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weapons being use' b* an*#ore countries& ather than start with #a.ing an

international law against nuclear weapons% these organizations see the i#portance of

.eeping a positi+e relationship with all countries& -nce this tas. is co#plete% then the

international law can be i#ple#ente'& )he net step after this is seeing that this law is

abi'e' b*& )hrough the case stu'ies it is clear that countries 'o not necessaril* sta*

within legal boun'aries while tr*ing to obtain nuclear weapons&

!anad$an !onnect$ons

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<ur$ng the t$me per$od hen nucear eapons ere tak$ng the ord 3y storm and

e%ery country as try$ng to o3ta$n them6 ohn. < <$efen3aker as the Pr$me M$n$ster of !anada6

he stated that the Fo%ernment 3e$e%es $n $m$t$ng the spread of nucear eapons at the

$ndependent d$sposa of nat$ona go%ernments. ?he go%ernment of !anada as pann$ng

arrangements no for arm$ng the !anad$an forces $th defens$%e eapons us$ng nucear

arheads6 such as the BMR! ant$(a$rcraft m$ss$e6 h$ch $ 3e cons$stent $th th$s

pr$nc$pe. ?he need for such eapons $ ar$se ony $n defens$%e operat$ons taken =o$nty $th

the forces of the ;n$ted States. ?herefore the go%ernment proposed to o3ta$n from the ;n$ted

States6 the nucear arheads re>u$red at the t$me they are needed +ucear 1eapons for !anad$an

Dorces6 n.d:.

?h$s statement 3y the former Pr$me M$n$ster $s 3oth trou3$ng and reassur$ng for a

fe reasons. ?he redeem$ng >ua$ty a3out the statement $s that the eader of !anada as a3e to

fuy pu3$c$/e h$s $ntent toards nucear eapons. S$nce there as no need to h$de $t from the

ord6 $t means that the $ntent$on 3eh$nd nucear eapons as str$cty hat they ca$med $t to 3e.

?hey aso do not ant to ork aone h$ch oud normay 3e a red fag for compet$t$on aga$nst

other nat$ons. ?he dons$de of them ant$ng to ork $th a country $s the spec$f$c country they

had $nterest $n. ?$me and t$me aga$n6 the ;n$ted States tr$es to $n%o%e $tsef $n matters

concern$ng nucear eapons. ?h$s $s not ony seen through h$story 3ut throughout th$s research

paper. ?he $n%o%ement of the ;.S $n th$s case as to pro%$de !anada $th nucear eapons and

then $n a =o$nt effort $ partake $n defens$%e operat$ons $f a pro3em ensues. ?he ;n$ted States

$s a 3ack hoe try$ng to suck e%eryone $n and force them to th$nk the same ay for the greater

good7. though ) can assure you the greater good $s not aays num3er one on mer$cas $st of

$mportance.

t th$s t$me6 <$efen3aker as st$ dec$d$ng $f !anada shoud ac>u$re nucear

eapons s$nce $t as aga$nst the countrys fore$gn po$cy. ?here ere pressures around h$m that

anted the Pr$me M$n$ster to agree $th mer$cas pan. ?he M$n$ster of +at$ona <efense tr$ed

persuad$ng h$m to ha%e a =o$nt program $th the ;n$ted States that $ncudes the shar$ng of a

nucear carry$ng m$ss$e. <$efen3aker as $ndec$s$%e h$e try$ng to take contro on the top$c6

h$ch most of !anada anted an anser to. @e ost the eect$on n "0-* to #ester. B Pearson and

the #$3era party. ?he #$3eras ere $n support of =o$n$ng the ;n$ted States and ac>u$r$ng nucear

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eapons6 un$ke <$efen3aker they had a so$d stance asnd pan of act$on h$ch !anad$ans found

more a3e to trust $n. )n "0-0 hoe%er6 !anada s$gned the non(pro$ferat$on ?reaty and the

nucear m$ss$es ere phased out <$efen3aker !anada !entre:. ?he dec$s$on 3y the go%ernment

to do th$s as %ery $nte$gentC they sa%ed themse%es a ot of stress and unnecessary enem$es.

!urrenty6 !anada does not ha%e any nucear eapons 3ut rather uses nucear poer to fue the$r

country.

!anada has a huge roe to pay concern$ng nucear eapons6 one reason 3e$ng $s that

they are a$es $th the county ho has the second 3$ggest stockp$e $n the ordC ?he ;n$ted

States of mer$ca. !o$nc$dentay6 they aso pay the roe of peacekeepers $n the ord stage

and espec$ay toards other countr$es and ha%e the potent$a to stop a nucear threat. Most

peope oud 3e$e%e that !anada has or had /ero )nte on nucear eapons and they make no

dec$s$ons concern$ng them. ?h$s $s fase as !anada supports +?s nucear strategy and

part$c$pates $n the +? +ucear Pann$ng Froup6 the pr$mary forum for $ance nucear

dec$s$on(mak$ng. !anada contr$3utes personne to6 and heps pay the operat$ng costs of6 the

%ar$ous +? head>uarters and pann$ng staffs6 $ncud$ng the +? +ucear Po$cy <$rectorate6

that are $n%o%ed $n pann$ng for and6 $f necessary6 carry$ng out nucear operat$ons Ro3$nson6

2''2:.

?he roe !anada pays concern$ng nucear eapons though they may not carry any $n

the$r on country6 $s an $mportant one. ?hey ha%e $nput concern$ng the t$me a nucear eapon

may 3e depoyed. !anada aso supports the use of nucear eapons and the strateg$es 3eh$nd a

poss$3e future depoyment of them. E%en though !anada $s not a nucear eapons state6

mean$ng that they are not one of the n$ne countr$es ho currenty ha%e a stockp$e of nucear

eapons. ?hey ha%e def$n$tey found ays to rema$n ree%ant $n the d$scuss$on of nucear

eapons. fter a hy oud one of the F2' countr$es 3e eft out of a d$scuss$on that deas $th

one of the most poerfu eapons $n the hoe ord Dor that exact reason6 the poer that

comes $th $t. poerfu eapon needs a poerfu country 3ut coud !anada6 the car$ng6

compass$onate 3etter haf of +orth mer$ca hod nucear eapons Most def$n$tey a of the$r

t$me spent 3u$d$ng such a pos$t$%e $mage oud 3e useess.

nother fact that peope may not kno $s that !anada used to ha%e mer$can nucear

eapons 3ased $n the country. S$nce then +o nucear eapons ha%e 3een 3ased $n !anada s$nce

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"0846 hen ;S Fen$e a$r(to(a$r m$ss$es ere returned to the ;n$ted States from the$r storage

s$tes at !anad$an a$r3ases7 Ro3$nson6 2''2:. ?h$s $s ess than f$fty years ago and there as st$

a pretty cose $nk 3eteen !anada and +ucear eapons. )f th$s country can 3e eas$y persuaded

to hep another cut$%ate $ts destruct$%e nature6 hat oud stop !anada from do$ng th$s to

themse%es ?here $s ony so far you can ak $n the dark s$de 3efore you e%entuay 3ecome a

part of $t.

s the peacekeepers of the ord !anada aso co G founded the +onpro$ferat$on and

<$sarmament )n$t$at$%e +P<):. )t as founded 3y ustra$a6 !anada6 !h$e6 Fermany6 apan6

Mex$co6 the +etherands6 Poand6 ?urkey6 and the ;n$ted ra3 Em$rates $n Septem3er 2'"'.? he

+onpro$ferat$on and <$sarmament )n$t$at$%e +P<): $s a m$n$ster$a(e%e group of states $th$n

the frameork of the +onpro$ferat$on ?reaty focused on pract$ca steps that $ forard the

consensus outcomes of the 2'"' +P? Re%$e !onference Fossary:. <esp$te the ays !anada

used to $n%o%e $tsef $n nucear eapons h$ch def$n$tey d$d not hep get r$d of the pro3em6

they currenty are ma$nta$n$ng a peacekeeper status $th$n the ord. ?he$r many $n$t$at$%es to

3an nucear eapons and the condemn$ng of certa$n act$ons 3y countr$es for exampe +orth

,orea: $s sho$ng that not a countr$es ha%e to go through tota corrupt$on once they rea$/e the

poer 3eh$nd a nucear eapon.

!anada $n%o%es $tsef $th efforts that ook for sout$ons to pre%ent pro$ferat$on of

nucear eapons and $n turn $s ensur$ng go3a safety. ?here $s no roe for !anad$an c$t$/ens to

pay h$e pre%ent$ng the corrupt$on of !anada due to nucear eapons for a num3er of reasons.

Dor one6 !anada does not har3or any eapons and most $key $ not 3e any t$me $n the near

future. so6 the go%ernment $ 3e mak$ng most of the dec$s$ons concern$ng nucear eapons.

though !anada $s a democracy6 a *' m$$on c$t$/ens cannot %ote on hether or not nucear

eapons shoud 3e used $n !anadas m$$tary.

Sout$ons

http://www.nti.org/learn/glossary/nonproliferation-and-disarmament-initiative-npdi/





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?he f$rst step to reco%ery $s adm$tt$ng you ha%e a pro3em. ?h$s phrase shoud 3e

$mpemented h$e d$scuss$ng the pro3ems nucear eapons creates for a country. )t $s cear to

see through the research ) ha%e gathered and my anays$s of $t that the creat$on or har3or$ng of

nucear eapons eads to the corrupt$on of a country. )t $s unfortunate that today there $s so much

chaos that surrounds one o3=ectC to many nat$ons th$s o3=ect $s =ust an aus$on. )n order for peace

to 3e amongst the ord6 nucear eapons states must rea$/e that the$r stockp$e puts the hoe

ord $n danger. +ot e%en the use of $t6 the threat of use and creat$on of them resuts $n

guaranteed pandemon$um on a go3a scae.

?he f$rst sout$on that $s deemed necessary $n $ght of the $nformat$on found h$e

compet$ng th$s research oud 3e the remo%a of 3$atera conf$ct. s expa$ned $n the sect$on

perta$n$ng to ?he #og$c of E%$6 Scott Sagan argues that one of the ma$n reason countr$es seek

nucear eapons $s to protect the$r country aga$nst the threat from another. ?h$s $s pro%en as e

can see $n the case of the So%$et ;n$on6 ho ony made a nucear eapon hen the ;n$ted States

dropped one on apan. ?he de3ate that =ust$f$es the creat$on of nucear eapons to defend

nat$ona secur$ty $s an od one that needs to 3e tossed aay. ?o so%e the pro3em e see more

often than none h$ch cons$sts of countr$es fa$ng to corrupt$on after they dec$de to o3ta$n

nucear eapons6 e need to take out the root. )f there as no reason for these countr$es to fee

threatened6 then the dec$s$on to get eapons of mass destruct$on oud 3e out of s$ght and out of

m$nd. ?oday e see too many occas$ons here one country $s competey cosed off to the $dea

of hep$ng or support$ng another. ?he creat$on of an $nternat$ona a oud sta the host$$ty

3eteen to countr$es. )n the end hoe%er6 $t 3o$s don to ho $$ng one country $s to mend

a reat$onsh$p $th another. ?h$s $s a dec$s$on put $n the same hands of a eader ho dec$ded to

d$p the$r toe $n the fr$g$d ake of nucear eapons.

nother step toards remo%$ng nucear corrupt$on $n countr$es $s to remo%e the

peope ho make these afu dec$s$ons from h$ch chaos ensues. ?he genera pu3$c of a

country has no say $n the purchas$ng of nucear eaponsC there $s a guarantee of a cons$dera3e

percentage of the country not e%en kno$ng ho a nucear eapon $s made. ?he rea pro3em

$es $n the dec$s$on makerC $t $s 3y the$r on standards and dec$s$ons that the nucear stockp$e

as formed. though6 ment$oned $n the $nter%$e ear$er $th ames cton6 he h$gh$ghted that

one pro3em $s %er$f$cat$on. )n order for the eader ho $s mak$ng 3ad dec$s$ons to 3e stopped6

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they need to 3e mak$ng 3ad dec$s$ons. ?here must 3e a sure guarantee that one country $s $ndeed

cheat$ng. )n th$s case6 $t shoud 3e the$r =o3s 3e$ng remo%ed and may3e e%en a $fe. )n h$story $t

$s shon to us that hen a ruer $s not d$rect$ng the peope $n the r$ght ay6 the peope $ not

toerate $t and remo%e the eaderC %ery e knon exampe $s that of the Drench and Mar$e

nto$nette. )n the case of nucear eapons6 and pro%ed $n the research a3o%e6 the most $nfuent$a

person $n a country $s usuay the dr$%$ng force 3eh$nd the nucear eapons program $n the$r

country. 1h$e ord eaders are pro%$ng capa3e of address$ng nucear terror$sm6 one of the

most d$ff$cut $ssues fac$ng the $nternat$ona commun$ty6 they st$ must do more to address such

e%$s as corrupt$on6 h$ch hods ent$re peopes and countr$es hostage ,hodorko%sky6 2'"':. Dor

exampe $n the case stud$es a s$m$ar$ty as found 3eteen +orth ,orea and )nd$a. ?he hoe

reason they started the eapon campa$gn as due to the push 3y go%ernment and the ony reason

$t ex$sts today $s 3y the same reason. )n )nd$a6 Pr$me M$n$ster aahara +ehru started nucear

campa$gns h$ch ead to the test$ng of these eapons and a ar that amost happened $th

Pak$stan. +orth ,orea on the other hand had ,$n $ng ;n to rap$dy pu3$c$/e the$r act$ons

concern$ng nucear eapons.

?o remo%e these eaders6 fore$gn ass$stance $s needed 3ut the a$d of one county $n

part$cuar oud 3e detr$menta to the o%era e 3e$ng of the other country $n need. ?he hep

of the ;n$ted States of mer$ca $6 $thout a dou3t do noth$ng 3ut thro a country don a

sp$ra $th %ery fe chance of e%er gett$ng up. )t may 3e hard for some to 3e$e%e s$nce the ;.S

$s ne%er pu3$shed $n a negat$%e $ght 3ut there are $nstances e coud ha%e gone $thout the hep

of mer$ca. Dor exampe6 the ony reason )ra> as $n%aded $n 2''* $s 3ecause of a ca$m of

nucear eapons. ?h$s aoed a terror$st group to 3ecome more sta3e and mo3$e $n that

country6 $t aso opened doors for terror$sts to enter other countr$es. ?he next exampe $s one

shon $n the case study for !h$na. ?he ;.S ere a$es $th Southern ,orea $n the ,orean 1ar6

they 3ackma$ed !h$na $th nucear eapons to $thdra support from the ar. 1h$e the hep

mer$ca ga%e to one country on a ar6 $t aso turned !h$nas 3ack e%en further aay from the;.S and $t ga%e them a eg$t$mate reason to create nucear eapons.

?he ;n$ted States of mer$ca $s a country $th o%er *' ''' nucear eapons6 the$r

$ntent$ons of so%$ng the pro3em of pro$ferat$on are amost $n%$s$3e. +ot e%en to speak of them

stopp$ng corrupt$on they are fuy aare of $n countr$es ho try to o3ta$n nucear eapons. ?he

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;n$ted States on $nter%enes concern$ng the ord hen $t $s $n the$r nat$ona $nterest6 a country

$th neary 5' ''' eapons oud not ant to expose the ay $t got $ts on eapons. )n

add$t$on throughout th$s paper $t $s cear to see mer$ca $s %ery hea%$y $n%o%ed $n nucear

eapons tak. ?h$s country as the reason 3eh$nd e%ery case study gett$ng $n%o%ed $n nucear

eapons6 they ere aso ment$oned t$me and t$me aga$n for ha%$ng a say or a pan $n t$mes here

nucear eapons ere %ery $mportant. 1$thout a dou3t6 mer$ca needs to 3e remo%ed from the

p$cture so that countr$es $n the ord $ ne%er ha%e a separate country po$c$ng them. ?he f$rst

cons$derat$on to 3e taken h$e speak$ng of mer$can $n%o%ement $s $n the sect$on Roe of

!ontro the ords mer$ca6 keep6 and monopoy are put $nto the same sentence. surpr$s$ng

re%eat$on comes from that teet and $t $s cear that mer$ca kne $t had a monopoy on nukes

and they anted to keep $t that ay. ?he fa$ure of mer$ca to see ho the $mmense poer they

had as $n no ay 3enef$c$a to the ord $s shock$ng. though they are stuck $n the cod(ar

era state of m$nd 3ecause they are una3e to see the negat$%e $mpacts of nucear eapons. Many

go%ernments refuse to adm$t that the$r nucear stockp$e as a resut of the frayed ner%es of

superpoer eaders the ;n$ted States 3e$ng one of them ". ?he next case $s a tr$pe h$tter6 the roe

mer$ca payed $n three separate countr$es a3out the top$c of nucear eapons. D$rsty $n !h$na6

the mer$cans threatened the !h$nese go%ernment to no onger support +orthern ,orea $n the

,orean 1ar. ?h$s ead to !h$na dec$d$ng to create eapons of mass destruct$on. so $n )nd$a6

the mer$can go%ernment dec$ded to put sanct$ons don aga$nst the )nd$an go%ernment h$ch

pre%ented the r$ght amount of human$tar$an ork do$ng $ts =o3 and hep$ng po%er$sh ch$dren $n

r$ca. ?he ast exampe $n the case study as the country of +orth ,oreaC mer$ca as the

country ho got them $nterested $n these eapons and aso ga%e them a $nk to the enemy So%$et

;n$on. key po$nt to recogn$/e $s that a three of these countr$es ha%e 3een connected $th the

;n$ted States $n some ay h$ch forced them to create nucear eapons. Dor there to 3e rest

amongst countr$es of the ord6 $t $s 3est for peope to no onger th$nk of mer$ca as a nucear

poer 3ut rather as nucear po$son. Someho6 they manage to ree a nat$on $n and ead $t $nto

dangerous terr$tory. ?he one that $s usuay trekked 3y countr$es ho can hande that6 ony these

smaer countr$es are $ e>u$pped h$ch forces them to $e to get the$r ay.

)t $s $mperat$%e for countr$es that ha%e d$sagreements $th one another to reconc$e $n

order for there to no onger 3e a reason to stock nucear eapons. )f a countr$es got aong there

oud 3e no other nat$ona enemy to protect themse%es from. ?error$sts may 3e %ery act$%e $n

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todays soc$ety 3ut $f a countr$es rema$n steadfast together6 there $ not 3e need to har3or

these eapons. ?he ;S and Russ$a are the ony to nat$ons 3e$e%ed to ha%e the capac$ty to

carry out #aunch(on(1arn$ng +ucear 1eapons $n the ;.S and Russ$a:.?hese to countr$es

ha%e the greatest num3er of nucear eapons6 account$ng for o%er 5' of the go3a stockp$e.

;nfortunatey6 they 3oth happen to ha%e stra$ned reat$onsh$ps $th one another and can aunch

nucear eapons $n arn$ng. ?he$r a3$$ty to ha%e a eapon aunched $th$n m$nutes of arn$ng

$s someth$ng that puts the safety of the ord $n =eopardy. Dor the ord to keep peace6

d$sagreements $ke these must 3e reso%ed to sa%e human$ty.

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1orks !$ted

3r$ght6 <a%$d. A Str$cker6 ndrea. 2'"56 Septem3er 28:. )f you F$%e a Mouse a!ook$e. Retr$e%ed March "6 2'"-6 from httpJHH$s$s(on$ne.orgHupoadsH$s$s(

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B$nder6 Markus ,. L+ucear 1eapons and +onpro$ferat$onJ %er%$e.L Issues9

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Borger6 . 2'"46 anuary "5:. ?he truth a3out )sraeKs secret nucear arsena. Retr$e%edMarch &6 2'"-6 from httpJHH.theguard$an.comHordH2'"4H=anH"5Htruth($sraes(secret(nucear(

arsena

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Economyof!h$na.

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Dact Sheets A Br$efs. 2'"46 une 2*:. Retr$e%ed March "6 2'"-6 from

httpsJHH.armscontro.orgHfactsheetsH+uceareaponshohashat

Fossary U #earn U +?). n.d.:. Retr$e%ed pr$ *6 2'"-6 from

httpJHH.nt$.orgHearnHgossaryHVnonpro$ferat$on

)nd$a(Pak$stanJ +ucear 1eapon ;pdate ( "008. "0086 +o%em3erH<ecem3er:. Retr$e%edMarch 206 2'"-6 from httpJHH.$scons$npro=ect.orgHcountr$esHpak$stanHnuke08.htm

)nd$a. 2'"-6 March:. Retr$e%ed March 286 2'"-6 from

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http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/15/truth-israels-secret-nuclear-arsenal


http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/china/nuclear/

http://www.atomicarchive.com/Treaties/Treaty19.shtml

https://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Economy_of_China

https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat

http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/india/nuclear/



http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/china/nuclear/

http://www.atomicarchive.com/Treaties/Treaty19.shtml

https://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Economy_of_China

https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat

http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/india/nuclear/

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@aks6 <. n.d.:. ?he <$fference Beteen 1ants %s. +eeds $n Econom$cs ( I$deo A

#esson ?ranscr$pt U Study.com. Retr$e%ed March "'6 2'"-6 from

httpJHHstudy.comHacademyHessonHthe(d$fference(3eteen(ants(%s(needs($n(econom$cs.htm

@$story.com Staff. 2''0:. ,orean 1ar. Retr$e%ed pr$ "6 2'"-6 from

httpJHH.h$story.comHtop$csHkorean(ar

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@udson6 F. D. 2'""6 cto3er "":. Russ$a and !h$naJ ?he <$emmas of Poer. Retr$e%edMarch 286 2'"-6 from httpsJHH.fore$gnaffa$rs.comHart$cesHch$naH"0-'("'('"Hruss$a(and(

ch$na(d$emmas(poer

)ns$ght on +ucear ?echnoogy WE(ma$ to R. #$takX. 2'"-6 De3ruary 2*:.

ames M. cton. n.d.:. Retr$e%ed March "26 2'"-6 from

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,r$stensen6 @. M.6 A +orr$s6 R. S. 2'"46 anuary 0:. 1ord$de depoyments of nuceareapons6 2'"4. Retr$e%ed March "6 2'"-6 from

httpJHH3os.sagepu3.comHcontentHearyH2'"4H'8H2-H''0-*4'2"454&-"0.fuVfn("&

,r$stensen6 @. M.6 A +orr$s6 R. S. n.d.:. Status of 1ord +ucear Dorces ( Dederat$on fmer$can Sc$ent$sts. Retr$e%ed March "'6 2'"-6 from httpJHHfas.orgH$ssuesHnucear(

eaponsHstatus(ord(nucear(forcesH

#ee6 F. 2''*:. ?he Po$t$ca Ph$osophy of uche. Retr$e%ed March 206 2'"-6 from

httpsJHHe3.stanford.eduHgroupHs=eaaH=ourna*Hkorea".pdf

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pak$stan(a(decade(s$nce(operat$on(parakramH

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Rosen6 . 2'"46 ugust 2&:. @ereKs 1here 1e ?h$nk ?he 1ordKs +ukes re Stored (

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http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-nukes-and-where-theyre-stored-2014-8

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