ISU Role of International Cooperation 27Jan2014 (1)

8/12/2019 ISU Role of International Cooperation 27Jan2014 (1)

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The Role of In ternat ionalCooperat ion in Nuc learEnergy RDD&D

Harold McFarlane

Director, International Programs

Idaho State University 27 January 2014


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As a pract ical matter, INL mus t play a leadership

role in in ternat ional nuclear energy Support U.S. Global interest in

nuclear technologyadvancement, safety and non-proliferation

Enable U.S. experts andcreation of American jobs bypartnering with the privatesector to sustain U.S.leadership in nuclear energy

technology

Fulfill a stewardship role inutilizing/accessinginternational intellectual andphysical capabilities

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Dif fuse internat ional awareness throughout the

organizat ion; focus on relevance and impact Attain positions of

leadership in internationalforums

Apply differentiatingcapability in support of U.S.led international programs

Attract internationalparticipation to INLintellectual and physicalcapabilities

Promote U.S. nuclear energyRDD&D capabilityinternationally

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Character is t ics o f successful col laborat ion

Binding legal framework to protect the rights ofindividual partners

Significant domest ic investment in technology,physical capability and human infrastructure

Motivationcost savings, improved public acceptance,stronger support for domestic program, enhancedassurance for regulator, beneficial outcomes for allparties

Productive use of infrastructure excess capacity

Agreement on common metrics, standards, etc.,including collaboration on development of commontools

Personnel exchanges4


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How INL establ ishes global relationships

Provide critical support to DOEs Office of International NuclearPolicy and Cooperation

Provide experts for International Atomic Energy Agency andOECD/Nuclear Energy Agency working groups and programs

Support for National Nuclear Security Programs (NNSA)

Global Threat Reduction Initiative

Establish collaborations with companies looking to develop andexport nuclear technologies (e.g., TerraPower)

Attract international R&D work to US

Acquire international talent or experience

Lab Directors outreach activities to key nuclear states

Memoranda of Understanding with laboratories in 7 countries

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Venues for internat ional R&D

Generation IV International Forum

Trilateral agreements

Bilateral agreements

Lab-to-lab agreements

International Nuclear Energy Research Initiatives(INERI)

Multinational Design Evaluation Project (MDEP)

European framework Halden Project

OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency projects

Internal domest ic col laborat ion is also v i tal ly important6


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Add it ional Internat ional Success Metr ics fo r INL

Few options available for doing work for foreign organizations

Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADA) we have 6with 4 countries (Canada, France, Japan, and Republic of Korea)

Work for Others (WFO) agreements with Australia, Canada and Japan

License agreements with 17 countries

Membership in the Halden Reactor Project

Collaboration through DOE-NE programs under bilateral andmultilateral agreements

Primary participants are France, Japan, Euratom, China, Russia, Republic ofKorea, and India

Areas of collaboration include reactor design, advanced fuels, fuel cycletechnologies, modeling and simulation, light water reactor sustainability,safety, sensors and instrumentation, and nonelectric applications

Key opportunities

Saudi Arabia, Japan, and South Korea. China?

Membership on Civil Nuclear Trade Advisory Committee (CINTAC) 7


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Potent ia l barr iers to co l labo ration

Market competition

National concerns about:

intellectual property

continued viability of internal facilities and programs

constraining or conflicting policies or agreements

Technological disparity

Policy instability

Inadequate funding of participants (meetings, but not actual work)

Collaborat ion at i ts core is harnessin g the dif ferences that each

person br ings and leveraging the co ntr ibut ions of ind iv iduals tocreate a greater sum. K.Q. 2013

In nuclear, independent verification is good, even necessary to achieve therequired level of quality assurance.

Partners must bring something unique to the table

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Foreign Nat ional Emp loyees

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BEA International Licensing Agreements

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INL Employee International Assignments

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Impacts of 20-year product development cycle

20 years is the rule of thumb for bringing new nucleartechnology to market, which is probably optimistic fora sustainable energy system

Patents developed in the R&D phase expire before

significant market penetration Vast stores of research data and know-how are on theverge of being lost

changes in storage media

retirement

weak knowledge management programs

Appropriate collaboration and sharing are best hopefor preserving essential data and experience

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An INL Success Story : nuc lear cooperation w iththe Republ ic of Korea (ROK)

INL has developed a strategicR&D relationship with theRepublic of Korea (ROK)

There is a strong rationale for

this effortROK has become a leader in

development and deployment ofnuclear technology.

There are significantprogrammatic synergies between

INL and the Korean AtomicEnergy Research Institute(KAERI).

Collaborations help provideadditional U.S. influence on theKorean peninsula

Construction at Kori Nuclear Power Plant

PRIDE Fuel Cycle Facility at KAERI 13


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ROK Col labo rat ion

Cooperation started under DOEsInternational Nuclear EnergyResearch Initiative (INERI)

Collaboration was initiated underthree critical focus areas for INL

Electrochemical processing

High-temperature gas cooledreactors

Reduced enrichment researchreactor fuels development

Collaboration is supported at ahigh-level in both Laboratories.

Second Memorandum of TechnicalCooperation was approved

Another milestone in reduced enrichment fuel

development collaboration 24 January 2014

Signing INL/KAERI Cooperation Agreement 14


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ROK Col laborat ion Focused on Fuel Cycle

Collaboration in electrochemicalprocessing has expanded extensivelythrough the Joint Fuel Cycle Studies

Starting Phase II of a multi-year, multi-million dollar collaboration with theROK to assess options for managementof used nuclear fuel, includingelectrochemical processing

The objective is to demonstrate closureof the fuel cycle using electrochemicalprocessing and metal fuel

Work scope includes demonstration ofadvanced safeguards technology

Program has strong support of the twogovernments

This is a first of a kind collaboration in bothcountries

Proposed equipment layout at INL

Previous KAERI Assignees

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Next Steps for ROK Col labo rat ion

Based on the strong relationshipestablished between KAERI and INL,we continue to expand the scope ofcollaborations

INL recently signed a CRADA to

support fuel irradiation studies forKAERI research reactor fuel.

INL nuclear cyber expertise inNational and Homeland Security isnow being used by KAERI to support

implementation of cyber security inROK facilities

There is potential to expand scopeinto small modular reactordemonstration and fast reactortechnology

Current KAERI Assignees

Korean Fast Reactor Concept 16


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Generat ions of nuc lear energy


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In 1999, low public and political support for nuclearenergy

Oil and gas prices low

USA proposed a bold initiative in 2000

Leapfrog beyond LWR technology and collaborate with

international partners to share R&D

9 Countries and EU joined in

Oil prices jumped soon thereafter

Gen IV concept defined via ambitious goals andTechnology Roadmap

Goals: sustainability, economics, safety and reliability, andproliferation resistance

Technology Roadmap released in 2002

2 year study with over 100 experts worldwide

More than 100 reactor designs evaluated

6 most promising concepts selected

Genesis of Generat ion IV Concept

This may have been thefirst time that the world

came together to decide

on a fission technology

to develop together.

~William Magwood IV


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From concept to demonstrat ion

Prototype

Demonstration

Horizontal ActivitiesEconomics

Safety

Proliferation

feasibility

viability

performance

GFR

VHTR

SFR

LFR

SCWR

MSR

HA

Ideas(Concepts)

The GIF charter

encompasses the completedevelopment cycle and fuel

cycle

Each horizontal activity

involves collaboration

with IAEA/INPRO


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Generat ion IV organizat ion

Proliferation Resistance &

Physical Protection

Risk & Safety

Economic Modelling

Methodology

Working Groups

System Steering

Committees

Project

Management

Boards

(Multiple R&D projects)

Policy Secretariat

Policy Director - P. Anzieu

Technical Director - D. Hahn

T. Dujardin

Technical Secretariat

Senior Industry

Advisory Panel

ChairVacant

Co-chairVacant

Policy Group

Chair - J. Kelly (USA)

Vice Chair - C. Behar (France)

Vice Chair - K. Aoto (Japan)

Co-Chairs

Experts Group

ChairD. Hahn (ROK)


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Sodium Fast Reactor

550 C

Integral part of the closed fuel cycle

Can either burn actinides or breed fissile material

Designs being developed

ASTRID (France)

JSFR (Japan)

PGSFR (Korea)

BN-1200 (Russia)

BN-800 (Russia)

2014 - Start-up expected

2015 - Fully operational

R&D focus

Analyses and experiments that demonstrate safetyapproaches

High burn-up minor actinide bearing fuels

Develop advanced components and energy conversion

systems

500 -550 C


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Lead Fast Reactor

480 -800 C

Lead is not chemically reactive withair or water and has lower coolantvoid reactivity

Three design thrusts:

European Lead Cooled Fast Reactor

(Large, central station)Russian BREST-OD-300 (Medium size)

SSTAR (Small Transportable Reactor)

R&D focus on materials corrosionand safety


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Gas-coo led Fast Reacto r

High temperature, inert coolant and fastneutrons for a closed fuel cycle

Fast spectrum enables extension of uraniumresources and waste minimization

High temperature enables non-electricapplications

Non-reactive coolant eliminates materialcorrosion

Very advanced system

Requires advanced materials and fuels

Key technical focus:

SiC clad carbide fuel

High temperature components and materials

850 C


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High temperature enables non-electric applications

Goal - reach outlet temperature of 1000oC, with near termfocus on 700-950C

Reference configurations are theprismatic and the pebble bed

Designed to be walk away safe

R&D focus on materials and fuels

Develop a worldwide materials handbook

Benchmarking of computer models

Shared irradiations

Confirmed excellent performance ofUO2TRISO

Japan HTTR in operation

China HTR-PM demonstration plantunder construction

Very High Temperature Reactor

900 - 1000 C


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Supercri t ical Water-Coo led Reactor

Merges GEN-III+ reactor technology withadvanced supercritical water technology used in coal plants

Operates above the thermodynamic critical point(374C, 22.1 MPa) of water

Fast and thermal spectrumoptions

Key technology focus:

Materials, water chemistry, andradiolysis

Thermal hydraulics and safetyto address gaps in SCWR heattransfer and critical flow databases

Fuel qualification

510 - 625C


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Molten Salt Reacto r

High temperature system

High temperature enablesnon-electric applications

On-line waste management

Design Options

Solid fuel with molten saltcoolant

Fuel dissolved in moltensalt coolant

Key technical focus

Neutronics

Materials and components

Safety and safety systems

Liquid salt chemistry and properties

Salt processing

700 - 800C


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Generation IV System Development thru 2013

Participating member, signatory of a System Arrangement or a Project Arrangement at some point during the period.This table does not necessarily reflect the status of participation as of 1 January 2014.


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GIF Materials Handbook

International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark

Experiments International Handbook of Evaluated Reactor Physics Benchmark

Experiments

Safety Design Criteria for Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors (underdevelopment)

Regulatory standards and convergence

Examples of last ing impact of international

cooperat ion


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Internat ional Handbook o f Evaluated Cri t ical i tySafety Benchmark Experiments

September 2013 Edition

20 Contributing Countries

Spans nearly 67000 Pages

Evaluation of 568 Experimental Series

4,798 Critical, Subcritical, or KConfigurations

24 Criticality-Alarm/ ShieldingBenchmark Configurationsnumerous dose points each

155 fission rate and transmissionmeasurements and reaction rate ratiosfor 45 different materials

http://www.oecd-nea.org/science/wpncs/icsbep/

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ICSBEP International Partners 20 Coun tr ies

Republ icof Korea

1996Japan1994

China2006

India2005

Spain2000

UnitedKingdom

1994

United States

1992

Brazil2004

Russian Federation1994

Israel 2000

France1994

Hungar y 1994Slovenia 1998Serbia 1999Kazakhstan 1999Czech Republic 2004Poland 2005

Argentina2008

Canada2005

Sweden2007

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Internat ional Handbook of Evaluated Reacto rPhys ics Benchm ark Exper iments

March 2013 Edition

21 Contributing Countries

Data from 131 Experimental Seriesperformed at 47 Reactor Facilities

Data from 127 out of the 131 seriesare published as approvedbenchmarks

Data from 4 out of the 131 seriesare published in DRAFT form

http://www.oecd-nea.org/science/wprs/irphe/

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IRPhEP In ternational Partners 21 Countr ies

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Inc reased sharing of h igher f lux US mater ials

test reactors and cr i t ical support faci l i t ies

Infrastructure

Equipment

Knowledge

Technical Expertise

Partnerships

User Facilities

HFIR 35


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Gen-IV International Forum promot ing increased

sharing o f expensive infrastructu re

Type of Capability FR JP KR RU US EUIrradiation X X X X X

Core Design X X X

Post Irradiation Exam X X X X

In Service Inspection X X X

Safety X X X X

Coolant Loops X X X X X

Instrumentation & Control X X X

Power Conversion X


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Other dimens ions of internat ional nuc lear energy

Regulator collaboration (MDEP)

Design specific working groups

AP1000

EPR

APR1400

Issue specific working group

Digital I&C

Codes & Standards

Vendor inspection cooperation

Safeguards and security International Framework for

Nuclear Energy Cooperation

OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency

Global Corporations

Westinghouse

Majority owned by Toshiba

AP1000 construction in China

Technology transfer to ChinaConstruction experience transfer to

US Vogtle and Summer projects

GE-Hitachi

New enrichment technology

Marketing advanced BWR

AREVA global footprint

Emerging Korean export power

ROSATOMRussiastechnology and export

powerhouse 37


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The National Nuclear Laboratory

ISU Role of International Cooperation 27Jan2014 (1)

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