Introduction: Reading Castoriadis Politically978-1-137-03446-5/1.pdf · Castoriadis (2003) ‘The...

Notes

Introduction: Reading Castoriadis Politically

1. C. Castoriadis (1993) ‘The Diversionists’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) CorneliusCastoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979: Recommencing theRevolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press), p. 272.

2. Ibid., p. 276.3. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis

(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 2, 1955–1960:From the Workers’ Struggle Against Bureaucracy to Revolution in the Age of ModernCapitalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 239.

4. C. Castoriadis (2003) ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, in C. Castoriadis (ed.)The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), translated from the French andedited anonymously as a public service. Electronic publication date: 2003.URL http://www.costis.org/x/castoriadis/Castoriadis-rising_tide.pdf, p. 76.

5. On this see Castoriadis, C. (1997) ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, inD. A. Curtis (ed.) World in Fragments (Stanford: Stanford University Press),pp. 53–54.

6. Ibid.7. Castoriadis ‘The Diversionists’, p. 275.8. Ibid., p. 276.9. R. Vaneigem (1983) The Revolution of Everyday Life (London: Left Bank Books

and Rebel Press), p. 215.10. R. Viénet (1992) Enrages and Situationists in the Occupation Movement, France,

May ’68 (New York: Autonomedia), p. 105.11. J. Agnoli (2003) ‘Destruction as the Determination of the Scholar in

Miserable Times’, in W. Bonefeld (ed.) Revolutionary Writing (New York:Autonomedia), p. 26.

12. I use here the concepts ‘positive’, ‘responsible’ and ‘constructive’ as theopposite of critique’s subversive and negative role. See on this T. Adorno(2005) ‘Critique’, in T. Adorno Critical Models (New York: Columbia Uni-versity Press); Agnoli ‘Destruction as the Determination of the Scholar inMiserable Times.’

13. See C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘The Retreat from Autonomy: Postmodernismas Generalized Conformism’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) World in Frag-ments (Stanford: Stanford University Press), p. 34; K. Kαστoριαδης (2007)‘H �ειτoυργια της Kριτικης’, in K. Kαστoριαδης Παραθυρo στo Xαoς (Aθηνα:′Yψιλoν), pp. 123–132. Castoriadis also forcefully and convincingly opposedthe ‘alteration and basic degradation of the traditional function of book-review criticism’. Castoriadis, C. ‘The Vacuum Industry’ in C. CastoriadisThe Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), p. 8.

14. C. Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, in C. Castoriadis (2003)The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), p. 151.

141

142 Notes

15. Ibid., pp. 128, 130.16. Ibid., p. 131.17. C. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of the Imaginary?’ in C. Castoriadis (ed.) (2011)

Postscript on Insignificancy, translated from the French and edited anony-mously as a public service, p. 108.

18. C. Castoriadis (1991) ‘The Crisis of Culture and the State’, in D. A. Curtis(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press), p. 220.

19. C. Castoriadis (2003) The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), p. 130.20. C. Castoriadis ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, p. 83.21. H. Arendt (1976) The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt), p. 460.22. The concept of ‘totalitarianism’ is utilized here and elsewhere in this study

in accordance with Castoriadis’ use of the term and neither reflects my viewsnor meets my approval for both theoretical and political reasons.

23. C. Castoriadis ‘Neither God, Nor Caesar, Not Tribune’, in C. Castoriadis (ed.)Postscript on Insignificancy, p. 12.

1 Origins: Early Years in Greece,Migration and Life in France

1. C. Castoriadis (1990) ‘An Interview’, Radical Philosophy, 56: Autumn, p. 35.2. Ibid.3. For the relationship between Castoriadis and Stinas, see Kαστoριαδης, K.

(1992) ‘Oμιλια για τoν A. �τινα’, in O Θρυμματισμενoς Koσμoς (Aθηνα:′Yψιλoν), pp. 143–150.

4. K. Kαστoριαδης (2000) Eιμαστε Yπευθυνoι γ ια την Iστoρια μας (Aθηνα:�oλις), p. 41.

5. Kαστoριαδης ‘Oμιλια για τoν A. �τινα’, p. 147.6. Castoriadis was at odds with Stinas on the assessment of the armed

conflict of December 1944. For Castoriadis’ views and his disagree-ment with Stinas, see Kαρυτσας, �. (2003) ‘Eισαγωγη’, in �. Tαμτακoς,Aναμνησεις μιας ζωης στo επαναστατ ικ o κινημα (Kυκλoι Aντιεξoυσιας),p. 18.

7. Castoriadis, ‘An Interview’, 35.8. ’A. �τινας (1985) Aναμνησεις : Eβδoμηντα Xρoνια Kατω απ ’ τη Σημαια τηςΣoσ ιαλιστ ικης Eπαναστασης (Aθηνα: ′Yψιλoν), p. 455.

9. See ’A. �τινας (1977) ‘O Kαστoριαδης �εννημα και �ρεμμα της Eπαναστασης’,TOMEΣ , 8, Iανoυαριoς, pp. 24–25. For Stinas’ political and intellec-tual positions see also �τινας Aναμνησεις : Eβδoμηντα Xρoνια Kατω απ ’τη Σημαια της Σoσ ιαλιστ ικης Eπαναστασης .

10. See, for example, the case of the group known as Aρχειo τoυ Mαρξισμoυ

(Marxist Archive).11. Castoriadis, ‘An Interview′, p. 35.12. M. �αλιδoπoυλoς ‘Mεταϕρασεις Bιβλιων Oικoνoμικων Eπιστημων στην

Eλληνικη �λωσσα, 1808–1948: Tα Iδεoλoγικα Mηνυματα’, in M.�αλιδoπoυλoςΠoλιτ ικη Oικoνoμια και ′Eλληνες Διανooυμενoι (Aθηνα: Tυπωθητω), p. 34.

13. For the translations of the economic writings of Marx, see �αλιδoπoυλoς‘Mεταϕρασεις Bιβλιων Oικoνoμικων Eπιστημων στην Eλληνικη �λωσσα, 1808–1948’, pp. 16–28.

Notes 143

14. !. �ιβιερατoς (1985) Koινωνικoι Aγ ωνες στην Eλλαδα 1923–1927 (Aθηνα:Koμμoυνα), pp. 191–192.

15. Source: Eθνικη Bιβλιoθηκη της Eλλαδας (National Library of Greece).16. �αλιδoπoυλoς, M. (1999) ‘Mεταϕρασεις Bιβλιων Oικoνoμικων Eπιστημων

στην Eλληνικη �λωσσα, 1808–1948’, p. 13.17. Ibid., p. 37.18. His graduation grade was ‘Good’, 7 5/11.19. Castoriadis’ student file constitutes a source of information concerning

these modules and professors. In his exams during 1939 and 1940 he didexceptionally well and got a distinction in public economics and politicaleconomy. In the Greek grading system and on a scale of grades, which wereassigned on a range of 0–10, his grades in his final exams were as follows:civil law 9; private international law 7; commercial law 8 and 9; civil proce-dure 9; ecclesiastical law 10; criminal law 8 and 9; criminology 10. Based onthese grades the professors in his department granted him the final averagegrade, that is 8 9/12 = 9. Source: Historical Archive, University of Athens.

20. M. �αλιδoπoυλoς (1989) H Kριση τoυ 1929 και oι ′Eλληνες Oικoνoμoλoγ oι:Συμβoλη στην ιστoρια της oικoνoμικης σκεψης στην Eλλαδα τoυ μεσoπoλεμoυ(Aθηνα: ’Iδρυμα ’Eρευνας και �αιδειας Eμπoρικης Tραπεζα της Eλλαδας),p. 106.

21. Ibid., pp. 463–464.22. Quoted in�. Noυτσoς (1993) H Σoσ ιαλιστ ικη Σκεψη στην Eλλαδα, Toμoς �

(Aθηνα: �νωση), p. 156.23. M. �αλιδoπoυλoς (1989) H Kριση τoυ 1929 και oι ′Eλληνες Oικoνoμoλoγ oι,

pp. 153–155.24. Ibid., p. 198.25. Noυτσoς H Σoσ ιαλιστ ικη Σκεψη στην Eλλαδα, p. 26.26. M. Mazower (2000) After the War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation

and State in Greece, 1943–1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 6.27. P. Voglis (2002) Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners during the Greek Civil

War (New York and Oxford: Berghan Books), p. 56. According to HeinzRichter, ‘in November 1945 more than eighteen thousand people were incar-cerated, of whom fewer than three thousand served a sentence. Warrants hadbeen issued against eighty thousand persons.’ H. Richter (1981) ‘The VarkizaAgreement and the Origins of the Civil War’, in J. Iatrides (ed.) Greece in the1940s: A Nation in Crisis (New Hampshire: University Press of New England),p. 172.

28. M. Mazower (1991) Greece and the Inter-war Economic Crisis (Oxford:Clarendon Press), p. 6. In the same vein, Polymeris Voglis observes that‘in contrast to France, Belgium, or the Netherlands where – at least in thefirst two years after the liberation – governments prosecuted and punishedwartime collaborators, in Greece there was no real purge of the state appa-ratus’. P. Voglis (2002) Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners during the GreekCivil War (New York: Berghahn Books), p. 55.

29. H. Richter (1981) ‘The Varkiza Agreement and the Origins of the Civil War’,p. 173. See also Papastratis, P. ‘Purging the University after Liberation’ inM. Mazower (2000) After the War Was Over, pp. 62–72.

30. C. Tsoukalas (1981) ‘The Ideological Impact of the Civil War’, in J. Iatrides(ed.) Greece in the 1940s: A Nation in Crisis (New Hampshire: University Pressof New England). p. 337.

144 Notes

31. George Theotokas’ diary entry for 6 January 1943, quoted in M. Mazower(1993) Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–1944 (NewHaven and London: Yale University Press), p. 83.

32. C. Montague Woodhouse (1976) The Struggle for Greece, 1941–1949 (London:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers), p. 140.

33. In fact, 150 of them were awarded a scholarship and the remaining 70were self-funding bursars. According to the most recent historical researchdelivered and presented by N. Manitakis, the first group that travelled onthe ‘Mataroa’ included 97 bursars of the French state and 26 self-fundingstudents. The second group travelled on the Swedish ship Gripsholm atthe beginning of February 1946 and consisted of 70 students (35 werebursars). The last group (10 students) were transported to France by amilitary French aircraft. It seems that not all of the people who weregranted the scholarship managed to move to France. For details about this‘exodus’, see N. Manitakis, ‘Mαταρoα: η ανακαμψη της ελληνικης ϕoιτητ

ικης μεταναστευσης πρoς τη �αλλια στη μεταπoλεμικη περιoδo’. ‘To ταξιδι τoυ

Mαταρoα – �oρτραιτo μιας εξoριστης γενιας’ was a symposium talk deliv-ered by N. Manitakis in the French Institute of Athens on 11 October 2013.Available at http://www.blod.gr/lectures/Pages/viewlecture.aspx?LectureID=1011. Also, on the history of this journey, see N. Aνδρικoπoυλoυ (2007)To Tαξ ιδι τoυ Mαταρoα (Aθηνα: Eστια).

34. L. Fermi (1971) Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe1930/1941 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 365.

35. D. Kellner (1989) Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity (Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press), p. 81.

36. A. Koestler (2005) Darkness at Noon (New York: Vintage), p. 144.37. For the role that migration played in influencing the Frankfurt School’s

positions, see the analysis in Kellner Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity,pp. 80–82.

38. Ibid.39. Ibid.40. Adorno’s Minima Moralia is permeated by this experience of exile, and ‘the

intellectual in emigration’ is a reference point for Adorno’s text.41. Kellner Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity, p. 81.42. S. Khilnani (1993) Arguing Revolution: The Intellectual Left in Postwar France

(New Haven and London: Yale University Press), p. 130.43. M. Poster (1975) Existential Marxism in Postwar France: From Sartre to Althusser

(Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 4.44. D. Macey (1993) The Lives of Michel Foucault (New York: Pantheon Books),

p. 37.45. T. Judt (1992) Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944–1956 (California:

University of California Press), p. 38.46. Khilnani Arguing Revolution, p. 129.47. Poster Existential Marxism in Postwar France, p. 41.48. Ibid., p. ix.49. J. Duvignaud (1962) ‘France: The Neo-Marxists’, in L. Labedz (ed.)

Revisionism: Essays on the History of Marxist Ideas (New York: Praeger andUnwin), p. 313.

50. Poster Existential Marxism in Postwar France, p. 36.

Notes 145

51. Duvignaud ‘France: The Neo-Marxists’, p. 313.52. Ibid.53. D. McLellan (1979) Marxism after Marx (London: Macmillan), p. 280.54. Quoted by Macey The Lives of Michel Foucault, p. 32.55. For this introduction of German philosophy and the three H’s (Hegel,

Husserl and Heidegger), see Schrift, A. (2004) ‘Is there such a Thing as“French Philosophy”? Or Why do We Read the French so Badly’, in J. Bourg(ed.) After the Deluge: New Perspectives on the Intellectual and Cultural History ofPostwar France (London: Lexington Books), pp. 27–29.

56. Poster, Existential Marxism in Postwar France, pp. 41–42.57. Ibid., p. 42.58. Ibid., p. 41.59. Duvignaud ‘France: The Neo-Marxists’, p. 315.60. G. Lichtheim (1966) Marxism in Modern France (New York: Columbia Univer-

sity Press), p. 83.61. Khilnani Arguing Revolution, p. 135.62. For the revitalization of Hegel’s theory in post-war France, see M. Poster

(1973) ‘The Hegel Renaissance’, Telos, No.16, Summer, pp. 109–127;J. Hechman (1973) ‘Hyppolite and the Hegel Revival in France’, Telos, No.16,Summer, pp. 128–145.

63. K. Kαστoριαδης (2000) Eιμαστε Yπευθυνoι γ ια την Iστoρια μας , p. 41.64. Castoriadis, ‘An Interview′, 38.65. C. Lefort (1976–1977) ‘An Interview with Claude Lefort’, Telos, Winter,

Vol. 30, p. 174.66. C. Castoriadis (1975) ‘An Interview with C. Castoriadis’, Telos, 23, Spring,

p. 134. For a comprehensive presentation of the group’s history, as well asits theoretical considerations and political views, see, among others, Ph.Gottraux (1997) «Socialism ou Barbarie». Un engagement politique et intel-lectuel dans la France de l’ après-guerre (Lausanne: Payot) and A. Gabler(2008) Antizipierte Autonomie. Zur Theorie und Praxis der Gruppe “Socialismeou Barbarie” (1949–1967) (Hannover: Offizin).

67. A. Hirsh (1981) The French New Left: An Intellectual History From Sartre to Gorz(Boston: South End Press), p. 113.

68. Castoriadis, ‘An Interview′, p. 36.69. Ibid., pp. 36–37.70. Hirsh The French New Left, p. 113. It is worth noting here that both

Castoriadis and Lefort were engaged in a fierce dispute with Sartre, whileat the same time Castoriadis had a genuine appreciation for Merleau-Ponty.For the dispute with Sartre, see ibid., pp. 113–114.

71. S. Tormey and J. Townshed (2006) Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism (London: Sage Publications), p. 15.

72. For Castoriadis’ books published in English, see D. A. Curtis (ed.) (1988)Cornelius Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 1, 1946–1955, From theCritique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content of Socialism (Minneapolis: Uni-versity of Minnesota Press); D. A. Curtis (ed.) (1988) Cornelius Castoriadis,Political and Social Writings, Vol. 2, 1955–1960: From the Workers’ StruggleAgainst Bureaucracy to Revolution in the Age of Modern Capitalism (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press); D. A. Curtis (ed.) (1993) CorneliusCastoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979: Recommencing the

146 Notes

Revolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press); C. Castoriadis (2005) The Imaginary Institution of Society(Cambridge: Polity Press); C. Castoriadis (1984) Crossroads in the Labyrinth(Brighton: Harvester Press); C. Castoriadis (1997) World in Fragments: Writingson Politics, Society, Psychoanalysis and Imagination (Stranford: Stanford Uni-versity Press); C. Castoriadis (1991) Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy (Oxford:Oxford University Press); D. A. Curtis (ed.) (1997) The Castoriadis Reader(Oxford: Basil Blackwell); C. Castoriadis (2010) A Society Adrift, Interviews andDebates, 1974–1997 (New York: Fordham University Press).

73. O. Paz (1988) The Collected Poems 1957–1987 (Manchester: Carcanet),p. 543.

2 The Critique of Totalitarianism

1. S. Tormey and J. Townshed (2006) Key Thinkers from Critical Theory to Post-Marxism (London: Sage Publications), p. 15.

2. C. Castoriadis (1975) ‘An Interview with C. Castoriadis’, Telos, 23, Spring,p. 133.

3. Castoriadis, C. (1997) ‘Presentation of Socialisme ou Barbarie: An Organ ofCritique and Revolutionary Orientation (1949)’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) TheCastoriadis Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers), p. 35.

4. Ibid., p. 37.5. L. Trotsky (1965) The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where

Is It Going? (New York: Merit Publishers), pp. 254–255.6. Ibid., p. 249.7. Ibid., p. 248.8. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘On the Regime and Against the Defense of the USSR’,

in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 1,1946–1955, From the Critique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content ofSocialism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 40.

9. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘Socialism or Barbarism’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) CorneliusCastoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 1, 1946–1955, From the Cri-tique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content of Socialism (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press), p. 77.

10. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘General Introduction’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) CorneliusCastoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 1, 1946–1955, From the Cri-tique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content of Socialism (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press), p. 9.

11. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘The Relations of Production in Russia’, in D. A. Curtis(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 1, 1946–1955,From the Critique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content of Socialism(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 114–115.

12. K. Marx (1985) ‘On Proudhon’ (Letter to J.B. Schweitzer), London, January24, in K. Marx and F. Engels (eds.) Collected Works Vol. 20 (London:Lawrence and Wishart), pp. 27–28.

13. Castoriadis ‘On the Regime and Against the Defense of the USSR’, p. 40.14. Castoriadis ‘The Relations of Production in Russia’, p. 115.15. Ibid., p. 120.

Notes 147

16. Castoriadis ‘On the Regime and Against the Defense of the USSR’, p. 40.17. Castoriadis ‘The Relations of Production in Russia’, pp. 135–136.18. Ibid., p. 116.19. Ibid., p. 120.20. Trotsky The Revolution Betrayed, p. 255.21. Ibid., p. 249.22. Ibid., p. 250.23. K. Marx (1973) Grundrisse. Foundations of the Critique of Political Econ-

omy (London: Penguin), p. 95. Quoted in Castoriadis ‘The Relations ofProduction in Russia’, p.109.

24. K. Marx Capital, Vol. 3, p. 927.25. Castoriadis ‘The Relations of Production in Russia’, p. 112.26. L. Trotsky (1963) Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky

(Michigan: The University of Michigan Press), p. 162.27. Ibid., p.163.28. Ibid., p. 166.29. Ibid., p. 133.30. Ibid., p. 135.31. Ibid., p. 144. Quoted also in K.�απαιωαννoυ (1991) H Γ ενεση τoυ Oλoκληρω

τισμoυ (The Genesis of Totalitarianism) (Aθηνα: Eναλλακτικες Eκδoσεις),p. 267.

32. Trotsky Terrorism and Communism, p. 142.33. Ibid., p. 168.34. C. Lefort. (1986) ‘The Contradiction of Trotsky’, in J. B. Thompson (ed.)

C. Lefort: The Political Forms of Modern Society (London: Polity Press), p. 50.35. Castoriadis ‘General Introduction’, p. 8.36. Lefort ‘The Contradiction of Trotsky’, p. 50.37. S. Matgamna (ed.) (1998) The Fate of the Russian Revolution (Phoenix Press),

p. 110. On Trotsky’s construction of a ‘metaphysics of nationalized econ-omy’, see also M. Rooke (2003) ‘From the Revolution Against Philosophy tothe Revolution Against Capital’, in W. Bonefeld (ed.) Revolutionary Writing(New York: Autonomedia), pp. 228–229.

38. Quoted in I. Deutscher (1959) The Prophet Unarmed, Trotsky: 1921–1929(Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 139. See also Lefort ‘The Contradictionof Trotsky’, p. 40.

39. See, for example, C. Castoriadis (1993) ‘The Role of Bolshevik Ideology inthe Birth of the Bureaucracy’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis:Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979: Recommmencing the Revo-lution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press), p. 91.

40. Castoriadis ‘The Role of Bolshevik Ideology in the Birth of the Bureaucracy’,p. 91.

41. D. Guerin (1998) No Gods, No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism, Book two(Edinburgh: AK Press), pp. 107–108.

42. K. �απαιωαννoυ (1991) H Γ ενεση τoυ Oλoκληρωτισμoυ, p. 263.43. K. Papaioannou (1983) ‘Classe et Parti’, in K. Papaioannou (ed.) De Marx et

du Marxisme (Paris: Gallimard), p. 324.44. Quoted in A. Liebich (1977) ‘Socialism ou Barbarie: A Radical Critique of

Bureaucracy’, Our Generation, 12(2): 55–62.

148 Notes

45. O. Rühle (2006) The Struggle Against Fascism Begins with the Struggle AgainstBolshevism (London: Elephant Editions), p. 24.

46. Castoriadis ‘The Role of Bolshevik Ideology in the Birth of the Bureaucracy’,p. 91.

47. A. Pannekoek (1954), ‘Letter to Socialisme ou Barbarie’, Socialisme ouBarbarie, No 14, April–June. Available at http://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1953/socialisme-ou-barbarisme.htm.

48. E. Bloch (1970) ‘Interview given to NIN’, No 1031, October, 11. Quoted inA. Zwan (1979) ‘Ecstasy and Hangover of a Revolution’, in M. Markovic andG. Petrovic (ed.) PRAXIS: Yugoslav Essays in the Philosophy and Methodologyof the Social Sciences (Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co), p. 361.

49. A. Pannekoek (1954), ‘Letter to Socialisme ou Barbarie’, For a recent Englishtranslation of this correspondence by Asad Haider and Salar Mohandesi, seeViewpoint Magazine, available at http://viewpointmag.com/.

50. Pannekoek ‘Letter to Socialisme ou Barbarie’.51. Ibid.52. Ibid.53. Ibid.54. C. Castoriadis (Pierre Chaulieu), ‘Réponse au camarade Pannekoek’,

Socialisme ou Barbarie, 14, pp. 44–50. I use here the Greek trans-lation, K. Kαστoριαδης (1984) ‘Aπαντηση στo συντρoϕo �ανεκoυκ’, inK. Kαστoριαδης, H πειρα τoυ Eργατ ικoυ Kινηματoς , 1 (Aθηνα: ′Yψιλoν),p. 188.

55. Ibid., p. 189.56. A. �ανεκoυκ. ‘!ευτερo γραμμα τoυ ′Aντoν �ανεκoυκ’, in K. Kαστoριαδης,

‘H πειρα τoυ Eργατ ικoυ Kινηματoς ’, p. 201.57. Ibid., p. 200.58. Quoted in E. Morin (1998) ‘An Encyclopaedic Spirit’, Radical Philosophy, 90,

p. 3.59. Castoriadis ‘General Introduction’, p. 7.60. For Castoriadis’ early interest in and work on Max Weber, see

K. Kαστoριαδης (1988) Πρωτες Δoκιμες (Aθηνα: ′Yψιλoν).61. Castoriadis ‘General Introduction’, p. 9.62. Castoriadis ‘On the Regime and Against the Defense of the USSR’, p. 41.63. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘The Problem of the USSR and the Possibility of a

Third Historical Solution’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Politicaland Social Writings, Vol. 1, 1946–1955, From the Critique of Bureaucracy tothe Positive Content of Socialism (Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress), p. 50.

64. Castoriadis ‘On the Regime and Against the Defense of the USSR’, p. 39.65. Ibid., p. 39.66. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘The Concentration of the Forces of Production’, in

D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 1,1946–1955, From the Critique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content ofSocialism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) p. 67.

67. Castoriadis ‘Socialism or Barbarism’ p. 79.68. Ibid., p. 79.69. Ibid., p. 79.70. Ibid., p.87. See also p. 85.

Notes 149

71. C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘The Social Regime in Russia’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) TheCastoriadis Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers), p. 227.

72. A. Arato (1993) ‘Facing Russia: Castoriadis and the Problem of Soviet-typeSocieties’, in A. Arato From Neo-Marxism to Democratic Theory: Essays on theCritical Theory of Soviet-Type Societies (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe), p. 149.

73. Castoriadis ‘The Social Regime in Russia’ (1978), p. 228.74. Ibid., p. 231.75. Ibid., p. 233.76. Ibid., p. 233.77. Ibid., p. 236.78. Ibid., p. 236.79. Ibid., pp. 236, 237.80. Ibid., p. 237.81. Ibid., p. 228.82. Castoriadis ‘The Role of Bolshevik Ideology in the Birth of the Bureaucracy’,

p. 98.83. Ibid., p. 102.84. Ibid.85. Ibid.86. Ibid., p. 103.87. Ibid.88. Ibid.89. C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘The Pulverization of Marxism-Leninism’, in D. A.

Curtis (ed.) World in Fragments (Stanford: Stanford University Press), p. 65.90. Ibid., p. 66.91. C. Castoriadis (1983) ‘The Destinies of Totalitarianism’, Salmagundi, 60,

p. 116.92. Ibid., p. 112.93. Ibid., 116–117.94. Ibid., p. 114.95. Ibid., p. 118. For Castoriadis’ position on the Soviet regime as a mili-

tary society, see C. Castoriadis (1981) Devant la Guerre (Paris: Fayand);C. Castoriadis (1980–1981) ‘Facing the War’, Telos, 46, pp. 43–61.

96. Castoriadis ‘The Destinies of Totalitarianism’, p. 121.97. Castoriadis ‘The Pulverization of Marxism-Leninism’, p. 67.98. On the concept of ‘the heresy of reality’ used by Johannes Agnoli, see

W. Bonefeld (1987) ‘Open Marxism’, Common Sense, 1, p. 36.99. G. Rittesporn (1982) ‘Facing the War Psychosis’, Telos, 51, p. 22.

100. These ‘Stalinists of anti-communism’ consisted of ‘an intelligentsia whichwas, almost by definition, considered to be on the left’ that ‘has packedup its bags and gone over to the other side. It now addresses its criticisms,not to French society, but to those who dare to think of transforming it.’P. Delwit and J. M. Dewaele (1984) ‘The Stalinists of Anti-Communism’, TheSocial Register, 21: 324–48.

101. Pollock argued that the liberal phase of capitalism had come to an end andhad given rise to a new social order – that is, state capitalism, which con-sisted of two typical variants: totalitarian and democratic state capitalism.For Pollock’s views on this issue, see F. Pollock (1982) ‘State Capitalism:Its Possibilities and Limitations’, in A. Arato and E. Gebhardt (eds.) The

150 Notes

Essential Frankfurt School Reader (London: Continuum), especially p. 72, andF. Pollock (1941) ‘Is National Socialism a New Order?’ Studies in Philosophyand Social Science, 9, pp. 440–455.

102. B. Brick and M. Postone (1976) ‘Introduction: Friedrich Pollock and the“Primacy of the Political”: A Critical Reexamination’, International Journalof Politics, 6: 3, p. 13. For my critique of Castoriadis I have also drawn onM. Postone and B. Brick (1982) ‘Critical Pessimism and the Limits of Tradi-tional Marxism’, Theory and Society, 11: 5, pp. 617–658; M. Postone (1993)Time, Labor, and Social Domination (New York: Cambridge University Press),especially pp. 84–104.

103. T. Adorno (2003) Negative Dialectics (London: Continuum), p. 5.104. H. Horkheimer (1972) ‘Traditional and Critical Theory’, in M. Horkheimer

(ed.) Critical Theory: Selected Essays (New York: Herder and Herder),p. 240.

105. D. Howard (1975) ‘Introduction to Castoriadis’, Telos, 23 p. 120.106. K. Axelos (1982) ‘Theses on Marx’, in N. Fischer, L. Patsouras,

N. Georgopoulos (eds.) Continuity and Change in Marxism (New Jersey:Humanities Press), p. 67.

3 Subversive Praxis, Open Crisis and Critique

1. Horkheimer, H. (1972) ‘Traditional and Critical Theory’, in M. Horkheimer(ed.) Critical Theory: Selected Essays (New York: Herder and Herder), p. 271.

2. J. Agnoli (2003) ‘Destruction as the Determination of the Scholar inMiserable Times’, in W. Bonefeld (ed.) Revolutionary Writing (New York:Autonomedia), p. 26.

3. K. Kosik (1995) ‘Reason and Conscience’, in J. H. Satterwhite (ed.) The Cri-sis of Modernity: Essays and Observations from the 1968 Era (Lanham andLondon: Rowman and Littlefield), p. 13.

4. F. Fehér and A. Heller (1983) Hungary 1956 Revisited (London: George Allenand Unwin), p. 48.

5. H. Arendt (1958) ‘Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution’, inH. Arendt (ed.) The Origins of Totalitarianism, 2nd edition (Cleveland andNew York: Meridian Books), p. 509.

6. C. Castoriadis (1993) ‘The Hungarian Source’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) CorneliusCastoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979, Recommmencingthe Revolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press), p. 252.

7. Ibid., p. 252.8. Fehér and Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited, p. 1.9. This silence concerning the Hungarian Uprising was, of course, more evi-

dent within Hungary itself. As Ferenc Fehér has argued, ‘the resurrectionof the memory of the greatest historic event in Hungary after World WarII would have been an emancipatory gesture in itsef’. Fehér, F. (1992) ‘TheLanguage of Resistance: “Critical Marxism” versus “Marxism-Leninism” inHungary’, in R. Taras (ed.) The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism toPostcommunism in Eastern Europe (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe), p. 46.

10. Castoriadis ‘The Hungarian Source’, p. 254.

Notes 151

11. Arendt ‘Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution’, p. 482.12. Castoriadis ‘The Hungarian Source’, p. 256.13. R. Luxemburg (1970) ‘The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade

Unions’ in M. A. Waters (ed.) Rosa Luxemburg Speaks (New York: PathfinderPress), p. 172.

14. Arendt ‘Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution’, p. 497.15. Ibid., p. 494.16. K. Korsch (1970) Marxism and Philosophy (London: NLB), p. 143.17. Fehér and Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited, p. 89.18. W. Benjamin (1999) The Arcades Project (New York: Belknap Press), p. 13.19. Fehér and Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited, p. 90. On the idea that the

Hungarian Uprising was a spontaneous revolution in accordance withRosa Luxemburg’s analysis, see also Arendt ‘Epilogue: Reflections on theHungarian Revolution’, p. 482.

20. Castoriadis ‘The Hungarian Source’, p. 260. See also Fehér and HellerHungary 1956 Revisited, p. 157.

21. Ibid., p. 113.22. A. de Tocqueville (1988) Democracy in America (New York: Harper Perennial),

p. 346.23. Arendt ‘Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution’, p. 482.24. Ibid., p. 480.25. Castoriadis ‘The Hungarian Source’, p. 259.26. Ibid.27. Ibid., p. 254.28. Luxemburg ‘The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions,

p. 173.29. Balázs, N. (1980) ‘Budapest 1956: The Central Workers Council’ in

B. Lommax (ed.) Eye-witness in Hungary: The Soviet Invasion of 1956(Nottingham: Spokesman), p. 174.

30. Fehér and Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited, p. 90.31. Arendt ‘Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution’, p. 482.32. Castoriadis ‘The Hungarian Source’, p. 261.33. H. Arendt (1990) On Revolution (London: Penguin), p. 271.34. Ibid., p. 267.35. Ibid., p. 273.36. Arendt ‘Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution’, p. 499.

On this, see also Arendt, H. (1972) ‘Thoughts on Politics and Revolution’,in H. Arendt, Crises of the Republic (Harcourt Brace), p. 231.

37. Agnes Heller criticized Arendt’s concept of workers’ councils as politi-cal institutions and argued that Arendt ‘didn’t understand the Hungarianworkers’ councils, she believed they were just like the Soviet workers’ coun-cils or the communes in the French Revolution, but this was not the case.The Hungarian workers’ councils were basically an organization of self-management rather that real political organizations. But if there were nopolitical organizations at this point then obviously the self-governing bod-ies also took over political roles. But they were not conceived first andforemost as political institutions’. A. Heller and S. Auer (2009) ‘An InterviewWith Agnes Heller’, Thesis Eleven, 97, p. 104.

38. Arendt On Revolution, p. 218.

152 Notes

39. For a criticism of Arendt’s emphasis on the autonomy of the political andher distinction between the political and the economic, see J. F. Sitton(1987) ‘Hannah Arendt’s Argument for Council Democracy’, Polity, XX: 1,pp. 80–100.

40. E. J. Hobsbawn (2006) ‘Hannah Arendt on Revolution’, in G. Williams (ed.)Hannah Arendt: Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosophers, Vol. II,Arendt and Political Philosophy (London: Routledge), p. 175.

41. Castoriadis ‘The Hungarian Source’, p. 258.42. Ibid., p. 254. In a similar vein and theorizing Negri’s analysis of the

international social struggles of the 1960s and 1970s, Harry Cleaver argued:

Negri’s concept of self-valorization thus designates what I find useful tocharacterize as the positive moments of working class autonomy – wherethe negative moments are made up of workers’ resistance to capitalistdomination. Alongside the power of refusal or the power to destroy capi-tal’s determination, we find in the midst of working-class recompositionthe power of creative affirmation, the power to constitute new practices.

Cleaver, H. (1992) ‘The Inversion of Class Perspective in Marxian The-ory: From Valorisation to Self-Valorisation’, in W. Bonefeld, R. Gunn andK. Psychopedis (eds.) Open Marxism, Vol. II, Theory and Practice (London:Pluto), p. 129.

43. Castoriadis ‘The Hungarian Source’, p. 257.44. Ibid.45. Ibid., p. 260.46. Ibid., p. 263.47. Ibid., p. 261.48. Kαστoριαδης, K. (1983) ‘Eρωτηματα στα μελη τoυ �.K.K’, in A. Vega, PH.

Guillaume, K. Kαστoριαδης, R. Maille, Λαικες Eξεργ εσεις στην AνατoλικηEυρωπη (Aθηνα: ′Yψιλoν), p. 67.

49. Fehér and Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited, p. 42.50. P. Levi (1989) The Drowned and the Saved (London: Abacus), p. 129.51. M. Canovan (1992) Hannah Arendt: A Reinterpretation of her Political Thought

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 237.52. Masaryk expressed his views in his book entitled Otαzka sociαlní (The Social

Question) with the subtitle ‘Philosophical and Sociological Foundations ofMarxism’ (Prague, 1898). For a synopsis of his views, see T.G. Masaryk, ‘ThePhilosophical and Scientific Crisis of Contemporary Marxism’ presentedby E. Kohak (1964) in ‘T.G. Masaryk’s Revision of Marxism’, Journal of theHistory of Ideas, Xxv: 4, October–December, pp. 519–542.

53. In his words, ‘We shall limit our examination to Marxism, that is, to thescientific and philosophical views of Marx and Engels. Marx is predom-inantly the economist of Marxism, Engels its philosopher.’ T.G. Masaryk‘The Philosophical and Scientific Crisis of Contemporary Marxism’, inE. Kohak (1964) ‘T.G. Masaryk‘s Revision of Marxism’, Journal of the Historyof Ideas, vol. xxv, 4: 519–542.

54. Ibid., p. 540.55. For example, see Townshend, J. (1998) ‘The Communist Manifesto and

the Crises of Marxism’, in M. Cowling (ed. ) The Communist Manifesto: NewInterpretations (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), pp. 181–183.

Notes 153

56. On this, see E. Bernstein (1975) Evolutionary Socialism: A Criticism andAffirmation (New York: Schocken Books).

57. Luxemburg made an interesting observation of the stagnation of Marxism.In her words,

The actual fact is that – apart from one or two independent contribu-tions which mark a certain theoretical advance – since the publicationof the last volume of Capital and the last of Engels’s writings there haveappeared nothing more than a few excellent popularizations and exposi-tions of Marxist theory. The substance of that theory remains just wherethe two founders of scientific socialism left it.

Luxemburg R. (1970) ‘Stagnation and Progress of Marxism’, in M. A. Waters(ed.) Rosa Luxemburg Speaks (New York: Pathfinder Press), p. 107. She alsopointed out that even the ‘theory of historical materialism’, which has leftMarx and Engels open to deeper investigation and further developments,‘remains as unelaborated and sketchy as it was when first formulated byits creators’. Luxemburg ‘Stagnation and Progress of Marxism,’ p. 108. Fora more extended analysis of Luxemburg’s insights, see C. Memos (2012)‘Crisis of Theory, Subversive Praxis and Dialectical Contradictions: Notes onLuxemburg and the Anti-capitalist Movement’, Critique, 40: 3, pp. 405–421.

58. Luxemburg ‘Stagnation and Progress of Marxism’, p. 107.59. Ibid., p. 111.60. Korsch, K. (1977) ‘The Crisis of Marxism’ in D. Kellner (ed.), Karl Korsch:

Revolutionary Theory (Austin and London: University of Texas Press),p. 171.

61. Ibid., p. 172.62. Ibid., pp. 172–173.63. D. Kellner (1989) Critical Theory, Marxism, and Modernity (Baltimore: The

Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 12.64. According to Kellner, ‘in the early days of the Institute Horkheimer planned

to write a book on “Die Krise des Marxismus” ’ but he did not write it.Kellner Critical Theory, Marxism, and Modernity, p. 236.

65. For a more detailed analysis of how ‘critical theory’ has dealt with the‘crisis of Marxism’, see D. Kellner (1984) Herbert Marcuse and the Crisisof Marxism (Berkeley and Los Angels: University of California Press), esp.pp. 5–9, 125–129.

66. It is also worth mentioning here the contributions made, among oth-ers, by Georges Sorel, Georgi Plekhanov and Leon Trotsky. On this, seeSorel, G. (1961) ‘The Decomposition of Marxism’, in I. L. Horowitz (ed.)Radicalism and Revolt Against Reason (London: Routledge), pp. 207–254; G.Plekhanov (1898) On the Alleged Crisis in Marxism available at http://www.marxists. org/archive/plekhanov/1898/xx/crisis.htm; L. Trotsky (1939)Once Again on the ‘Crisis of Marxism’ available at http://www.marxists.org/archive/Trotsky/1939/03/marxism.htm.

67. C. Castoriadis (2005) The Imaginary Institution of Society (Cambridge: PolityPress), pp. 56–57.

68. Ibid., pp. 11–12. On Castoriadis’ contention that Marxism ‘is dead astheory’, see also Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 62.

154 Notes

69. Similarly, Castoriadis ascribed the philosophical foundation of Marxism’sdecay to its reduction to a closed theoretical system. Castoriadis TheImaginary Institution of Society, pp. 68–70.

70. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 42.71. Ibid., p. 59.72. Ibid., p. 68.73. Ibid., p. 69.74. Ibid., p. 70.75. Ibid., p. 66.76. Ibid., p. 58.77. Ibid., p. 58.78. L. Althusser (1979) ‘The Crisis of Marxism’, in P. Camiller and J. Rothschild

(ed.) Power and Opposition in Post-revolutionary Societies (London: Ink Links),p. 225.

79. Ibid., p. 226. See also pp. 231 and 236.80. Ibid., p. 225.81. Ibid., p. 229.82. Ibid., p. 229.83. Ibid., p. 226.84. E. Altvater and O. Kallscheuer (1979) ‘Socialist Politics and the “Crisis of

Marxism” ’, The Socialist Register, pp. 106–107.85. Althusser ‘The Crisis of Marxism’, p. 227.86. N. Poulantzas (1979) ‘Is There a Crisis in Marxism?’, Journal of the Hellenic

Diaspora, 6: 3, p. 11.87. P. Sweezy (1979) ‘A Crisis in Marxian Theory’, Monthly Review, 31: 2, p. 24.88. Althusser ‘The Crisis of Marxism’, p. 230.89. For an interesting presentation of the critical aspects of Marxism in Eastern

Europe, see J. Satterwhite (1992) Varieties of Marxist Humanism: Philosoph-ical Revision in Postwar Eastern Europe (Pittsburgh: University of PittsburghPress).

90. See, for example, Zwan, A. (1979) ‘Ecstasy and Hangover of a Revolution’,in M. Markovic and G. Petrovic (eds.) PRAXIS: Yugoslav Essays in the Phi-losophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences (Boston: Reidel PublishingCompany), pp. 361–369. In this vein, see also Karel Kosik’s texts in JamesSatterwhite (1995) (ed.) The Crisis of Modernity. Essays and Observations fromthe 1968, especially, ‘Reason and Conscience’ (pp. 13–15), ‘Our Present Cri-sis’ (pp. 17–51), ‘Socialism and the Crisis of Modern Man’ (pp. 53–62) and‘The Dialectics of Morality and the Morality of Dialectics’ (pp. 63–76).

91. For instance, it was no by coincidence that Kosik was persecuted andsentenced to imprisonment, and his books were banned.

92. Althusser ‘The Crisis of Marxism’, p. 232.93. Ibid., p. 231.94. Ibid., p. 232.95. Ibid., p. 233.96. N. Poulantzas, ‘Is There a Crisis in Marxism?’, p. 15. According to

Poulantzas, the theoretical inadequacies of Marxism could be traced tothe areas of ideology, law, justice, human rights, representative and directdemocracy.

97. Althusser ‘The Crisis of Marxism’, pp. 234–235.

Notes 155

98. Ibid., p. 235.99. Ibid., p. 237.

100. C. Castoriadis (1978) ‘Les crises d’Althusser: De la langue de bois à lalangue de caoutchouc’, Libre, 4, pp. 239–254. Republished in E. Escobar,M. Gondicas and P. Vernay (2013) (ed.) C. Castoriadis, Quelle Démocratie?,Vol. 1 (Paris: Éditions du Sandre), pp. 675–690.

101. Castoriadis ‘Les crises d’Althusser’, 240–241.102. Ibid., 220.103. Ibid., 222.104. Ibid., 243–244.105. Ibid., p. 245.106. Korsch, K. (1977) ‘The Passing of Marxian Orthodoxy: Bernstein-Kautsky-

Luxemburg-Lenin’, in D. Kellner (ed.) Karl Korsch: Revolutionary Theory(Austin: University of Texas Press), p. 180.

107. A. Pannekoek (1936) Party and Working Class, available at http://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1936/party-working-class.htm.

108. Castoriadis ‘Les crises d’Althusser’, 245.109. Ibid., 245–251.110. Ibid., 254.111. Ibid.112. Ibid.113. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 62.114. See on this, among others, Ibid., pp. 58, 70.115. B. Singer (1979) ‘The Early Castoriadis: Socialism, Barbarism and the

Bureaucratic Thread’, Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, 3: 3,p. 51.

116. Backhaus, H. G. (2005) ‘Some Aspects of Marx’s Concept of Critique inthe Context of his Economic-Philosophical Theory’, in W. Bonefeld andK. Psychopedis (eds.) Human Dignity: Social Autonomy and the Critique ofCapitalism (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 13–14.

117. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 60.118. Ibid., p. 60.119. On the idea of Marxism as a theory of the contradictions of oppression,

see J. Holloway (1993) ‘The Freeing of Marx’, Common Sense, 14, p. 19;J. Holloway (2005) Change the World Without Taking Power (London: Pluto),p. 160.

120. See on this distinction J. Holloway (1994) ‘The Relevance of MarxismToday’, Common Sense, 15, p. 38; J. Holloway (2005) Change the WorldWithout Taking Power, pp. 135–136 and R. Gunn (1994) ‘Marxism andContradiction’, Common Sense, 15, p. 53.

121. W. Bonefeld, R. Gunn and K. Psychopedis (ed.) (1992) Open Marxism:Dialectics and History, vol. 1 (London: Pluto Press), p. x.

122. According to Ernst Bloch, ‘in Marxism a cold stream and a warm streamrun parallel’.M. Landmann (1975) ‘Talking with Ernst Bloch: Korcula, 1968’, Telos, 25,p. 167.

123. S. Clarke (1994) Marx’s Theory of Crisis (London: Macmillan), p. 13.124. C. Castoriadis (1992) ‘The Crisis of Marxism, The Crisis of Politics’, Dissent,

pp. 221–25.

156 Notes


4 Marx in Question

1. Both Axelos and Papaioannou (especially the latter) remain largelyunknown to the Anglo-Saxon world, and even for Castoriadis there havebeen just a few works which deal with his critique of Marxism and Marx.For Axelos’ critique of Marx, see K. Axelos (1964) Vers la pensée plané-taire (Paris: Minuit); K. Axelos (1966) Einführung in ein künftiges Denken:Über Marx und Heidegger (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag); See also theSpanish translation: K. Axelos Introducción a un pensar futuro: Sobre Marxy Heidegger (Buenos Aires: Amorrortu editors); K. Axelos (1969) Argumentsd’Une Recherche (Paris: Minuit); K. Axelos (1970) ‘Marx, Freud, and theUndertakings of Thought in the Future’, Diogenes,18: 72, 96–111; K. Axelos(1976) Alienation, Praxis and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx (Austin: Uni-versity of Texas Press); K. Axelos (1982) ‘Theses on Marx’, in N. Fischer,L. Patsouras, N. Georgopoulos (eds.) Continuity and Change in Marxism (NewJersey: Humanities Press).For Papaioannou’s critical approach to Marx, see K. Papaioannou (1963)‘Regnum Hominis-Some Observations on Modern Subjectivism’, Diogenes,41, 26–50; K. Papaioannou (1966) ‘History and Theodicy’, Diogenes,53, 38–63; K. Papaioannou (1968) ‘The “Associated Producers”: Dicta-torship, Proletariat, Socialism’, Diogenes, 64, 141–164; K. Papaioannou(1983) De Marx et du Marxisme (Paris: Gallimard); K. �απαιωαννoυ

(1986) H Ψυχρη Iδεoλoγ ια (Aθηνα: ′Yψιλoν); K. �απαιωαννoυ (1988)O Mαρξισμoς σαν Iδεoλoγ ια (Aθηνα: Eναλλακτικες Eκδoσεις); K.�απαιωαννoυ

(1990) Kρατoς και Φιλoσoϕια (Aθηνα: Eναλλακτικες Eκδoσεις); K.�απαιωαννoυ

(1991) H Γ ενεση τoυ Oλoκληρωτισμoυ (Aθηνα: Eναλλακτικες Eκδoσεις);K.�απαιωαννoυ (1994)Φιλoσoϕια και Tεχνικη (Aθηνα: Eναλλακτικες Eκδoσεις).

2. Axelos Alienation, Praxis and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx, p. 33.3. Ibid., p. 34.4. Ibid., p. 292.5. Ibid., p. 85.6. Ibid., p. 130.7. Ibid., p. 202.8. Ibid., p. 46.9. Ibid., p. 327.

10. K. Papaioannou (1983) ‘Le mythe de la dialectique’, in K. Papaioannou (ed.)De Marx et du Marxisme (Paris: Gallimard), pp. 147–150.

11. K.�απαιωαννoυ (1990) Kρατoς και Φιλoσoϕια (Aθηνα: Eναλλακτικες Eκδoσεις),p. 56.

12. K. Marx (1992) Early Writings (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 355. Quotedin K. Papaioannou (1983), ‘La fondation du marxisme’, in K. PapaioannouDe Marx et du Marxisme (Paris: Gallimard), p. 49.

13. Ibid., pp. 49, 52, 54.

Notes 157

14. Ibid., pp. 75–77.15. Ibid., p. 56.16. Ibid., p. 82.17. C. Castoriadis (2005) The Imaginary Institution of Society (Cambridge: Polity

Press), pp. 29–32, 56–68.18. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis

(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 2, 1955–1960:From the Workers’ Struggle Against Bureaucracy to Revolution in the Ageof Modern Capitalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 249.


20. Ibid., p. 28.21. C. Castoriadis (1984), ‘Marx Today: An Interview’, Thesis Eleven, 8, 1:

pp. 124–32.22. C. Castoriadis (1984), ‘Technique’, in C. Castoriadis Crossroads in the

Labyrinth (Brighton: The Harvester Press), p. 247. On this see alsoCastoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 21.

23. K. �απαιωαννoυ (1990) Kρατoς και Φιλoσoϕια, pp. 66–67.24. Ibid., p. 67.25. Ibid., p. 66.26. Ibid., p. 70.27. Ibid., p. 70.28. Ibid., p. 72.29. St. Paul (2003) ‘The First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians’ The Holy Bible,

The New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 13:8–12, p. 187.Quoted in K. �απαιωαννoυ (1990) Kρατoς και Φιλoσoϕια, p. 76.

30. Ibid., p. 76.31. Ibid., p. 77.32. Ibid., p. 79.33. K. Papaioannou (1963) ‘Regnum Hominis-Some Observations on Modern

Subjectivism’, Diogenes, 41, Spring, p. 29.34. Ibid.35. Ibid.36. Ibid., pp. 30, 32, 33.37. K. Marx and F. Engels (1991) ‘Manifesto of the Communist party’, in

K. Marx and F. Engels (ed.) Selected Works (London: Lawrence and Wishart),p. 39.

38. For an extensive analysis of this, see K. Papaioannou ‘L’Occident et laRussie. Introduction à la Russophobie de Marx’ and K. Papaioannou ‘Marxet la politique internationale’ in K. Papaioannou (1983) De Marx et duMarxisme (Paris: Gallimard), pp. 462–562.

39. Axelos Alienation, Praxis and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx, p. 9.40. Ibid., p. 10.41. Ibid., p. 105.42. Ibid., p. 70.43. Ibid., p. 63.44. Ibid., p, 63.

158 Notes

45. C. Castoriadis (1984) Crossroads in the Labyrinth (Brighton: The HarvesterPress), p. 247.

46. H. Grotius (2005) Rights of War and Peace (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund)p. 420.

47. C. Castoriadis (1984) ‘Value, Equality, Justice, Politics: From Marx toAristotle and from Aristotle to Ourselves’, in C. Castoriadis (ed.) Crossroadsin the Labyrinth (Brighton: The Harvester Press) p. 263.

48. Ibid., p. 279.49. Ibid., p. 279.50. Ibid., pp. 277–278.51. Ibid., p. 278.52. Axelos Alienation, Praxis and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx, p. 91.53. Ibid., p. 56.54. Ibid., p. 57.55. K. Marx (1990) Capital, Vol. I (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 165.

For Papaioannou’s discussion of fetishism, see K. �απαιωαννoυ (1994)Φιλoσoϕια και Tεχνικη, pp. 50–53.

56. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 16.57. K. Marx (1990) Capital, Vol. I (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 92.58. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 16.59. Ibid.60. Axelos Alienation, Praxis and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx, p. 131.61. Ibid., p. 136.62. Ibid., p. 217.63. Ibid., p. 135.64. On the concept of alienation as a ‘process’ and a ‘constant struggle’, see,

among others, J. Holloway (1997) ‘A Note on Alienation’, Historical Mate-rialism, 1: Autumn, 146–149; Holloway, J. (2002) ‘Class and Classification:Against, in and beyond Labour’, in A. Dinerstein and M. Neary (eds.) TheLabour Debate (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 27–33.

65. H. Reichelt (2005) ‘Social Reality as Appearance: Some Notes on Marx’sConception of Reality’, in W. Bonefeld and K. Psychopedis (eds.) HumanDignity, p. 33.

66. J. Holloway (2002) ‘Class and Classification: Against, in and beyondLabour’, in A. Dinerstein and M. Neary (eds.) The Labour Debate, p. 31.

67. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 16.68. Ibid., pp. 56–57.69. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 256.70. Papaioannou ‘History and Theodicy’, p. 58.71. Ibid.72. K. Marx and F. Engels (1998) The German Ideology (Prometheus Books),

p. 457.73. Marx Capital, Vol. I, p. 92. See Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society,

p. 57.74. K. Marx (1990) Capital, Vol. I, p. 929. According to Papaioannou, Marx’s

theory that people liberate themselves through the development of theproductive forces and his fetishist conviction about the ‘natural laws’which determine the movement of capitalist society was used by ortho-dox Marxism, but only at the expense of Marx’s theory of class struggle

Notes 159

as ‘motive force’ of society. K. �απαιωαννoυ (1990) Kρατoς και Φιλoσoϕια,p. 139.

75. Marx Capital, Vol. I, p. 101. Quoted in Castoriadis The Imaginary Institutionof Society, pp. 57, 378.

76. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 57.77. Ibid., p. 58.78. C. Castoriadis (2000) Interview in the Italian Journal Metropoli (30 Novem-

ber 1978). I use here the Greek translation, K. Kαστoριαδης, ‘Mεταβαση’ inK. Kαστoριαδης, Kαιρoς (Aθηνα: ′Yψιλoν), p. 13.

79. Castoriadis ‘Marx Today: An Interview’, p. 128.80. Ibid.81. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 20.82. Castoriadis ‘Technique’, p. 235.83. Ibid.84. Ibid., p. 237.85. Ibid.86. Ibid., p. 245.87. Ibid., p. 249.88. Ibid.89. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 20.90. M. Reinfelder (1980) ‘Introdution: Breaking the Spell of Technicism’, in

P. Slater (ed.) Outlines of a Critique of Technology (London: Ink Links),p. 35.

91. Castoriadis ‘Technique’, p. 251.92. Ibid., pp. 251, 252.93. Ibid.94. Ibid., p. 247. On this, see also Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society,

p. 21.95. C. Memos (2009) ‘For Marx and Marxism: An Interview with Kostas Axelos’,

Thesis Eleven, 98:129–39.96. H. G. Backhaus (1992) ‘Between Philosophy and Science: Marxian Social

Economy as Critical Theory’, in W. Bonefeld, R. Gunn and K. Psychopedis(ed.) Open Marxism: Dialectics and History, vol. 1 (London: Pluto Press), p. 58.

97. M. Reinfelder (1980) ‘Introdution: Breaking the Spell of Technicism’ inP. Slater (ed.) Outlines of a Critique of Technology (London: Ink Links),pp. 35–36.

98. Marx Capital, Vol. I, p. 548.99. Ibid., pp. 544–545.

100. R. Panzieri (1980) ‘The Capitalist Use of Machinery: Marx Versus the“Objectivists” ’, in P. Slater (ed.) Outlines of a Critique of Technology (London:Ink Links), p. 64.

101. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 30.102. Ibid., pp. 30–31.103. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 257.104. K. Marx (1991) ‘Marx to Joseph Weydemeyer, 5/3/1852’, in K. Marx and

F. Engels (eds.) Selected Works (London: Lawrence and Wishart), p. 638.105. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 29.106. Ibid.107. Ibid., p. 30.

160 Notes

108. J. Holloway (1992) ‘Crisis, Fetishism, Class Composition’, in W. Bonefeld,R. Gunn and K. Psychopedis (ed.) Open Marxism: Theory and Practice , vol. 2(London: Pluto Press), p. 150.

109. J. Holloway (1991) ‘The Great Bear: Post-Fordism and Class Struggle.A Comment on Bonefeld and Jessop’, in W. Bonefeld and J. Holloway (eds.)Post-Fordism and Social Form (London: Macmillan), p. 99.

110. Holloway ‘Crisis, Fetishism, Class Composition’, p. 150.111. K. Marx (1990) Capital, Vol. I, p. 92.112. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 57.113. Ibid., p. 58.114. K. Marx (2000) Capital, Vol. I, p. 283 quoted in H. Cleaver Reading Capital

Politically (London: AK Press), p. 88.115. Ibid.116. Papaioannou ‘Le mythe de la dialectique’ p. 176.117. Ibid., pp. 176–177.118. See J. Holloway (1994) ‘The Relevance of Marxism Today’, Common Sense,

15, 38–39; R. Gunn (1994) ‘Marxism and Contradiction’, Common Sense, 15,53–58.

119. J. Holloway (2005) Change the World Without Taking Power (London: PlutoPress), p. 135.

120. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 256.121. Ibid., p. 249.122. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 16.123. Backhaus, H.G. (2005) ‘Some Aspects of Marx’s Concept of Critique in

the Context of his Economic-Philosophical Theory’, in W. Bonefeld andK. Psychopedis (eds.) Human Dignity: Social Autonomy and the Critique ofCapitalism (Aldershot: Ashgate), p. 22.

124. S. Clarke (1994) Marx’s Theory of Crisis (London: Macmillan), p. 10.125. Backhaus ‘Some Aspects of Marx’s Concept of Critique in the Context of

his Economic-Philosophical Theory’, pp. 13–14.126. H. Marcuse (2000) Reason and Revolution (London: Routlege), p. 281.127. Ibid., p. 281.128. For a relatively recent use of Castoriadis’ and Axelos’ critique of Marx’s

Western humanism, see T. Serequeberhan (1990) ‘Karl Marx and AfricanEmancipatory Thought: A Critique of Marx’s Euro-centric Metaphysics’,Praxis International, 10, 161–181.

129. Marx Capital, Vol. I, p. 102.130. Axelos ‘Theses on Marx’, p. 67.131. Castoriadis Crossroads in the Labyrinth, p. 280.132. P. Murray and J. Schuler (1988) ‘Post-Marxism in a French Context’, History

of European Ideas, 9: 3, pp. 324.133. Papaioannou ‘The “Associated Producers”: Dictatorship, Proletariat, Social-

ism’, p. 164.134. Axelos ‘Marx, Freud, and the Undertakings of Thought in the Future’,

p. 105.135. Ibid., pp. 107–108.136. F. Bordes (2004) ‘Le Rire de Kostas Papaïoannou’ in L. Catteeuw and

F. Bordes (eds.) L’ Amitié: Les Travaux et les Jours: Cahier Kostas Papaïoannou(Paris: Didier Sedon/Acedia), p. 144.

Notes 161

137. Castoriadis ‘Marx Today: An Interview’, p. 124.138. K. Kαστoριαδης O Θρυμματισμενoς Koσμoς (Aθηνα: ′Yψιλoν, 1992),

p. 159.139. C. Castoriadis (1992) ‘The Crisis of Marxism, The Crisis of Politics’,

p. 223.140. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 12.141. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Marxism, The Crisis of Politics’, p. 221.142. C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘Recommencing the Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.)

The Castoriadis Reader, p. 107.143. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 10.144. Ibid., p. 60.145. Ibid.146. Castoriadis ‘Marx Today: An Interview’, p. 130.147. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 10.148. Castoriadis ‘Recommencing the Revolution’, p. 109.149. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 14.150. Castoriadis, C. ‘Presentation of Socialisme ou Barbarie. An organ of Critique

and Revolutionary Orientation’, p. 36.151. Ibid., p. 36.152. M. Horkheimer (1972) ‘The Social Function of Philosophy’, in

M. Horkheimer (ed.) Critical Theory: Selected Essays (New York: Herder andHerder), p. 271.

153. T. S. Eliot (1969) ‘Little Gidding’, in The Complete Poems and Plays of T.S. Eliot(London: Faber and Faber), p. 197.

154. Memos ‘For Marx and Marxism’, p. 134.155. J. Fracchia. and C. Ryan (1992) ‘Historical-Materialist Science, Crisis and

Commitment’ in R. Gunn and K. Psychopedis (eds.) Open Marxism:Dialectics and History, Vol. II (London: Pluto, 1992), pp. 56, 58, 60.

156. Memos ‘For Marx and Marxism’, p. 136.157. Quoted in M. Landmann (1975) ‘Talking with Ernst Bloch: Korcula, 1968’,

Telos, 25, p. 170.158. Fracchia and Ryan ‘Historical-Materialist Science, Crisis and Commitment’,

p. 65.159. R. Luxemburg (1970) ‘Stagnation and Progress of Marxism’, in M.A. Waters

(ed.) Rosa Luxemburg Speaks (New York: Pathfinder Press), p. 107.160. Horkheimer ‘The Social Function of Philosophy’, p. 268.161. C. Cavafy (1992) ‘Theodotos’, in G. Savidis (ed.) Collected Poems (New

Jersey: Princeton University Press), p. 54.

5 The Crisis of Modern Societies and the Revivalof Emancipatory Politics

1. R. Aron (1969) The Elusive Revolution: Anatomy of a Student Revolt (New York:Praeger), p. ix, quoted in K. Ross (2002) May ’68 and its Afterlives (Chicagoand London: University of Chicago Press), p. 67.

2. Quoted in K. Ross (2002) May ’68 and its Afterlives, p. 186.3. H. Samuel (2007) ‘Sarkozy Attacks “Immoral” Heritage of 1968’, Daily

Telegraph, 1 May.

162 Notes

4. On this, see C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, inD. A. Curtis (ed.) World in Fragments (Stanford: Stanford University Press),p. 47 and K. Ross (2002) May ’68 and its Afterlives, p. 182.

5. K. Marx and F. Engels (1975) The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism(Progress Publishers), p. 110.

6. Ernst Bloch, quoted in M. Landmann (1975) ‘Talking with Ernst Bloch:Korcula, 1968’, Telos, 25, p. 179.

7. H. Marcuse (1964) One-Dimensional Man (London: Routledge), p. 98.8. W. Benjamin (2003) ‘On the Concept of History’, in W. Benjamin (ed.)

Selected Writings, Vol. 4, 1938–1940 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press), p. 390.9. J. Holloway ‘1968 and Doors to New Worlds’, Turbulence, no. 2, pp. 9–14.

10. C. Castoriadis (1993) ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.)Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979,Recommmencing the Revolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 125.

11. T. W. Adorno (2000) Introduction to Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press),p. 150.

12. Castoriadis ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, p. 49.13. See on this M. Löwy (2000) ‘The Revolutionary Romanticism of May 1968’,

Thesis Eleven, 68, February, p. 96; R. Viénet (1992) Enrages and Situationistsin the Occupation Movement: France, May 1968 (New York and London:Autonomedia and Rebel Press), p. 121.

14. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, p. 126.15. R. Viénet (1992) Enrages and Situationists in the Occupation Movement: France,

May 1968, p. 121.16. For Holloway, 1968 was ‘the crisis of the working class as abstract labour,

its birth as useful-creative doing’, in J. Holloway, ‘1968 and Doors to NewWorlds’.

17. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, p. 124.18. Ibid., p. 125.19. Ibid., p. 127.20. For Castoriadis’ critique and reference to Althusser, Foucault, Lévi-Strauss,

Lacan, Barthes, see Castoriadis, ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, pp. 50–52.His views could be epitomized in the following words of his: ‘The well-known writing on the Sorbonne walls, “Althusser à rien” needs nocommentary’. Castoriadis, ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, p. 51. Also,Castoriadis, C. (1993) ‘The Diversionists’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) CorneliusCastoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979, p. 274.

21. Castoriadis ‘The Diversionists’, p. 274.22. Castoriadis ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, p. 53.23. Castoriadis ‘The Diversionists’, p. 274.24. Quoted in K. Ross (2002) May ’68 and its Afterlives, p. 193.25. C.L.R James (2001) The Black Jacobins (London: Penguin Books), p. xix.26. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, p. 125.27. M. Horkheimer (1972) ‘Traditional and Critical Theory’, in M. Horkheimer

(ed.) Critical Theory: Selected Essays (New York: Herder and Herder), p. 218.28. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, p. 131.29. Ibid., p. 133.30. Ibid., p. 132.

Notes 163

31. Ibid., p. 132.32. R. Luxemburg ‘The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions’,

in M. A. Waters (ed.) Rosa Luxemburg Speaks (New York: Pathfinder Press),p. 197.

33. Ibid., p. 182.34. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, p. 133.35. R. Viénet (1992) Enrages and Situationists in the Occupation Movement: France,

May 1968, p. 77.36. Castoriadis ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, p. 52.37. Ibid., p. 55.38. J. Agnoli (2002) ‘Emancipation: Paths and Goals’, in W. Bonefeld and

S. Tischler (eds.) What Is to Be Done? Leninism, Anti-Leninist Marxism andthe Question of Revolution Today (Aldershot: Ashgate) p. 194.

39. Castoriadis ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, p. 55.40. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, pp. 130–131.41. Ibid., p. 150.42. R. Viénet, Enragés and Situationists in the Occupation Movement, France, May

’68, p. 71.43. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, p. 150.44. Ibid., p. 151.45. Castoriadis ‘The Diversionists’, p. 274.46. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis

(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 2, 1955–1960:From the Workers’ Struggle Against Bureaucracy to Revolution in the Ageof Modern Capitalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 289.

47. Ibid., p. 288.48. C. Castoriadis (1988) ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, in D. A. Curtis

(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 2, 1955–1960:From the Workers’ Struggle Against Bureaucracy to Revolution in the Ageof Modern Capitalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 92.

49. Ibid., pp. 155–156.50. D. A. Curtis (1989) ‘Socialism or Barbarism: The Alternative Presented in the

Work of Cornelius Castoriadis’, in G.Busino (ed.) Autonomie et autotransfor-mation de la société. La philosophie militante de Cornelius Castoriadis (Geneva:Droz) 1989, p. 305. For Curtis’ analysis of Castoriadis’ views on crisis, seeespecially pp. 303–307.

51. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 300.52. C. Castoriadis (1993) ‘The Crisis of Modern Society’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.)

Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979, p. 115.53. Ibid., p. 115.54. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 228.55. C. Castoriadis (2005) The Imaginary Institution of Society (Cambridge: Polity

Press), p. 16.56. Ibid., p. 16.57. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 259. And again, in the

same essay, he notes that the fundamental contradiction of capitalism is

inherent in the fundamental relation that constitutes the capitalistorganization of production and of work. In the capitalist method of

164 Notes

organizing these areas, the system is constantly trying to reduce justabout every worker into a pure and simple executant. But this systemwould collapse as soon as workers were completely reduced to such astatus. It therefore is obliged simultaneously to solicit the participationof the executants in the labor process and to forbid them from showingany initiative.

Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 282.58. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 93.59. J. Holloway (2005) Change the World Without Taking Power (London: Pluto

Press), p. 188.60. Ibid., p. 173.61. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, pp. 93, 92.62. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 16.63. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 94.64. T. Adorno (2006) History and Freedom (Cambridge: Polity Press), p. 50.

On this, see also pp. 51, 52, 56.65. T. Adorno (2003) Negative Dialectics (London: Continuum), p. 320.66. H. Cleaver (1992) ‘The Inversion of Class Perspective in Marxian Theory:

From Valorisation to Self-Valorisation’, p. 116.67. C. Castoriadis (1993) ‘Recommencing the Revolution’ in D. A. Curtis

(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979:Recommencing the Revolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 35.

68. Ibid., pp. 49–50.69. Adorno Negative Dialectics, p. 143.70. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 94.71. M. Hardt and A. Negri (2000) Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press), p. 202.72. Ibid., p. 222.73. H. Lefebvre(2004) ‘Modernity and Modernism’, in B. Buchloh, S. Guilbaut

and D. Solkin (eds.) Modernism and Modernity. The Vancouver ConferencePapers (Halifax Nova Scotia: The Press of NSCAD), p. 2.

74. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 93.75. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 229.76. Ibid., p. 306.77. C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘The Retreat from Autonomy: Postmodernism as Gen-

eralized Conformism’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) World in Fragments (Stranford:Stanford University Press), p. 36.

78. Ibid., p. 36.79. Ibid. On this see also C. Castoriadis (2003) ‘The Dilapidation of the West’,

in C. Castoriadis, The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), pp. 81–83.80. Castoriadis ‘The Retreat from Autonomy: Postmodernism as Generalized

Conformism’, p. 39. For the conflict between these two significationsand their significance for the development and function of capitalism,see also C. Castoriadis (2003) ‘The Crisis of the Identification Process’ inC. Castoriadis, The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), pp. 215–216.

81. Castoriadis ‘The Retreat from Autonomy: Postmodernism as GeneralizedConformism’, p. 39.

Notes 165

82. Castoriadis ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, p. 83.83. Castoriadis ‘The Retreat from Autonomy: Postmodernism as Generalized

Conformism’, p. 35.84. J. Hyppolite (1969) ‘The Significance of the French Revolution in Hegel’s

Phenomenology’, in J. Hyppolite Studies on Marx and Hegel (New York: BasicBooks), p. 42.

85. K. Papaioannou (1966) ‘History and Theodicy’, Diogenes, Spring: 53, p. 46.86. Ibid., p. 47.87. Ibid, p. 48.88. K. Kosik (1976) Dialectics of the Concrete (Boston: D. Reidel Publishing

Company), p. 111.89. As Klooger plausibly asks,

To what extent is it legitimate to speak of a singular “project of auton-omy” emerging in different societies, when each of these instances isconceived as being a creation of the specific society in question? On theother hand, if there are multiple projects, on what basis are we justifiedin calling them all projects of “autonomy”?

J. Klooger (2009) Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy (Leiden and Boston:Brill), p. 273.

90. Castoriadis ‘The Retreat from Autonomy: Postmodernism as GeneralizedConformism’, p. 43.

91. Ibid., p. 43.92. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Modern Society’, p. 107.93. See on this C. Castoriadis (2003) ‘Between the Western Void and the Arab

Myth’, in C. Castoriadis (ed.) The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The BigSleep), p. 67; C. Castoriadis (2003) ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’ inC. Castoriadis (ed.) The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), p. 133;Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of the Identification Process’, pp. 211, 214–215;Castoriadis, ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, p. 78; C. Castoriadis (1997)‘The Crisis of Western Societies’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) The Castoriadis Reader(Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 255, 260, 262.

94. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of the Identification Process’, p. 228.95. Ibid., p. 208.96. C. Castoriadis and C. Lasch (2011) ‘Beating the Retreat into Private Life’, in

C. Castoriadis (ed.) Postscript on Insignificancy, p. 69. Translated from theFrench and edited anonymously as a public service. Available at http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis.html.

97. Castoriadis ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, p. 89.98. Ibid., p. 88. On this, see also Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’,

pp. 137–138.99. On Castoriadis’ views concerning the ‘anthropological type’ or the ‘anthro-

pological question’ and their correlation with the respective social regimethat they have sprung from see Castoriadis ‘The Dilapidation of the West’,pp. 86–89; Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, pp. 137–138;Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of the Identification Process’, pp. 213, 216–217.

100. K. Polanyi (1957) The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press),pp. 57, 77.

166 Notes

101. See C. Castoriadis (2003) ‘The Vacuum Industry’, in Cornelius Castoriadis(ed.) The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep), pp. 2–13.

102. G. W. F. Hegel (1963) Hegel’s Lectures on The History of Philosophy, Vol. 3(London: Routledge), p. 425.

103. For Castoriadis’ positions on the cultural crisis of modern societies, seeC. Castoriadis (1993) ‘Social Transformation and Cultural Creation’, in D. A.Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, esp.pp. 303–311 and C. Castoriadis (1991) ‘The Crisis of Culture and the State’,in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy(Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 218–242.

104. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Modern Society’, p. 111.105. Castoriadis ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, p. 78.106. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of the Identification Process’, p. 225.107. C. Castoriadis (1991) ‘Reflections on “Rationality” and “Development” ’,

in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis: Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy,p. 180.

108. Ibid., p. 186.109. Ibid., p. 186.110. C. Castoriadis (2011) ‘The Crisis of the Imaginary?’, in C. Castoriadis (ed.)

Postscript on Insignificancy. Translated from the French and edited anony-mously as a public service. Available at http://www.notbored.org/PSRTI.pdf,p. 108.

111. Castoriadis (2003) ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, p. 130.112. Castoriadis ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, p. 83.113. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Western Societies’, p. 262.114. Ibid., pp. 262, 263.115. C. Castoriadis (2003) ‘Between the Western Void and the Arab Myth’, in

C. Castoriadis (ed.), The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep). Trans-lated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. Availableat http://www.costis.org/x/castoriadis/Castoriadis-rising_tide.pdf, p. 71.

116. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of the Identification Process’, p. 224.117. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Culture and the State’, p. 220.118. Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, pp. 135–136. For Castoriadis’

account regarding the decadence and decay of modern societies, see also,among others, Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Western Societies’, pp. 253–254;Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, p. 143 and Castoriadis ‘TheVacuum Industry’, p. 6.

119. Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, p. 153.120. Castoriadis ‘The Dilapidation of the West’, p. 103.121. Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, p. 153.122. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 282.123. Ibid., p. 229.124. Ibid., p. 228.125. On this, see Castoriadis ‘Social Transformation and Cultural Creation’,

pp. 301, 303.126. Ibid., p. 300.127. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Modern Society’, p. 117.128. Castoriadis ‘The Rising Tide of Insignificancy’, p. 144.129. Castoriadis ‘The Crisis of Culture and the State’, p. 220.

Notes 167

130. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, III: The Workers’ Struggle againstthe Organization of the Capitalist Enterprise’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) CorneliusCastoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 2, p. 156.

131. Castoriadis ‘Modern Capitalism and Revolution’, p. 303.132. Ibid., p. 304.133. Castoriadis makes the same point in Castoriadis ‘Recommencing the

Revolution’, p. 48.134. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’ in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius

Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 2, p. 92.135. H. Marcuse (2000) Reason and Revolution (London: Routledge), p. 283.136. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 101.137. Castoriadis, C. (1993) ‘Socialism and Autonomous Society’, in D. A. Curtis

(ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis, Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, p. 317.138. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 92.139. C. Castoriadis (2011) ‘A Thoroughgoing Shakeup of All Forms of Social

Life: An Introductory Interview’, in C. Castoriadis (ed.) Postscript onInsignificancy, pp. 53, 57.

140. C. Castoriadis (2011) ‘Perish the Church, the State, the Universities,the Media, and the Consensus’, in C. Castoriadis (ed.) Postscript onInsignificancy, p. 88.

141. J. Burnham (1943) The Machiavellians (London: Putnam and Company),p. 184.

142. Castoriadis ‘Perish the Church, the State, the Universities, the Media, andthe Consensus’, p. 88.

143. K. Marx and F. Engels (1991) ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’, inK. Marx and F. Engels (ed.) Selected Works (London: Lawrence and Wishart),p. 44.

144. Ibid., p. 33.145. K. Axelos (1982) ‘Theses on Marx’ in N. Fischer, L. Patsouras,

N. Georgopoulos (ed.) Continuity and Change in Marxism (New Jersey:Humanities Press), p. 67.

146. R. M. Rilke (1946) Letters to a Young Poet (London: Sidgwick and Jackson),p. 21.

147. R. Luxemburg (1970) ‘The Russian Revolution’, in M. A. Waters (ed.) RosaLuxemburg Speaks (New York: Pathfinder Press), p. 393.

148. C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘The Pulverization of Marxism-Leninism’, inD. A. Curtis (ed.) World in Fragments (Stanford, CA: Stanford UniversityPress), p. 64.

149. C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘The Logic of Magmas and the Question of Auton-omy’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) The Castoriadis Reader, p. 310.

150. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 98.151. C. Castoriadis (2013) ‘Democracy and Relativism. Discussion with the

“Mauss” Group’, p. 40. Translated from the French and edited anony-mously as a public service. Available at http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis.html.

152. Castoriadis ‘On the Content of Socialism, II’, p. 101.153. Ibid., p. 102.154. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 75. For the issue of auton-

omy as a project in Castoriadis’ thought, see J. Klooger ‘The Meaning

168 Notes

of Autonomy: Project, Self-Limitation, Democracy and Socialism’, ThesisEleven, 108: 1, pp. 84–86.

155. Castoriadis The Imaginary Institution of Society, p. 108.156. Ibid., p. 111.157. K. Psychopedis (1991) ‘Crisis of Theory in the Contemporary Social Sci-

ences’, in W. Bonefeld and J. Holloway (eds.) Post-Fordism and Social Form(London: Macmillan), p. 187.

158. Castoriadis ‘Perish the Church, the State, the Universities, the Media, andthe Consensus’, p. 88.

159. C. Castoriadis (1990) ‘Does the Idea of Revolution Still Make Sense?’, ThesisEleven, 26, p. 138.

160. Castoriadis ‘Recommencing the Revolution’, p. 48.161. A. Honneth (1986) ‘Rescuing the Revolution with an Ontology:

On Cornelius Castoriadis’ Theory of Society’, Thesis Eleven, 14, p. 62.162. C. Castoriadis (1993) ‘The Hungarian Source’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.)

Cornelius Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979:Recommmencing the Revolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), p. 257.

163. C. Castoriadis (2010) ‘What Revolution Is’, in E. Escobar, M. Gondicas,and P. Vernay (eds.) A Society Adrift: Interviews and Debates, 1974–1997(New York: Fordham University Press), p. 144.

164. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, p. 131.

Conclusions

1. K. Kosik (1995) ‘Socialism and the Crisis of Modern Man’, in J. H. Satterwhite(ed.) The Crisis of Modernity: Essays and Observations from the 1968 Era(Lanham and London: Rowman and Littlefield), p. 59.

2. K. Axelos (1982) ‘Theses on Marx’, in N. Fischer, L. Patsouras,N. Georgopoulos (ed.) Continuity and Change in Marxism (New Jersey:Humanities Press), p. 67.

3. H. Marcuse (1968) ‘Philosophy and Critical Theory’, in H. Marcuse, Negations(London: Penguin), p.143.

4. C. Castoriadis ‘Recommencing the Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) CorneliusCastoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979: Recommencingthe Revolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society (Minneapolis: Uni-versity of Minnesota Press), p. 109.

5. K. Korsch (1977) ‘Ten Theses on Marxism Today’, in D. Kellner (ed.) KarlKorsch: Revolutionary Theory, (Austin: University of Texas Press), p. 281.

6. On this, see E. P. Thompson (1978) The Poverty of Theory (London: MerlinPress), pp. 360–361.

7. For Castoriadis’ influence on the Italian radical and libertarian move-ment, see A. Mangano, ‘Castoriadis e il Marxismo’, in G. Busino (ed.)Autonomie et autotransformation de la société. La philosophie militante deCornelius Castoriadis, pp. 60–1.

8. See International Communist Current (2001) The Dutch and German Commu-nist Left (London: Porcupine Press), pp. 351–358.

Notes 169

9. C. Castoriadis, ‘The Crisis of Marxism, The Crisis of Politics’, Dissent, Spring1992, p. 224.

10. C. Castoriadis ‘The Movements of the Sixties’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) World inFragments (Stanford: Stanford University Press), p. 53.

11. According to Khilnani, these ‘self-proclaimed New Philosophers’ were

former gauchistes who took history to be little more than the playing outof ideas, and to whom the Marxist conception of revolution inevitablyresulted in terror and violence administrated by the State. Trumpetingarguments appropriated from Popper, Talmon and Arendt (each had untilthat point received little attention in France), the New Philosophersasserted the impossibility of revolutionary innocence: there was no losttreasure to recover. This ferociously negative argument – anti-statist, anti-totalitarian, anti-Soviet gained wide diffusion. The obsessional centre oftheir reflections was the notion of “totalitarianism”.

Sunil Khilnani, Arguing Revolution, pp. 123–124. For the ideas of the‘New Philosophers’, see P. Dews, ‘The ‘New Philosophers’ and the end ofLeftism’, Radical Philosophy, spring 1980: 24, p. 2–11; P. Dews, ‘The NouvellPhilosophie and Foucault’, Economy and Society, 8: 2, May 1979, pp. 127–171.

12. C. Castoriadis ‘The Diversionists’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius Castoriadis:Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979: Recommmencing the Revo-lution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press), p. 275.

13. Ibid., p. 277.14. Ibid., p. 275.15. Ibid., p. 276.16. Ibid., p. 276.17. Ibid., p. 276.18. C. Castoriadis (1997) ‘Recommencing the Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.)

The Castoriadis Reader, p. 130.19. M. Landmann, ‘Talking with Ernst Bloch: Korcula, 1968’, Telos 25: 165–185.20. K. Kosík (1995) ‘Reason and Conscience’, in J. Satterwhite (ed.) The Crisis of

Modernity: Essays and Observations from the 1968 Era, pp. 13, 15.21. C. Castoriadis ‘The Anticipated Revolution’, in D. A. Curtis (ed.) Cornelius

Castoriadis: Political and Social Writings, Vol. 3, 1961–1979: Recommmencingthe Revolution: From Socialism to Autonomous Society (Minneapolis: Uni-versity of Minnesota Press), p. 132.

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Index

Adorno, T., 18, 103, 113, 114, 141,150, 162, 164, 170

Agnoli, J., 106, 141, 149, 150, 163, 170Alienation, 20, 21, 72, 80, 81, 82, 109,

110, 113, 118, 129, 156, 157, 158,170, 176

Althusser, L., iv, 5, 6, 20, 46, 60, 61,62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 90, 135,144, 154, 155, 162, 170, 171, 179

Arendt, H., iv, 5, 6, 41, 43, 45–9, 51–5,142, 150–2, 169–70, 176, 180

Aristotle, 79, 95, 158, 171Aron, R., 96, 102, 161, 170Axelos, K., iv, viii, 5, 6, 17, 70, 71, 72,

74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 88, 91, 93,95, 96, 97, 133, 150, 156, 157,158, 159, 160, 167, 168, 170, 178

Backhaus, H.G., 94, 155, 159, 160,170, 171

base-superstructure, 43, 65, 89Benjamin, W., 50, 151, 162, 171Bernstein, E., 55, 64, 153, 155,

171, 177Bloch, E., 34, 98, 139, 148, 155, 161,

162, 169, 177Bolshevism, 10, 32, 34, 135, 148Bureaucracy, 6, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35,

36–45, 64, 115, 116, 122, 133,141, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 156,157, 163, 171, 172, 174, 177

civil disobedience, 50Clarke, S., 67, 94, 155, 160, 174Cleaver, H., 92, 152, 160, 164, 174

dialectic(s), 20, 51, 58, 66, 74, 77, 78,89, 94, 105, 128, 150, 154, 155,159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 171, 175,177, 178

direct democracy, 104, 126, 129,140, 154

Dunayevskaya, R., 24

Engels, F., 13, 30, 57, 83, 88, 127, 146,152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 162, 167,177, 178

Fehér, F., 41, 150, 151, 152, 175fetishism, 32, 80, 81, 82, 93, 110, 158,

160, 176Foucault, M., 21, 144, 145, 162,

169, 175Fragmented bureaucratic capitalism,

38, 43Frankfurt School, 3, 17, 57, 71, 144,

150, 179

Gramsci, A., 3, 13, 62, 94Guerin, D., 147, 175

Hegel, G.W.F., 20, 21, 22, 23, 72,175, 179

Hegelianism, 58Heidegger, M., 21, 96, 145, 156, 170Heller, A., 49, 150, 151, 152, 175Holloway, J., 82, 91, 94, 103, 155, 158,

160, 162, 164, 168, 176, 179, 182Honneth, A., 131, 168, 176Horkheimer, H., 44, 99, 150, 153,

161, 162Husserl, E., 21, 145Hyppolite, J., 176

Ideal-type, 48

James, C.L.R., 24, 162, 176

Koestler, A., 17, 19, 44, 176Korsch, K., 13, 22, 50, 56, 57, 60, 64,

135, 151, 153, 155, 168, 176, 177Kosik, K., 61, 118, 133, 139, 150, 154,

165, 168, 169, 177Kronstadt rebellion, 49

Lasch, C., 120, 165, 174Lefebvre, H., 115, 164

182

Index 183

Lefort, C., iv, 5, 22, 23, 26, 27, 32, 33,145, 147

Levi, P., 55, 152, 177Liberal Oligarchies, 122Lukács, G., 11, 13, 22, 110Luxemburg, R., 10, 11, 13, 50, 51, 56,

60, 98, 105, 127, 128, 151, 153,155, 161, 163, 167, 177, 178

Marcuse, H., 95, 102, 126, 134, 153,160, 162, 167, 168,176, 177

Masaryk, T.G., 46, 55, 152, 178Merleau-Ponty, M., 22, 145Morin, E., 148, 178

Negri, T., 115, 152, 164, 175New Philosophers, 137, 169, 175

Orwell. G., 19

Pannekoek, A., iv, 5, 6, 26, 33, 34, 35,36, 64, 148, 155, 178

Panzieri, R., 90, 159, 178Papaioannou, K., iv, viii, 5, 6, 17, 31,

33, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,78, 80, 83, 86, 88, 91, 93, 94, 96,118, 147, 156, 157, 158, 160,171, 178

Paris Commune (1871), 51Paz, O., 24, 146, 179Plato, 31, 76, 147Polanyi, K., 121, 165, 179Pollock, F., 43, 149, 150, 171, 179Postone, M., 150, 171, 179

Poulantzas, N., 61, 62, 90, 154, 179Proudhon, P.J., 20, 29, 146, 177

Reification, 67, 80, 81, 82, 100, 103,108, 110, 111, 124

Rilke, R. M., 167, 179

Self-determination, 45, 106, 129Self-institution, 53, 54, 69, 101, 131Self-management, 31, 50, 53, 54,

85, 105Self-organization, 39, 53, 58, 69, 83,

105, 106, 127, 129, 131Social imaginary significations, 38, 39,

44, 75, 84, 117Socialisme ou Barbarie, 23, 24, 35, 47,

133, 145, 146, 148, 161, 173, 175Sorel, G., 153, 180Spanish civil war (1936), 51State capitalism, 35, 37, 38, 149, 179Stinas, S., 10, 11, 142Stratocracy, 41, 42, 44, 48Structuralism, 104

Third historical solution, 37, 148, 172Thompson, E.P., 135, 147, 168,

177, 180Total bureaucratic capitalism, 38, 42,

43, 48

Vaneigem, R., 141, 180Viénet, R., 141, 162, 163, 180

Weber, M., 36, 43, 94, 111, 132, 148Workers’ councils, 51, 52, 53, 151

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