Session One: An Introduction to Computing History of Computers.
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Transcript of Session One: An Introduction to Computing History of Computers.
Session One: An Introduction to ComputingHistory of Computers
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 2
History of Computers
First mechanical calculators 1623 – William Schickard built first
mechanical calculator 1642 – the Pascaline by Blaise Pascal 1671 – Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 3
History of Computers 1801: Punch card technology
Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed loom in which pattern woven controlled by punch cards
1833: Charles Babbage began designing an analytical engine based on punch cards for programming
1890 – US Census Board used punch cards and sorting machines designed by Herman Hollerith to handle data from decennial census
Hollerith’s company eventually became the core of IBM
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 4
History of Computers
1835-1900s: First programmable machines 1835 – Babbage described
analytical machine
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 5
History of Computers 1930s-1960s: Desktop
calculators 1930s – Desktop calculators able to
add, subtract, multiply, divide 1948 – the Curta; small, portable
mechanical calculatir approx. size of pepper grinder
1961 – first electronic desktop calculator considered to be by Sumlock Comptometer (Anita C/VII)
1963 – four-function EC-130 with 13-digit capacity; $2200
1965 – LOCI-2 by Wang Laboratories
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 6
History of Computers
Pre-1940: Analog computers Used continuously varying amounts of
physical quantities (voltages, currents, rotational speed of shafts) to represent quantities being processed
Not very flexible and needed to be reconfigured/reprogrammed manually to switch from one problem to another
Most widely developed used for aiming weapons; e.g: Norden bombsight and artillery aiming for battleships
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 7
History of Computers 1940s and early 1950s: First electrical
digital computers (First Generation) Electronic circuits, relays, capacitors, vacuum
tubes replaced mechanical equivalents; by 1954, magnetic core memory replacing most other forms of temporary storage
1940 – first computing machine used remotely over phone line
1945 – US-built ENIAC 1,000 times faster than contemporaries
Colossus was first totally electronic computing device
1941 – Z3 by Konrad Zuse becaome first functional program-controlled computer
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 8
History of Computers 1940s and early 1950s: First electrical
digital computers (First Generation) 1947 – invention of transistor to replace
valves 1950 – MESM(Malaya elesktron schetnaya
mashina) became operational 1951 – LEO I(lyons electronic office) ran the
world’s first regular routine office computer job
1951 – UNIVAC was the first ‘massed produced’ computer; 46 machines sold at more than US$1 million each
1955-1957 – FORTRAN developed and released
1955 – microprogramming invented by Maurice Wilkes
1956 – IBM sold its first magnetic disk system (RAMAC: Random Access Method of Accounting and Control)
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 9
History of Computers Late 1950s and early 1960s: Second
Generation Transistorized computers normally referred to
as Second Generation Computers became smaller – IBM 1620 was
size of office desk, as opposed to IBM 650 which weighed over 900kg with power supply of 1350kv, both held in separate cabinets of approx. 1.5 metres by 0.9 metres by 1.8 metres
Second generation computers still expensive however
Mainly used by universities, governments and large corporations
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 10
History of Computers Late 1950s and early 1960s: Second
Generation 1959 – 12,000 medium scale IBM 1401
shipped; most successful machine in computer history at the time
1960 – 2,000 IBM 1620; smaller, transistor based
1960 – DEC launched the PDP-1 to be used by technical staff in labs and for research
1961 – first dual processor and virtual memory computer released (B5000)
1962 – IBM S/360 series able to run same software at different combinations of speed, capacity and price
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 11
History of Computers
Post-1960: Third Generation and beyond Use of computers became more
popular Invention of microchip (integrated
circuit) by Jack St. Clair Microchip later led to invention of
microprocessor at Intel 1970 – Microprocessor led to
development of small, low-cost computers for ownership by individuals and small businesses (microcomputer)
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 12
Timeline
http://www.scsite.com/dc2005/index.cfm?action=time&chapter=home
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 13
Links
References http://www.computernostalgia.net http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Colossus_computer http://www.scsite.com/dc2005/
Of Interest http://www.picotech.com/
applications/colossus.html http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/
pubs/books/papers/133.pdf
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 14
Assignment
Go through the online Timeline as referenced on the relevant slide
Together with these slides, develop a general understanding of the steps that brought us to current day levels of computing
Be ready to discuss in class
THANK YOU
An Introduction to Computing - Session One: History of Computers 15