CHAPTER1 : Part 2INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL“Generates Professionals”

Module Objectives• At the end of the module, students should be able to:

– appreciate and understand the history of computers. – describe the generations of computer design leading up to

the present– describe the story of personal computer development– characterize the relative size, scope, uses and variety of

available computer systems.

Computer History - The Early Days

• 1822 - Charles Babbage proposed a machine to calculate tables for logarithms and trigonometric functions, called the Difference Engine.

• Before completing the machine, he invented in 1833 the more sophisticated Analytic Engine that uses punch cards to control the arithmetic calculations

• The machine is programmable, has storage capabilities, and control flow mechanisms – it is a general purpose computer.

• The Analytic Engine was never completed. • Augusta Ada Lovelace writes the first program for the

Analytical Engine (to calculate Bernoulli numbers). – Some consider her as the first programmer.

Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

Computer History - The Early Days

• The calculation devices weren’t a commercial success –pencil and paper was cheap and fast enough.

• The 1890 US census demanded larger data processing power, because more questions were asked.

• Hermann Hollerith provided the data processing equipment.

• Hollerith’s company later became a core part of IBM.

Census - An official, usually periodic enumeration of a population, often including the collection of related demographic information.

Hollerith Electric Tabulator, US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 1908,Photograph by Waldon Fawcett. Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-45687.

Hollerith’s Machine

Analog Computing ???

• The digital computing methods of Babbage and Hollerith did not lead directly to the modern computer.

• In fact, analogue computing devices were much more common in 1900-1930, especially for scientific computations.

• In 1930, Vannevar Bush (MIT) constructed a large differential analyzer that was capable of integration and differentiation.

• The common conception was that analogue computing has many advantages over digital computation (and one finds constructions of analogue computers until the 1960’s).

The Start of the Modern Era• Atanasoff Berry

Computer (ABC) • an experimental machine

for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations

• 1938-42 Iowa State University by Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry.

• Use electronics for arithmetical calculation

• described as the first "electronic digital computer".

• However, it was not a stored program machine, which distinguishes it from later, more general machines,

The Start of the Modern Era

• 1944 - Howard Aiken funded by IBM built Mark I 8 feet high and 55 feet long, made of streamlined steel and glass

• the first large scale automatic digital computer in the USA

The Start of the Modern Era

• 1946 – Dr. John Mauchly • ENIAC - Electronic Numerical

Integrator And Computer

• 1950 – John Von Neumann• EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Computer

The Beginning of the Computer Age• The computer age is remarkable where

so much has happened in short period of time.

• Four generations of technology happened in about 55 years.

• The timing of each generation is according to the beginning of commercial delivery of the hardware technology

• The beginning of the commercial computer age can be dated to June 14, 1951.

• This was the day the first UNIVAC--Universal Automatic Computer was delivered to a client, the U.S. Bureau of the Census, for use in tabulating the previous year's census.

The Beginning of the Computer Age

• In about 55 years, we have leapfrogged through four generations of technology– The vacuum tube– The transistor– The integrated circuit– The microprocessor

Computer Generations - The 1st Gen

The First Generation, 1951–1958The Vacuum Tube

electronic tubes the size of light bulbs used as the internal computer components

generated a great deal of heat problems in temperature regulation and climate control

subject to frequent burnout people operating the computer did not know whether the problem

was in the programming or in the machine. language used in programming was machine language, which uses

numbers making programming the computer difficult and time-consuming.

Computer Generations - The 1st Gen

The First Generation, 1951–1958: The Vacuum Tube

Computer Generations - The 2nd GenThe Second Generation, 1959–1964The Transistor

Bell Lab scientists J. Bardeen, H. W. Brattain, and W. Shockley developed the transistor

Transistors much smaller than vacuum tubes, needed no warm-up time, consumed less energy, and were faster and more reliable.

A replica of the first transistor invented

at Bell Labs, December 23, 1947

Computer Generations - The 2nd Gen

Computer Generations - The 2nd Gen• During this generation another important development was the move

from machine language to assembly languages, also called symbolic languages

• After the development of symbolic languages came high-level languages, such as FORTRAN (1954) and COBOL (1959).

• 1962 the first removable disk pack was marketed. Disk storage supplemented magnetic tape systems and enabled users to have fast access to desired data.

• Throughout this period computers were being used principally by business, university, and government organizations. They had not filtered down to the general public.

Computer Generations - The 3rd Gen

The Third Generation, 1965–1970The Integrated Circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit (IC) is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon which is a semiconductor.

In 1965 integrated circuits began to replace transistors in computers. The chips were hailed as a generational breakthrough because they

had desirable characteristics: reliability, compactness low cost.

The beginning of the third generation was trumpeted by the IBM 360 series.

Computer Generations - The 3rd Gen

An integrated circuit (IC) Intel 4004 IC

Computer Generations - The 4th Gen

The Fourth Generation, 1971 - Present: The Microprocessor

• Perhaps the most far-reaching contribution of the 360 series was IBM's decision to unbundled the software, that is, to sell the software separately from the hardware.

• This approach led to the creation of today's software industry. Software became more sophisticated during this third generation.

• Through the 1970s computers gained dramatically in speed, reliability, and storage capacity,

• The fourth generation was, in fact, an extension of third-generation technology.

• A microprocessor contains millions of tiny transistors

Computer Generations - The 4th Gen

• The general-purpose processor-on-a-chip, also known as the microprocessor, became commercially available in 1971.

• Computer power become more apparent with the use of the microprocessor.

• Common applications of the microprocessor – digital watches– pocket calculators– personal computers– virtually every machine in the home or business cars, copy machines,

television sets, bread-making machines, etc

• Computers today are 100 times smaller than those of the first generation, and a single chip is far more powerful than ENIAC.

Do You Know ???

The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 with 2300 transistors and 3mmx4mm size, was introduced in 1971.

Do You Know ???

• The Pentium 4 was introduced in 2000.• It had 42 million transistors and a 1,400-1,500MHz clock speed. • The die size was 224mm2

Computer Generations - The 5th Gen

The Fifth Generation: Onwards

• Term coined by the Japanese to describe the powerful, "intelligent" computers they wanted to build by the mid-1990s.

• The term evolved to encompass elements in several research fields related to computer intelligence: artificial intelligence, expert systems, and natural language.

• The true focus is connectivity where the massive industry effort to permit users to connect their computers to other computers.

• The concept of the information superhighway has captured the imaginations of both computer professionals and everyday computer users.

Technology Generations

Activity• Can Computers Think ?• What do you think

computers of the next 50 years will be like ?

• Discuss in your group in terms of the functions/features of future computers

Categories of Computers• Personal Computers• Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices• Game Consoles• Servers• Mainframes• Supercomputers• Embedded Computers

Personal Computers

• A computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output and storage activities by itself.

• It contains:- A processor- Memory - Input devices- Output devices- Storage devices

• 2 types of personal computers are desktop computers and notebook computers

Personal Computers• Desktop computers

– Also known as PCs, microcomputers, or home computers

• Broken down into three categories:– Low-end computers– Fully-powered personal computers– Workstations

• Network computer– Central processing unit and minimal

memory– Designed to be used on a network

• Sometimes called thin client

PC Categories• Low-end computers

– Fine for home users, word processing, simple games, Internet access

• Fully powered computers– Good for heavy use of graphics,

programming, or action-oriented games

• Workstations– Very high-end computers used by

engineers, financial traders, and graphic designers

Mobile Computers & Mobile Devices

• Mobile computer – personal computer you can carry from place to place. Eg: notebook, netbook, tablet PCs

• Mobile device – computing device small enough to hold in your hand. Eg: PDA, e-book readers, handheld computer, portable media players

- Can connect a mobile device to a personal computer to exchange information

- Internet-enabled

Mobile Computer: Notebook Computers

• Also called a laptop computer• A portable, designed to fit on your lap• Small, lightweight computers• Capabilities approach that of desktop

computers– Similar processing and memory– Most have hard disk, and diskette or CD-ROM drive

Mobile Computer:Notebook Computers

• Netbook – type of notebook which is smaller, lighter, and often not as powerful as a traditional notebook computer

• Tablet PCs – type of notebook computer that you can interact with by touching the screen with finger or digital pen

- Useful especially for taking notes in lectures, at meetings, conferences, forums

Mobile devicesSmart phones•Internet-enabled phone that usually provides personal information management functions such as calendar, appointment book, address book calculator, notepad•Offer variety of application software:-Word processing-Spreadsheet-Games-Capable of conducting live video conference

Mobile devices

PDA•Often looks like smart phone•Also provides personal information management functions such as calendar, appointment book, address book calculator, notepad•Differ from smart phone in a way:-Does not provide phone capabilities-Does not support voice input, built-in camera,

portable media player

Mobile devices

Handheld computer•Small enough to fit in one hand•Communicate wirelessly with other devices•Include digital pen of stylus for input

Portable Media Player•Mobile device which you can store, organize and play digital media

Game Consoles

• Mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiple player video games

• Standard game consoles use:o Input – handheld controllero Output – television screen o Storage – hard disk, optical discs, memory card• Eg: Xbox 360, Ninetendo’s Wii, Sony’s Playstation 3

Servers

• Control access to the hardware, software and other resources on network

• Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data and information

• It can support from two to several thousand connected computer at the same time

Mainframes• Large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle

hundreds or thousands of connected user simultaneously.• Store tremendous amounts of data, instructions and

information.• Most major corporations use mainframes for business

activities:o To bill millions of customerso Prepare payroll for employeeso Manage thousands od items in

inventory

• Can act as servers in network environment

Supercomputers• The fastest, most powerful and

most expensive computers– Capable of processing more than

one quadrillion of instructions per second

• Used for very sophisticated applications requiring mammoth data manipulation:

– Weather forecasting– Weapons research– Nuclear energy research– Application in medicine– Automotive design

Embedded Computer

• Special purpose computer that functions as a component in larger product.

• E.g. Built-in GPS in car, smart rice-cooker, washing machine.

• Other example?