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4W Vocabulary Mapping Across Diverse Reference Genres

Michael Buckland and Ryan Shaw (& others)Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative and School of Information, Univ. of California, Berkeley

Work supported by the Institute for Museum and Library Studies and by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

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Currently: -- Distinct reference genres -- Vocabulary mapping across similar vocabularies -- Codex-like infrastructureNeed: -- Interlinked reference genres -- Vocabulary mapping across dissimilar vocabularies -- Union index infrastructure

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Context determines understanding!Five ideas about use of digital corpora. . . . 1. Understanding requires knowing the context.

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Five ideas about use of digital corpora. . . . 1. Understanding requires knowing the context.2. Using Internet resources should be like using a library reference collection and as easy and as reliable.3. Design: Find the context of any museum object, document, or performance: What is related to it in what it is, where it came from, when it originated, and who is associated with it?WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and WHO (4W) as a structure.Make better use of existing descriptive metadata.

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Any word, name, document, or eventAny resource:Audio, Images, Texts, Numeric data, Objects, Virtual reality, WebpagesAny catalog: Archives, Libraries, Museums, TV, PublishersConnect it with its context and other resources.Facet Vocabulary Displays

WHAT Thesaurus Cross- e.g. LCSH references

WHERE Gazetteer Map

WHEN Period directory Timeline

WHO Biograph. dict. Personal e.g. Whos Who relationsContext and relationships: Ireland and Irish Studies Project diagram.

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WHAT Subject headings Cross-references in& between vocabulariesKung fu movies SEE Martial Arts filmsFORMERLY Hand-to-hand fighting, oriental, in motion pictures Automobile in four dialects: - PASS MOT VEH, SPARK IGN ENG (U.S.Import/Export statistics) - TL 205 (Library of Congress Classification) - 180/280 (US Patent classification) - 3711 (Standard Industrial Classification)HS 847120 Digital auto data proc mach contng in the same housing a CPU and input & output device.(International Harmonized Commodity Classification System).NEED TO MAP TO & BETWEEN UNFAMILIAR VOCABULARIES= Computer!

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WHEN? What happened in IRELAND in 1690s?Time Period Directory records in Google Earth. Zoom to Ireland and 1690s. Icon for siege of Limerick, 1690. Click link for library search. Catalog records list books and show context.

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WHO Biographical Dictionary Complex relationshipsLife events metadata

WHAT: Actions prisonerWHERE: Places HolsteinWHEN: Times 1261-1262WHO: People Margaret Sambiria

But ideally we need external links to the best resources!Current project: Context finding for biographical texts. Example: Electronic search engine pioneer.

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Emanuel Goldberg, b. Moscow, 1881; son of Grigorii Goldberg; Univ. of Moscow, 1900-04; Ph.D w. Robert Luther, Leipzig Univ., 1906; Assistant, Adolf Miethe, TU Charlottenburg, 1906-07; Prof, Akad. f. graphische Knste, Leipzig, 1907-17; ICA, Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, 1917-1933; Kinamo cine camera, 1921; microdots, 1925; search engine, 1927; Contax 35 mm camera 1932; kidnapped by Nazi SA; refugee in Paris, 1933-37; Laboratory, Palestine, Israel, 1937; d. 1970.WHO? Click a name to search for an internet resource.

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Emanuel Goldberg, b. Moscow, 1881; son of Grigorii Goldberg; Univ. of Moscow, 1900-04; Ph.D w. Robert Luther, Leipzig Univ., 1906; Assistant, Adolf Miethe, TU Charlottenburg, 1906-07; Prof, Akad. f. graphische Knste, Leipzig, 1907-17; ICA, Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, 1917-1933; Kinamo cine camera, 1921; microdots, 1925; search engine, 1927; Contax 35 mm camera 1932; kidnapped by Nazi SA; refugee in Paris, 1933-37; Laboratory, Palestine, Israel, 1937; d. 1970.WHERE?Trace a life-path.

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Emanuel Goldberg, b. Moscow, 1881; son of Grigorii Goldberg; Univ. of Moscow, 1900-04; Ph.D w. Robert Luther, Leipzig Univ., 1906; Assistant, Adolf Miethe, TU Charlottenburg, 1906-07; Prof, Akad. f. graphische Knste, Leipzig, 1907-17; ICA, Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, 1917-1933; Kinamo cine camera, 1921; microdots, 1925; search engine, 1927; Contax 35 mm camera 1932; kidnapped by Nazi SA; refugee in Paris, 1933-37; Laboratory, Palestine, Israel, 1937; d. 1970.WHAT?

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Initial sketch for Context Finding / Building interface.

Save search pathSave link & notes as stand-off markup.Save link & notes as embedded mark-up.Insert / block textDefine facetRanked lists of suggested resources for each facet chosenDisplay of search result

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Scanned textNamed Entities

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Hovering over a named entity highlights the areas where it appears in the text.

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Named entities are linked to specific resources or dynamic searches over relevant databases.

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Initially, named entities are linked to keyword searches at the appropriate name authorities and metadata services. Here we see a number of possible candidates for Henry V.

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Now that it has been disambiguated, the named entity links directly to the appropriate record.

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Named entities not detected automatically can be added manually.

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Edmund Hogans Onomasticon Goedelicum : Locorum et Tribuum Hiberniae et Scotiae = An Index, with Identifications, to the Gaelic Names of Places and Tribes If searchable online, one could, when reading an Irish studies text:1. Search it (Context finder)2. Markup text with links to it (Context builder);3. Markup Hogan with reverse links to the Irish studies text (Context provider) with rich consequences.

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Facet genres include other facetsLibrary subject headingsTopic Geographic subdivision Chronological subdivision

Place name gazetteerPlace name Type Spatial markers (Lat & long) When

Time Period DirectoryPeriod name Type Time markers (Calendar) Where

Biographical DictionaryPerson Activity type Time Where Who else

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Facet genres with facets realigned.

WhatWhereWhen WhoWHAT (LCSH) X XXX

WHERE (Place Gazet.) XXX-

WHEN (Period dir.) XXX-

WHO (Biogr dict.) XXXX

From LCSH Lighthouses to NGA Gazetteer Geographic Description Code Lthse (Lighthouse). Gazetteer entries give locations of instances.

Vertical mappings extend semantic links vocabularies, e.g.Horizontal links provide additional context.

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Facet Vocabulary Displays Reference GenreWHAT Topics Cross-references Dictionary, EncyclopediaWHERE PlacesMaps Atlas, gazetteerWHEN Periods Timeline Almanac, ChronologyWHO Persons Personal relationships Biogr.dictionary, Whos WhoReference Genre Vocabulary Displays FacetDictionary, encyclopedia TopicsCross-refs WHATAtlas, gazetteerPlacesMaps WHEREAlmanac, chronology Time Timelines WHENBiogr. Dict., Whos WhoPersons Personal relationships WHOPaper-based reference collection: Codex determines structure and use.Reversed in a digital environment: Metadata forms infrastructure.And, better, build a union index, so you know where too look!

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