Introduction to biopesticides - AHDB Horticulture Gwynn.pdfBiopesticides Micro- orgs Semio- chems...

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Introduction to biopesticides

Macro- organisms

Biopesticides

Micro- orgs

Semio- chems

Botanicals

Agro- ecosystem

Crop botany

Monitoring

Fungi

Virus

Phero mones

Synthetic Chemical pesticides

Bact.

Nema todes Insect

IPM – sustainable crop protection

IPM

IPM

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2007 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

$ b

illion

Year

Biopesticide markets

• Market annual growth: biopesticides 15%, conventional chemical pesticides 3%

• Global market = $1.3 billion in 2011. To reach $3.2 billion by 2017

Figures in bracket = pending

Biopesticides – EU active substances

Insect Fungi Weeds Nematodes Other

Micro-organism Bt 9 - - - -

Micro-organism non-Bt 11 (2) 24 (9) - 2 -

Botanical 5 (2) 7 1 1 7

Semio-chemical 28 (2) - - - -

Other 8 1 1 0 0

Total 61 (6) 32 (9) 2 3 7

Updated October 2014*

106 (15) = 121 * Definition of biopesticide not fixed so approximate numbers only

What are biological control agents or biopesticides ?

• Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna

• No fixed global or EU definition

Macroorganisms – natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products

Biological control agents - biopesticides

Nematodes

Parasitoids

Predators

Macrobial/Invertebrate Control Agents

Registration exempted ‘biopesticide’ products in the UK

Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s)

Steinernema feltiae Nemasys Entompathogenic nematode

Sciarids, leafminer, WFT

Steinernema kraussei Nemasys L Entompathogenic nematode

Vine weevil

Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode

Vine weevil

Heterorhabditis megidis Lavanem Entompathogenic nematode

Vine weevil

Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode

Grubs

Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode

Codling moth

Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode

Hylobius sp., Lepidoptera

Steinernema carpocapsae Capsanem Entompathogenic nematode

Lepidoptera

Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Nemaslug slug parasitic nematode

Slugs

Trichoderma harzianum strain T22

Trianum Micro-organism Soil diseases

Registration-exempt biopesticide products

Semio-chemicals • Pheromones are semiochemicals that modify the behaviour of other individuals of the same species • Semio-chemicals “… chemicals emitted by plants, animals, and other organisms - and synthetic analogues of such substances - that evoke a behavioural or physiological response in individuals of the same or other species”

Semio-chemicals

Delta Trap in Olive Tree

SCLP’s • Straight-chained lepidopteran pheromones (SCLPs) … unbranched

aliphatics having a chain of 9-18 carbons, containing < 3 double bonds, ending in an alcohol, acetate or aldehyde functional group. This structural definition encompasses the majority of known pheromones produced by insects in the order Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and moths.

Semio-chemicals

Pheromones are released to interfere with the ability of male insects to locate females of the same species, thereby disrupting mating and controlling the damage to crops inflicted by the hatching larvae.

The Principle of Mating Disruption

Semio-chemicals

Matrix Systems for Controlled Release

Frustrate PBW

• Control of Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella in cotton

• 250 devices/ha applied once

• Lasts 3-4 months

Selibate CS

• Control of Chilo suppressalis in rice

• 40-100 devices/ha applied once

• Lasts 3-4 months

Semio-chemicals

Reservoir Systems for Controlled Release of Pheromones – timed released formulations

Semio-chemicals

Other Control Strategies using Semiochemicals

• Lure and Kill

• Again a simple concept: bring the insects to the insecticide and not the insecticide to the insect

• Key again is to attract females

• Mass Trapping

• Simple Concept: trap as many insects as you can

• Key is to attract and trap females

• Kairomones becoming increasingly important

Both techniques can be integrated with other techniques for IPM

Semio-chemicals


8,10-dodecandien-1-01

Exosex CM Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly

Semio-chemicals – UK

What are plant derived pesticides or botanicals ?

Thyme

Tagetes sp.

Clove

Spearmint

Garlic

Orange Cymbopogon sp.

From the EU Botanical Guidance document (rev. 8) A 'botanical' active substance: obtained by subjecting plants or parts of plants to a process such as pressing, milling, crushing, distillation and/or extractions. The process may include further concentration, purification and/or blending, provided that the chemical nature of the components is not intentionally modified/altered by chemical and/or microbial processes. The plants are live or dried plants or parts of plants, including fruits and seeds but excluding genetically modified plants.

What are botanicals?


Maltodextrin Eradicoat Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly

Maltodextrin Majestik Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly

Fatty Acids Savona Fatty Acids Whitefly, thrips, mite, aphids

Laminarin Vacciplant Plant extract Cereal diseases

Citronella oil Barrier H Plant extract Herbicide

Garlic concentrate Eagle Green Care Plant extract Free living nematodes

Botanicals etc. – UK

Micro-organism biopesticides

Beauveria bassiana

Bacillus thuringiensis

Metarhizium anisopliae

Trichoderma harzianum

Trichoderma asperellum

Bacillus subtilis

Ampelomyces quisqualis

Coniothyrium minitans

Cydia pomonella granulosis virus

Clonostachys rosea

Bacillus firmus

Fusarium oxysporum

Lecanicillium lecanii

Isaria fumosoroseus

Pasteuria penetrans

Gliocladium catenulatum

Microbial biofungicides – MoA

Trichoderma spp.

Bacillus subtilis

Microbial bioinsecticides – MoA

Entomopathogenic fungi

Baculoviruses – MoA

Microbial Biopesticide production

Micro-organism bioinsecticides/nematicides – UK

Active Substance Product Name Target(s)

Adoxophyes orana gv Capex Summer fruit tortrix

Bacillus firmis strain I-1582 Flocter Free-living nematodes

Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp.

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis strain AM65-52

Vectobac 12AS Chironomid larvae

Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain ABST351

DiPel DF Lepidoptera pests

Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain EG2348

Lepinox Plus Lepidoptera pests

Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC74040 Naturalis-L Whitefly, thrips, spidermite

Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Carpovirusine Codling moth

Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Cyd-X and Cyd-X Extra

Codling moth

Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale

Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 Met 52 Granular Black vine weevil

* Not yet marketed in UK

Micro-organism biofungicides etc. – UK

Active Substance Product Name Target(s)

Ampelomyces quisqualis strain M10 AQ10 Powdery mildew

Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp.

Candida oleophila strain O Nexy1 Post harvest diseases

Coniothyrium minitans strain CON/M/91-08 Contans WG Sclerotinia spp.

Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446 (new species name Clonostachys rosea)

Prestop Botrytis, soft rots

Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale

Peniophora gigantea PG Suspension PGR

Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 Mycostop* Soft rots

Trichoderma atroviridae strain T34 T34 Fusarium sp. on dianthus

* Not yet marketed in UK

• Production of alarm compounds to attract predators and parasites of pest herbivores – phytohormone stimulation

• Stimulation of new biosynthesis of phytochemicals – terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and fatty-acid derived green leaf volatiles

• Stimulation of plant defense mechanisms – jasmonic acid and salicylic acid.

• Potentially improve ability of plant to withstand environmental stresses. Induction in roots, shoots and leaves – treatment of seeds, soil and foliar

Biopesticides – plant interactions

Microbial Biopesticide application

Biopesticides – benefits to farmers and growers

• Efficacy – killing target pest

• Efficacy - yield and quality improvement

• Host specificity

• Use in IPM programmes

• Useful for resistance management

• Useful for residue management

• Growers - crop management

• Worker safety

• Favourable environmental footprint • Use in organic production

Exercise

Impact of interactions with

chemical pesticides?

What effects expected?

What are the disdvantages ?

How to get the best results ?

What is efficacy? What are the advantages?

Do biopesticides work?

Biopesticides – efficacy

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Con

tans

WG

CyD

-X

DiP

el D

F

Exo

sex CM

Majes

tik

Myc

otal

Nat

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enad

e ASO

% e

ffic

acy

Damage

threshold

Biological control agents – programme use

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Popula

tion

Time

Biopesticide 2 Biopesticide 1

Biopesticides – important characteristics

• Product – quality – improved formulations

• Effectiveness:

mostly 40-70% 80-90%

• CONSISTENCY & LIMITATIONS

• Environmental robustness

• How it should be used – relative to target

Good practice to get good efficacy • Timing of application relative to the pest or disease

• Frequency of application

• What effect is needed

• IPM programme

• Consider application water volumes • Consider techniques and equipment

Biopesticides – efficacy

Plant Protection Product Registration EU timelines

1107/2009 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

A.S. Dossier Submission

Completeness check

Rapporteur evaluation

DAR completed

EFSA comment on DAR

EFSA peer review

Standing committee vote

Positive List (Annex I)

Application - zonal product

Zonal evaluation

Country evaluation

Product approval

Biopesticide – Cost of development

Activity $ Millions

Research and Development 3 - 5

Formulation 1 - 2

Development 2-3 (USA)

20 - 30 (ROW)

Registration 1 (USA)

3 - 10 (ROW)

Product launch 0.1 - 20

(over > 50 global)

Registered

Biopesticides (microorganism, semiochemicals,

botanicals)

Biorational substances (acetic acid, gibberelins, ferrous

sulphate, fatty acids)

Out of scope for registration

Plant strengtheners/growth promoters/stimulants

Root symbionts

Registration Exempt

Entomopathogenic nematodes

Physically acting agents

Biopesticides -biorationals – grey products

Grey Products

Passing-off of ‘similar’ microbial agents

Claiming ‘plant strengthener or

biostimulant’ but for crop protection use

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Thank you for your attention

Introduction to biopesticides - AHDB Horticulture Gwynn.pdfBiopesticides Micro- orgs Semio- chems...

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