Introduction: Pengenalan

8/8/2019 Introduction: Pengenalan

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

INITIAL REMARKSINITIAL REMARKS

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIESIMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES

RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN


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INITIAL REMARKSINITIAL REMARKS

Research is about inquiry: how do we knowResearch is about inquiry: how do we knowthings? What are our ideas? How do we checkthings? What are our ideas? How do we checkout hunches?out hunches?

Research is an investigationResearch is an investigation

Research is a process, a systematic inquiryResearch is a process, a systematic inquiry

about a social/political/ economic phenomenaabout a social/political/ economic phenomena

Science and Social ScienceScience and Social Science


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Science and Social SciencesScience and Social Sciences

Science: relates to natural science subjectsScience: relates to natural science subjects

Aim of science is to build an exploratory theoryAim of science is to build an exploratory theoryabout dataabout data

Social science is the scientific study of humanSocial science is the scientific study of humanbehaviour, with the aim to build explanatorybehaviour, with the aim to build explanatorytheory about people and behaviourtheory about people and behaviour

Many fields of Social Sciences: Sociology,Many fields of Social Sciences: Sociology,Anthropology, Political Science, Psychology, andAnthropology, Political Science, Psychology, andEconomicsEconomics


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FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGEFIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE

DISCIPLNE BASEDDISCIPLNE BASED

MULTIMULTI--DISCIPLINEDISCIPLINE INTERINTER--DISCIPLINEDISCIPLINE

TRANSTRANS-- DISCIPLINEDISCIPLINE

STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE STUDIES?STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE STUDIES?


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TERMINOLOGIESTERMINOLOGIES

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

INDUCTION VS DEDUCTIONINDUCTION VS DEDUCTION

EMPIRICAL VS NORMATIVE THINKINGEMPIRICAL VS NORMATIVE THINKING



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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

A method of using /testing theories andA method of using /testing theories and

assumptions/ hypotheses by applyingassumptions/ hypotheses by applying

certain rules of analysis to the observationcertain rules of analysis to the observationand interpretation of realityand interpretation of reality

Can we make a generalization from ourCan we make a generalization from our

findings?findings?


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INDUCTION VS DEDUCTIONINDUCTION VS DEDUCTION

INDUCTIVE: The process of generalizingINDUCTIVE: The process of generalizing

from what we observed to what we havefrom what we observed to what we have

not or cannot observe (Bottom up)not or cannot observe (Bottom up)

DEDUCTIVE: The process of reasoningDEDUCTIVE: The process of reasoning

from abstract and general to the concretefrom abstract and general to the concrete

and specific. (Top down)and specific. (Top down)


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RELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS

RESEARCH IS ABOUT STUDYINGRESEARCH IS ABOUT STUDYING

RELATIONSHIPRELATIONSHIP

IDENTIFYING INDEPENDENT ANDIDENTIFYING INDEPENDENT AND

DEPENDENT VARIABLESDEPENDENT VARIABLES

LOOKING FOR CAUSALITYLOOKING FOR CAUSALITY


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EMPIRICAL VS NORMATIVEEMPIRICAL VS NORMATIVE

THINKINGTHINKING Empirical analysis deals with how and what weEmpirical analysis deals with how and what we

know (what is?)know (what is?)

To describe and explain political realityTo describe and explain political reality

Normative analysis deals with how we shouldNormative analysis deals with how we should

use our knowledge (what ought to be?)use our knowledge (what ought to be?)

Developing and examining subjective goals, valuesDeveloping and examining subjective goals, valuesand moral rules to guide us in applying what we haveand moral rules to guide us in applying what we have

learned of that realitylearned of that reality


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Quantitative/ Qualitative AppchQuantitative/ Qualitative Appch

Quantitative design is based on statisticalQuantitative design is based on statistical

comparison of the characteristics we arecomparison of the characteristics we are

studyingstudying

Qualitative design is based on theQualitative design is based on the

researchers informed understanding ofresearchers informed understanding of

the casethe case


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All the issues involved in planning andAll the issues involved in planning andexecuting a research project: fromexecuting a research project: fromidentifying the problem to reporting theidentifying the problem to reporting the

resultsresults

More specific it refers to the way aMore specific it refers to the way a

researcher guards against, and tries toresearcher guards against, and tries torule out , alternative interpreatation ofrule out , alternative interpreatation ofresultsresults


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Types of researchTypes of research

BASIC RESEARCHBASIC RESEARCH APPLIEDAPPLIED

RESEARCHRESEARCH


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PURPOSEPURPOSE

EXPLORATORYEXPLORATORY

DESCRIPTIVEDESCRIPTIVE

EXPLANATORYEXPLANATORY


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TIME DIMENSIONTIME DIMENSION

CROSS SECTIONALCROSS SECTIONAL

LONGITUDINALLONGITUDINAL TIME SERIESTIME SERIES

PANEL STUDYPANEL STUDY

COHORT STUDYCOHORT STUDY CASE STUDYCASE STUDY


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Complete PictureComplete Picture

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

Identification of data neededIdentification of data needed

Research DesignResearch Design Identification of method in collecting dataIdentification of method in collecting data

Data AnalysisData Analysis

Reporting ofFindingsReporting ofFindings


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YOUR THESISYOUR THESIS

CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION

YOUR SUBJECT DISCIPLINEYOUR SUBJECT DISCIPLINEAVAILABILITY OF DATAAVAILABILITY OF DATA

OTHERS:OTHERS:

TIMEFRAME OF WORKTIMEFRAME OF WORKFINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONFINANCIAL CONSIDERATION

EMOTIONAL SUPPORTEMOTIONAL SUPPORT


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SUBJECT MATTERSUBJECT MATTER

MULTIDISCIPLINE?MULTIDISCIPLINE?

GET TO KNOW YOUR SUPERVISOR (S)GET TO KNOW YOUR SUPERVISOR (S)

WORKING TITLEWORKING TITLE

ACADEME CULTURE OFACADEME CULTURE OFPRESENTATIONPRESENTATION


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AVAILABILITY OF DATAAVAILABILITY OF DATA

WHAT KIND OF DATA?WHAT KIND OF DATA?

PRIMARY SOURCEPRIMARY SOURCE

SECONDARY SOURCESECONDARY SOURCE CONFIDENTIALITY OF DATACONFIDENTIALITY OF DATA

CONDUCT LITERATURE REVIEW TOCONDUCT LITERATURE REVIEW TO

DETERMINE LOCALITY OF DATADETERMINE LOCALITY OF DATA


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TIME FRAMETIME FRAME

TIMEFRAME OF WORKTIMEFRAME OF WORK

MAMA--: 4 SEMESTERS: 4 SEMESTERS PH.D: 10 SEMESTERSPH.D: 10 SEMESTERS

WHAT ARE YOUR MILESTONES?WHAT ARE YOUR MILESTONES?

WORK OUT/ADJUST YOUR SCHEDULEWORK OUT/ADJUST YOUR SCHEDULE


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FINANCIAL MATTERSFINANCIAL MATTERS

RESEARCH IS EXPENSIVERESEARCH IS EXPENSIVE

LOOK FOR FELLOWSHIPLOOK FOR FELLOWSHIP

APPLYF

OR ZAMALAHAPPLYF

OR ZAMALAHASK PROFESSORS IF THEY HAVEASK PROFESSORS IF THEY HAVE

GRANTSGRANTS


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EMOTIONAL SUPPORTEMOTIONAL SUPPORT

WRITING THESIS IS A LONELYWRITING THESIS IS A LONELY

PROJECTPROJECT BUILD SUPPORT GROUPBUILD SUPPORT GROUP

PEERS AND OTHERSPEERS AND OTHERS

MANAGE FAMILY OBLIGATIONMANAGE FAMILY OBLIGATION LOOK AFTER YOUR HEALTHLOOK AFTER YOUR HEALTH

Introduction: Pengenalan

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