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Introduction to Biotechnology- BT101

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Cell biology occupies a central position in the life sciences

Cell biology will borrow from physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology

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Fundamentally there are two basic types of cells

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Fundamental differences

Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

size small (microns) Large (10-50x)

membrane bound nucleus No Yes

internal membrane No Yes/organelles

microtubules No Yesmicrofilaments No Yes

intermediate filaments No Yes

Exocytosis/endocytosis No Yes

cell division Cell fission mitosis & meiosis

DNA complexed with only few proteins histones

gene expression little RNA processing Much processingRibosomes small (70S) Large (80S)

Our course in Microbiology will stress prokaryotic cells (including viruses)

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A brief overview of prokaryotic cells

In addition, genetic structure is compact (efficiency is key),

capable of rapid generation times, come in different shapes,

can be motile, can live in other cells, and gave rise to some

eukaryotic organelles.

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Prokaryotic cells and humans

Useful tools in the laboratory

Source of unique biochemical activities

Important factors in human health

Share many features with eukaryotic cells

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Viruses, viroids and prions: cellular parasites?

Viruses - DNA or RNA core surrounded by proteinViroids - small circular RNAs, crop problem

Prions - proteinaceous infective material, mad cow!

Are these living organisms? Why or why not?

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Prions - Mad Cow disease

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Eukaryotic cellular structure is more complex due to organelles

Organelles segregate functions, allows cell size to increase

A typical eukaryotic cell

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Membranes define cellular and organelle boundaries

How does chemistry dictate function?

Why are there different lipid types?

How does material get across membranes?

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A quick review of the animal cell and its organelles

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The cytoskeleton

What are the different components and their roles?

How is the cytoskeleton organized?How does it organize the cell?

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The extracellular matrix helps cells work together

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Vesicle trafficking and the endomembrane complex

How does it occur?What are the components?How does it stay organized?

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Mitochondria provide energy for the cell

Where do different reactions

take place?

How is chemical energycaptured as gradient energy?

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Glycolysis

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Make sure youunderstand

the basics of gene

expression

Genetics covers this in more detail

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