Introduction to Computers - History
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Transcript of Introduction to Computers - History
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RefPage01 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide2/17
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In this chapter you will learn about:
Computer Dataprocessing Characteristicfeaturesof computers Computersevolutiontotheirpresentform Computergenerations Characteristicfeaturesofeachcomputergeneration
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RefPage01 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide3/17
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Thewordcomputercomesfromthewordcompute,whichmeans,tocalculate
Thereby,acomputerisanelectronicdevicethatcanperformarithmeticoperationsathighspeed
Acomputerisalsocalledadataprocessorbecauseitcanstore,process,andretrievedatawheneverdesired
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Theactivity of processing data using a computer is calleddataprocessing
Data
CaptureData
ManipulateData
OutputResults
Information
Data is raw material used as input and information isprocessed data obtained as output of data processing
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1)Automatic: Given ajob, computer can work on itautomaticallywithouthumaninterventions
2)Speed: Computer can perform data processingjobsvery fast, usuallymeasured in microseconds (10-6),nanoseconds(10-9),andpicoseconds(10-12)
3)Accuracy:Accuracyofacomputer isconsistentlyhighandthedegreeofitsaccuracydependsuponitsdesign.Computererrors causeddue to incorrect inputdataorunreliableprogramsareoften referred toasGarbage-In-Garbage-Out(GIGO)
(Continued on next slide)
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RefPage02 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide6/17
CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccssooffCCoommppuutteerrss(Continued from previous slide..)
4)Diligence:Computer is free frommonotony, tiredness,and lackof concentration. It can continuouslywork forhourswithoutcreatinganyerrorandwithoutgrumbling
5)Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almostanytask, ifthetaskcanbereducedtoafiniteseriesoflogicalsteps
6)Power of Remembering: Computer can store andrecall any amount of information because of itssecondarystoragecapability.Itforgetsor loosescertaininformationonlywhenitisaskedtodoso
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RefPage03 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide7/17
CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccssooffCCoommppuutteerrss(Continued from previous slide..)
7)NoI.Q.: Acomputerdoesonlywhatitisprogrammedtodo.Itcannottakeitsowndecisioninthisregard
8)NoFeelings:Computersaredevoidofemotions.Theirjudgementisbasedontheinstructionsgiventotheminthe form of programs that arewritten by us (humanbeings)
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RefPage03 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide8/17
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BlaisePascalinventedthefirstmechanicaladdingmachinein1642
BaronGottfriedWilhelmvonLeibnizinventedthefirstcalculatorformultiplicationin1671
KeyboardmachinesoriginatedintheUnitedStatesaround1880
Around1880,HermanHollerithcameupwiththeconceptofpunchedcardsthatwereextensivelyusedasinputmediauntillate1970s
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EEvvoolluuttiioonnooffCCoommppuutteerrss(Continued from previous slide..)
Charles Babbage is considered to be the father ofmoderndigitalcomputers
HedesignedDifferenceEnginein1822Hedesigned a fully automatic analytical engine in1842forperformingbasicarithmeticfunctions
His effortsestablished a numberofprinciples thatare fundamental to the design of any digitalcomputer
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TheMarkIComputer(1937-44) TheAtanasoff-BerryComputer(1939-42) TheENIAC(1943-46) TheEDVAC(1946-52) TheEDSAC(1947-49) ManchesterMarkI(1948) TheUNIVACI(1951)
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RefPage05 Chapter1:IntroductiontoComputers Slide11/17
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Generationincomputertalkisastep intechnology. Itprovidesaframeworkforthegrowthofcomputerindustry
Originally it was used to distinguish between varioushardware technologies,butnow ithasbeenextended toincludebothhardwareandsoftware
Tilltoday,therearefivecomputergenerations
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(Continued from previous slide..)
Generation(Period) Key hardwaretechnologies
Key software
technologiesKey
characteristicsSome
representativesystems
First
(1942-1955)Vacuum tubesElectromagnetic
relay memory
Punched cardssecondary storage
Machine andassemblylanguages
Stored programconcept
Mostly scientificapplications
Bulky in sizeHighly unreliableLimited commercial
use and costly
Difficult commercialproduction
Difficult to use
ENIACEDVACEDSACUNIVAC IIBM 701
Second
(1955-1964)TransistorsMagnetic cores
memory
Magnetic tapesDisks for secondary
storage
Batch operatingsystem
High-levelprogramminglanguages
Scientific andcommercialapplications
Faster, smaller, morereliable and easier toprogram than previousgeneration systems
Commercial productionwas still difficult andcostly
Honeywell 400IBM 7030CDC 1604UNIVAC LARC
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(Continued from previous slide..)
Generation(Period) Key hardwaretechnologies
Key software
technologiesKey
characteristics Some rep.systemsThird
(1964-1975)ICswithSSIandMSItechnologies
Largermagneticcoresmemory
Largercapacitydisksandmagnetictapessecondarystorage
Minicomputers;upward
compatiblefamilyofcomputers
Timesharingoperating
system
Standardizationofhigh-levelprogramminglanguages
Unbundlingofsoftware fromhardware
Faster,smaller,morereliable,easierand
cheapertoproduce
Commercially,easiertouse,andeasiertoupgradethanpreviousgenerationsystems
Scientific,commercialandinteractiveon-
lineapplications
IBM360/370PDP-8PDP-11CDC6600
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(Continued from previous slide..)
Generation(Period) Key hardwareTechnologies
Key software
technologiesKey
characteristics Some rep.systemsFourth
(1975-1989)ICs with VLSI
technology
Microprocessors;semiconductor memory
Larger capacity harddisks as in-builtsecondary storage
Magnetic tapes andfloppy disks as portablestorage media
Personal computersSupercomputers based
on parallel vectorprocessing and
symmetricmultiprocessingtechnologies
Spread of high-speedcomputer networks
Operating systems forPCs with GUI andmultiple windows on asingle terminal screen
Multiprocessing OSwith concurrentprogramming
languages
UNIX operating systemwith C programminglanguage
Object-oriented designand programming
PC, Network-based, and
supercomputingapplications
Small, affordable,reliable, and easyto use PCs
More powerfuland reliable
mainframesystems andsupercomputers
Totally generalpurpose machines
Easier to producecommercially
Easier to upgradeRapid software
developmentpossible
IBM PC andits clones
Apple IITRS-80VAX 9000CRAY-1CRAY-2CRAY-X/MP
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(Continued from previous slide..)
Generation(Period) Key hardwaretechnologies
Key software
technologiesKey
characteristics Some rep.systemsFifth
(1989-
Present)ICs with ULSI
technology
Larger capacitymain memory,hard disks with
RAID supportOptical disks as
portable read-onlystorage media
Notebooks,powerful desktopPCs andworkstations
Powerful servers,supercomputers
InternetCluster computing
Micro-kernel based,multithreading,distributed OS
Parallelprogramming
libraries like MPI &PVM
JAVAWorld Wide WebMultimedia,
Internetapplications
More complexsupercomputing
applications
Portable computersPowerful, cheaper,
reliable, and easierto use desktopmachines
Powerfulsupercomputers
High uptime due tohot-pluggablecomponents
Totally generalpurpose machines
Easier to producecommercially,
easier to upgrade
Rapid softwaredevelopmentpossible
IBM notebooksPentium PCsSUN
Workstations
IBM SP/2SGI Origin 2000PARAM 10000
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(a) A Vacuum Tube (b) A Transistor (c) An IC Chip
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Computer Computer generations Computer Supported Cooperative
Working (CSCW)
Data Data processing Data processor First-generation computers Fourth-generation computers Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO) Graphical User Interface (GUI) Groupware Information
Integrated Circuit (IC) Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Microprocessor Personal Computer (PC) Second-generation computers Small Scale Integration (SSI) Stored program concept Third-generation computers Transistor Ultra Large Scale Integration
(ULSI)
Vacuum tubes