Introduction to SPSS 1

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SPSS WORKSHOP

PART 126 FEBRUARI 2011

By:

Dr. Siti Aisyah Abdul RahmanDepartment of Human Resource Development

Faculty of Management & Human Resource Development

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia


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Content Introduction to SPSS

Defining Variable and Entering Data Data Analysis


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Main view in SPSS1. Data editor

Data editor is used for new data entry or to modifiedthe existing data/

It has two views: data viewand variable view


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Data Editor (Variable View)


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Main view in SPSS

2. Viewer (output)

It display result of the analysis


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Output view


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Main menu data editor Three main menu is vital in data analysis:

Data menu

Analyze menuTransform menu


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Data menu

It is a menu used to exploit entered data.


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Transform menu

It is quite similar to data menu

It is a menu used to exploit entered data and variable.


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Transform Menu


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Analyze Menu

It is used to select analysis procedure Menu and

analysis output.


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Analyze Menu


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DEFINING THE VARIABLES

Before you can enter your data, you need to tellSPSS about your variable names and codinginstruction.

You will do this in the Data Editor window.

The Data Editor window consists of twodifferent view: Data view and variable view.


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Procedure for defining variables

To define each of your variables, you first need to clickon theVariable View at the bottom of your screen.

Name:

In this column, type in the brief variable name. Keep the variablenames as short as possible, and not exceeding 64 characters(SPSS version 12 onwards) or eight characters (earlier versions ofSPSS).

Each variable name must start with a letter, and cannot contain

spaces or symbols.


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Name


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Type: The default value for Type that will appear automatically as your enter your first

variable name is Numeric. For most purposes, this is all you will need to use.

Width:

The default value for Width is 8. This is usually sufficient for most data.

Decimals: The default value for Decimals is 0. You can change this to suit your needs.

Label The Label column allows you to provide a longer description for your variable

than the eight characters that are permitted under the variable name.


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Label


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Values:

In the Values column you can define the meaning of the valuesyou have used to code your variables. Click on the three dots on the right hand side of the cell. This opens the value

label dialogue box. Click in the box marked Value. Type in 1.

Click in the box marked Value Label. Type in Male.

Click onAdd. You will then see in the summary box: 1 = Male.

Repeat for females

When you have finished defining all the possible values, click on continue.


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Value


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Procedure for defining variables Missing:

Sometimes researchers assign specific values to indicatemissing values for their data.

This is not essential SPSS will recognize any blank cellas missing data.

If you do intend to use specific missing value codes (e.g.99 = not applicable), you must specify this in the

Missing Values section.

Choose the option Discrete missing values and typethe value (e.g. 99)


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Procedure for defining variables Columns

The default column width is usually set at 8, which is sufficientfor most purposes.

Align

The alignment of the column is usually set at right alignment

Measure

Refers to the level of measurement of each of your variables.

The default is Scale, which refers to continuous data measuredat interval or ratio level of measurement.

ChooseNominalfor categorical data, and Ordinalif your datainvolve ranking or ordered values.


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Entering Data You can enter the data after all the variables have been

defined in Variable View.

Data entry process can be done in Data View

Data can be imported from other program such as MSExcel


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Data Management: Inserting, Deleting

case and variable

Insert case: Klik Data menuInsert case

Delete case: Klik Edit menu Clear

Insert variable: Klik Data menu

insert variable Delete variable: Klik Edit menu Clear


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DATA ENTRY USING EXCEL Data files can be prepared in the Microsoft Excel program and then

imported into SPSS for analysis

Warning: Excel can cope with only 256 columns of data (or variables).

Step 1: Set up the variable names

Set up an Excel spreadsheet with the variable names in the first rowacross the page.

Step 2: Enter the data

Enter information for the first case on one line across the page.

Dont use any formulas or other Excel function

Click on File, Save. In the section marked Save as Type, make sureMicrosoft Excel Workbookis selected.


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DATA ENTRY USING EXCEL Step3: Converting to SPSS format

After you have entered the data, save your file and then closeExcel.

Start SPSS and, with the Data Editor open on screen, click on

File, Open, Data, from the menu at the top of the screen. In the section labelled Files of Type, Choose Excel. Find the

file that contains your data. Click on it so that it appears in theFile namesection.

Click on Open button. A screen will appear labelled Opening

Excel Data Source. Make sure there is a tick in the box ReadVariable names from the first row of data. Click on OK.


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Select cases It is a process to select specific case to analyzed.

Clik Data

select cases

if condition is satisfied Click on the button labelled IF Choose the variable that you are interested in (e.g. sex) Click on the =key from the keypad displayed on the screen Type in the value that relate to the variable (e.g. sex = 1) Click on Continueand then OK


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Transform Two common procedures are used:

Compute Recode

Compute is used to transform the data usingmathematical application.

Recodeis a process to assign code to suit the need of theanalysis.

Two ways to recode: Recode to same variable

Recode to new variable.


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Compute

Clik TransformCompute


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Reversing negatively worded items From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Transform,then click

on Recode, the Into Different Variables.

Select the items you want to reverse. Move these into the InputVariable Output Variable box.

Click on the first variable and type a new name in the output variablesection on the right hand side of the screen. Repeat for each of the othervariables you wish to reverse.

Click on the Old and new values button.

In the old Value section, type 1 in thevaluebox.

In theNew value section, type 5 in thevaluebox. Click onAdd.

Repeat the same procedure for the remaining score

Click on Continueand then OK.


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Find cases, variablesand values It is an operation to find cases, variablesand valuesin

data editor

This operation is useful to check data

Cases: Clik Data go to cases

Variables: Utilities variables Go to

Values: Edit find dialog box


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Sorting

SortingIt is a process to arrange the data in certainorder according to the need of the analysis (e.g. Sex,age).

Click on the Data menu, choose Sort Cases andspecify which variable will be used to sort by.

Choose eitherAscendingor Descending.

Click on OK


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Splitting and Merging File Splittingto separate data for separate analysis. This

process is done in data editor.

Mergingto combine data from different file.


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Splitting

click Datasplit file


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Merging

To merge files by adding cases: Open the first file that you wish to merge.

Go the data menu, choose Merge fi les and then Add

Cases.

In the dialogue box, click on An external SPSS data

fi le and choose the file that you wish to merge with. (If

your second file is already open, it will be listed in the

top box, An open dataset.)


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Merging To merge files by adding variables:

Sort each file in ascending order by ID by clicking on the Datamenu,

choose Sort cases and choose ID.

Go to the Datamenu, choose Merge fi les and then Add Variables.

In the dialogue box, click on An external SPSS data fi le and choose the

file that you wish to merge with. (If your second file is already open, it will

be listed in the top box, An open d ataset.) In the Exclu ded var iables box, you should see the ID variable listed

(because it exists in both data files). (If you have any other variables

listed here, you will need to click on the Renamebutton to change the

variable name so that it is unique.).

Click on the ID variable, and then on the box Match cases o n k eyvar iables and on the arrow button to move ID into the Key Variables

box. This means that all information will be matched by ID.

Click on Cont inueand then OK.

Save your merged file under a different name.

Introduction to SPSS 1

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