Intro Talk V3 -publish · Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Intro_Talk_V3 -publish Author: rchand35...

Research & Advanced Engineering

Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Rajeswari Chandrasekaran, Ph.D.

from

Energy Storage, Materials & Strategy

Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company,

Dearborn, MI-48124.

presented at

Mathematical Modeling in Industry XVII,A Workshop for Graduate Students,

Institute for Mathematics and its Applications.

August 07-16, 2013,University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.

[email protected]


Ford’s Electrified Vehicles Line-up

Fusion

C-MAX

Focus

Lincoln MKZ


Multi-Scale, Multi-Physics Modeling

http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_battery_cells

BATTERY PACK

CELL

TO

Cells can be cylindrical, pouch prismatic

or hard can prismatic


Necessary EV Battery Technology Evolution

1st Gen EV Battery

• 23 kWh

• 300 kg/661 lbs

• 275 liters

2nd Gen EV Battery

• 23 kWh

• 235 kg/518 lbs

• 215 liters

Future EV Battery

• 23 kWh

• 180 kg/396 lbs

• 160 liters

Goal: Fuel Tank

eq.

• 23 kWh

• 55 kg/121 lbs

• 60 liters4 kegs =

234 liters

Slide Courtesy: Andy Drews & Ted Miller

Presented at Battery Congress, 2013


Department Research Activities

Modeling

� Unit Cell Sandwich

� Cell and Pack

Experiments

� Evaluation (including Degradation Studies) of Supplier &

Next-Gen Battery Materials

� Characterization (X-Ray, Raman)

� Battery Test Lab

External Research Alliances

� USABC, NHTSA, ARPA-E

� University Research Projects and Alliances


CELL SANDWICH MODELING


Continuum Modeling of Lithium-Ion Cell Sandwich

z=0 z=LLn LpLs

Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:

Negative electrode active material (secondary particle)

Positive electrode active material (secondary particle)

Binder

Carbon additive

Pores filled by electrolyte

z=0 z=LLn LpLs

Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive


z=0 z=LLn LpLsz=0 z=LLn LpLs

Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive


0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

OC

P o

f gra

phit

e (V

olt

s vs.

Li/

Li+

ref

.)x in Li

xC

6

Graphite (LixC

6)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

Liy(Ni

aCo

bMn

c)O

2

OC

P o

f L

i y(N

i aCo

bM

nc)O

2(V

olt

s vs.

Li/

Li+

ref

.)

y in Liy(Ni

aCo

bMn

c)O

2

R. Chandrasekaran et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1541, 2013DOI: 10.1557/opl.2013.721



During discharge…

z=0 z=LLn LpLs

Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive


z=0 z=LLn LpLs

Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive



Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive


Load

e-

Li+

Blue arrows: discharge direction

Pink arrows: over potential



Possible limitations • Thermodynamic OCV

limitations

• Electronic resistance

– Positive

– Negative

• Ionic resistance & Concentration overpotential

– Positive

– Negative

– Separator

• Charge transfer resistance

– Positive

– Negative

• Solid phase diffusion limitations (within particle)

– Positive

– Negative

During discharge…

z=0 z=LLn LpLs

Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive


z=0 z=LLn LpLs

Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive



Current

Collector

Current

Collector

Composite Negative

Electrode

Composite Positive

ElectrodeSeparator

Legend:



Binder

Carbon additive


Load

e-

Li+


Bottlenecks to Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion-Insertion

Cells for Electric Vehicles

R. Chandrasekaran, Abstract # 1168, 224th ECS Meeting, 2013.


Simulation of Galvanostatic Discharge of the

LixC6/Liquid Electrolyte/Liy(NiaCobMnc)O2 Cell

Electrolyte concentration profiles

@ 5C discharge rate (legend: time in sec)

Salt depletion:

difficult to get

from experiments

Ref: R. Chandrasekaran et al.,

Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. , Vol.

1541, 2013.


WORKSHOP PROJECT INTRODUCTION


Team # 4: Student Members

• Arlin Alvarado Hernandez, University of Puerto Rico

• Guanglian Li, Texas A & M University

• Sylvia Nguyen, University of Guelph

• Fouche Smith, University of Kentucky

• Timur Takhtaganov, Rice University


Project Scope

Modeling

Initial Performance

& Optimization;

Guide Electrode and Cell Design

Estimation

of Properties Life & Safety

(If time permits)


Performance Analysis & Electrode Design

Type of Vehicle Energy of the pack

(e.g.)

HEV 0.3-0.5 kWh

PHEV 3.4-11.6 kWh

EV 23 kWh-40 kWh

Please refer to USABC website for detailed goals!


Aging of Lithium-Ion Cells

Arora and White, JES, 1998.


Dendrite Growth in Lithium Metal Anodes

Ref: M. Winter, Symposium on Large Lithium Ion Battery Technology and Application (AABC-06), Tutorial B, Baltimore, May 15,

2006)


Acknowledgements

• Andy Drews, Ted Miller, Kent Snyder, Chul Bae & the

rest of the department from Ford Motor Company

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