introductiontoresearcher-100111090326-phpapp02

8/11/2019 introductiontoresearcher-100111090326-phpapp02

1/7

Introduction to Research:

ResearchMeans in Search of knowledge. Or Researchis an art of scienticinvestigation.

Researchis an academic activity & as such term should be used in a technical

sense. Researchcomprises of defning & redefning problems, ormulatinghypothesis & suggesting solutions.

Or we can say collecting, organizing & evaluating the data: makingdeductions & reaching conclusion, & carefully the conclusions to determinewhether they t the formulating hypothesis.

Research is Search or no!ledge

"t is an #rt o Scientifc "nvestigation

#ccording to Redman and $ory, Research is a %Systematized eort

to gain ne! kno!ledge'

Research is an original addition to the available kno!ledge, !hich

contributes to its urther advancement

"n sum, Research is the search or kno!ledge, using ob(ective and

systematic methods to fnd solution to a problem

Scopes of Research:

Does the research cover a particular Objective of research or researcher?

Does the research cover a particular time period?

Does the study cover a specific geographical area? If the study involves people,what age group, gender and place of originare to be

included?

Are all dates of publicationto be included?

Is the research going to cover publications from other countries?

Will the research include other languages and scripts? (Language of research)

Are all perspectives to beconsidered? or e!ample, philosophical, political,

psychological, etc"

Objectives of research:

#o gain familiarity with new insights into a phenomenon

#o accurately portray the characteristics of a particular individual, group, or a situation

#o analy$e the fre%uency with which something occurs


2/7


3/7

ualitative -esearch is concerned with the aspects related to or involving %uality or

6ind"(e! 7otivational -esearch involving behavioural 'ciences)

!onceptual Vs "mpirical:

#he -esearch related to some abstract idea or theory is .nown as *onceptual -esearch"(+! 3hilosophers and #hin.ers using this to developing new concepts)

+mpirical -esearch relies on the observation or e!perience with hardly any regard for

theory and system"

Other #ypes of Research$

ne8time or Longitudinal -esearch (n the basis time)

Laboratory -esearch or ield8setting or 'imulational -esearch (n the basis of

environment)

&istorical -esearch

#he %mportance of &no'ing (o' to conduct Research$

&elps -esearcher to develop disciplined thin.ing

#he -esearcher will confidently evaluate and utili$e the -esearch indings

&elps the -esearch consumer to evaluate -esearch and ma.e rational decisions

#he -esearcher will be e%uipped with .nowledge of different tools to conduct scientific

-esearch

ualities of a Researcher:

Desire for accuracy of observation 5 precision of statement

An alert mind"

7ust practice 9#he art of enduring intellectual hardships:

7a.ing statements cautiously

)ignificance of Research:

According to &udson 7a!im 9All progress is born of in%uiry" Doubt is often better than

overconfidence, for it leads to in%uiry, and in%uiry leads to invention:

Research *rocess:

+ Formulating the Research *roblem

- ".tensive /iterature )urvey


4/7

0 Developing (ypothesis

1 *reparing the Research Design

2 Determining )ample Design

3 !ollecting Data

4 ".ecution of the *roject

5 Analysis of the Data

6 (ypothesis #esting

+7 8enerali9ation and %nterpretation

++ *reparation of the Report or *resentation of the Results

Research )roblem:

Research Problem is an unanswered uestion that a researcher might

encounter in the conte!t of either a theoretical or practical situation.


5/7

*omponents o a Research )roblem:

"here should be an individual or a group who have some di#culty or problem

"here should be some ob$ective to be pursued % person or an organi'ation

who wants nothing cannot have a problem(

"here should be more than one alternative means available to theResearcher.

"here should be some doubt in the mind of the Researcher about the choice

of alternative means

*onditions or Research )roblem:

)* an individual or an organi'ation %to whom the problem is attributed(

+*the environment where ) is situated

,*the uncontrolled variables which control +

- & two courses of action

/- & / two possible outcomes of the said course %0ne outcome should be

what Researcher 1ants(

Research +esign:

2t highlights decisions which include

-. "he 3ame of the Study

. "he Purpose of the Study

4. "he 5ocation where the study would be conducted

6. "he 3ature of 7ata Reuired

8. 9rom where the reuired 7ata can be collected

. 1hat time period the study would cover

;. "he "ype of Sample 7esign

. "he Methods of 7ata nalysis:

*oncepts Relating to Research +esign:

magnitude that varies is known as a variable %e!: income? height? weight..(

1hen changes in one variable depend upon the changes in other variable %s(?

it is known as dependent variable %e!: 2f 7emand depends on Price? then

7emand is a dependent variable? price is independent variable(


6/7

-traneous ariable:

"he independent variables which are not directly related to the purpose of

the study but a@ect the dependent variable are known as A!traneous

Bariables. %e!: Relationship between childrenCs school performance

%dependent variable( and their ParentCs 2ncome %2ndependent Bariable(. 2n thiscase 2ntelligence may also inDuence the school performance %A!traneous

Bariable(

/ypes o Research +esign:

-ploratory Research +esign

"o formulate a Research Problem for an in*depth or more precise investigation

"o discover new ideas and insights

"hree methods considered for such Research 7esign

a( a Survey of related 5iterature

b( e!perience survey

c( analysis of insight*stimulating instances

+escriptive and +iagnostic Research +esign

7escriptive Research 7esign is =oncerned with describing the characteristics of

a particular individual or a group.

7iagnostic Research 7esign is determines the freuency with which a variable

occurs or itCs relationship with other.

/oth 7escriptive & 7iagnostic Research design have common reuirements

0ypothesis1testing Research +esign

"he Researcher tests the Eypothesis of casual relationship between two or more

variables

"hese studies reuire unbiased attitude of the Researcher.

"mportance o Research +esign:

2t facilitates smooth conduct of the various stages of Research.

Makes Research A#cient to yield ma!imum information with minimum e@ort?

time? e!penditure


7/7

Plays a crucial role in attaining the reliability of the results obtained.

*haracteristics o a 2ood Research +esign:

9le!ible? Suitable? A#cient and Aconomical

Minimi'es bias and Ma!imi'es Reliability

3o A!perimental Arror

+ields Ma!imum 2nformation

introductiontoresearcher-100111090326-phpapp02

Documents

Transcript of introductiontoresearcher-100111090326-phpapp02