Internet Project Dheeraj

7/31/2019 Internet Project Dheeraj

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Dated: - 28-03-2012

Information

Technology

Project: Computer Project

Submitted to: Mrs. Riya Khera


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Submitted By:

Dheeraj Kumar Jha (1090111008)


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Evolution of Internet

Research into packet switching started in the early 1960s and packet switched networks such

as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet,

were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET

in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate

networks could be joined together into a network of networks.

The first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected

between Leonard Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center at the UCLA's School of

Engineering and Applied Science and Douglas Engelbart's NLS system at SRI

International (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969. The third site on the

ARPANET was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics center at the University of California

at Santa Barbara, and the fourth was the University of UtahGraphics Department. In an early

sign of future growth, there were already fifteen sites connected to the young ARPANET by

the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: TheHeralds of Resource Sharing.

Early international collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. For various political reasons,

European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks. Notable exceptions

were theNorwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in 1972, followed in 1973 by Sweden with

satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein's research group in the UK,

initially at the Institute of Computer Science, London University and later at University

College London.

T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992 This NeXT Computer was used by Sir

Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became

the world's first Web server.

In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide

network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to

the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed

the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In December 1974,RFC 675 Specification of

Internet Transmission Control Program, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used

the term internet, as a shorthand forinternetworking; later RFCs repeat this use, so the word

started out as an adjective rather than the noun it is today.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.png


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TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access

to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations, first at

56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s.Commercial internet service providers (ISPs)

began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990.

The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the

last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.[17] The Internet started a

rapid expansion to Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s

and early 1990s.

Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a tremendous impact on culture and commerce,

including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, Voice over

Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide

Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing

amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating

at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts

of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking.

During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent

per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be

between 20% and 50%. This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration,

which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the

Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company

from exerting too much control over the network. As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total

number ofInternet users was 2.095 billion (30.2% of world population). It is estimated that in

1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-

way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of

all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.


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Application of Internet

The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread

of unmetered high-speed connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by

numerous means, including through mobile Internet devices. mobile

phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the

Internet wirelessly. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities

of such pocket-sized devices, the services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be

available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be

significantly higher than other access methods.

Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites.

Examples range from CBeebies, through school and high-school revision guides, virtual

universities, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar.

For distance education, help with homework and other assignments, self-guided learning,

whiling away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never beeneasier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in

general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of

both formaland informal education.

The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has

made collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software. Not only

can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas but the wide reach of the Internet allows

such groups more easily to form. An example of this is the free software movement, which has

produced, among other things, Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org. Internet chat,

whether in the form of anIRC chat room or channel, via an instant messaging system, or

a social networking website, allows colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when

working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and

conveniently than via email. These systems may allow files to be exchanged, drawings and

images to be shared, or voice and video contact between team members.

Content management systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents

simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other's work. Business and project teams

can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a

wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning,

political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more

widespread as both Internet access and computer literacy spread.

The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores

easily, wherever they may be. They may do this with or withoutcomputer security, i.e.

authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is

encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many

industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another

country, on a serversituated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a

fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote

locations, based on information emailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these

things were possible before the widespread use of the

World Wide Web (WWW)


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The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW orW3, and commonly known as the Web) is

a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one

can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia,

and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems

like ENQUIRE, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of

the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what wouldeventually become the World Wide Web.[1] At CERN, a European research organization

near Genevasituated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer

scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access information of

various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will", and they publicly

introduced the project in December.

Web Browser

A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing informationresources on theWorld Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform

Resource Identifier (URI) and may be aweb page, image, video, or other piece of

content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to

related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program

designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on

the Internet.


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Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be

used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

The major web browsers areFirefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari.

E-Mail

Electronic mail, commonly known as email ore-mail, is a method of exchanging digital

messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across

the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and

the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email

systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and

store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously;

they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or

receive messages.

An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header,

and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally,

an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive

information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time

stamp.

Originally a text-only (7-bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was extended

to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in RFC 2045 through 2049.

Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail

Extensions (MIME).

Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating

it,[2] but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the

early ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973

(RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of

the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message

sent on the Internet today.

Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File

Transfer Protocol (FTP), but is now carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), firstpublished as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email


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messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a

message envelope separate from the message (header and body) itself.

Web Search Engine

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP

servers. The search results are generally presented in a list of results often referred to as

SERPS, or "search engine results pages". The information may consist ofweb pages, images,

information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available

in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human

editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web

crawler.

How Web Search Engine Works

A search engine operates in the following order:

1. Web crawling

2. Indexing

3. Searching

Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve

from theHTML itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a

spider) an automated Web browser which follows every link on the site. Exclusions can be

made by the use ofrobots.txt. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it

should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields

called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries.

A query can be a single word. The purpose of an index is to allow information to be found as

quickly as possible. Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page

(referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such

as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find. This cached page always holds the

actual search text since it is the one that was actually indexed, so it can be very useful when the

content of the current page has been updated and the search terms are no longer in it. This

problem might be considered to be a mild form oflinkrot, and Google's handling of it

increases usability by satisfying user expectations that the search terms will be on the returned

webpage. This satisfies theprinciple of least astonishment since the user normally expects the

search terms to be on the returned pages. Increased search relevance makes these cached pages

very useful, even beyond the fact that they may contain data that may no longer be available

elsewhere.

When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using keywords), the engine

examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its criteria,usually with a short summary containing the document's title and sometimes parts of the text.


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The index is built from the information stored with the data and the method by which the

information is indexed. Unfortunately, there are currently no known public search engines that

allow documents to be searched by date. Most search engines support the use of the boolean

operators AND, OR and NOT to further specify the search query. Boolean operators are for

literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend the terms of the search. The engine

looks for the words or phrases exactly as entered. Some search engines provide an advanced

feature called proximity search which allows users to define the distance between keywords.

There is also concept-based searching where the research involves using statistical analysis on

pages containing the words or phrases you search for. As well, natural language queries allow

the user to type a question in the same form one would ask it to a human. A site like this would

be ask.com.

The usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the result set it gives back.

While there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages

may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ

methods to rank the results to provide the "best" results first. How a search engine decideswhich pages are the best matches, and what order the results should be shown in, varies widely

from one engine to another. The methods also change over time as Internet usage changes and

new techniques evolve. There are two main types of search engine that have evolved: one is a

system of predefined and hierarchically ordered keywords that humans have programmed

extensively. The other is a system that generates an "inverted index" by analyzing texts it

locates. This second form relies much more heavily on the computer itself to do the bulk of the

work.

Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and, as a

result, some employ the practice of allowing advertisers to pay money to have their listings

ranked higher in search results. Those search engines which do not accept money for their

search engine results make money byrunning search related ads alongside the regular search

engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.


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Intranet & Extranet

Intranet

An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to securely share

information within organizations. It is the connection of computer networks in a local area. The

term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a

network within an organization. Sometimes, the term refers only to the organization's

internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology

infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an important component and

focal point of internal communication and collaboration. Any of the well known Internet

protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail),

and FTP (file transfer protocol). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern

interfaces to legacy information systems hosting corporate data.

An intranet can be understood as a private analog of the Internet, or as a private extension of

the Internet confined to an organization. The first intranet websites and home pages began to

appear in organizations in 1996-1997. Although not officially noted, the term intranet first

became common-place among early adopters, such as universities and technology corporations,

in 1992.

Intranets have also contrasted with extranets. While intranets are generally restricted to

employees of the organization, extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other

approved parties. Extranets extend a private network onto the Internet with special provisions

for authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA protocol).

In many organizations, intranets are protected from unauthorized external access by means of a

network gateway and firewall. For smaller companies, intranets may be created simply by

using private IP ranges, such as 192.168.*.*. In these cases, the intranet can only be directly

accessed from a computer in the local network; however, companies may provide access to off-

site employees by using a virtual private network. Other security measures may be used, such

as userauthentication and encryption.

Alternatively, the intranet domain may be publicly accessible, but users would need to log in

before they could view most of the content.


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Extranet

An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside, for specific

business or educational purposes. In a business-to-businesscontext, an extranet can be viewed

as an extension of an organization's intranet that is extended to users outside the organization,

usually partners, vendors, and suppliers, in isolation from all other Internet users. In

contrast, business-to-consumer (B2C) models involve known servers of one or more

companies, communicating with previously unknown consumer users. An extranet is similar to

a DMZ in that it provides access to needed services for channel partners, without granting

access to an organization's entire network.

Relationship between Extranet & Intranet

An extranet can be understood as an intranet mapped onto the public Internet or some othertransmission system not accessible to the general public, but managed by more than one

company's administrator(s). For example, military networks of different security levels may

map onto a common military radio transmission system that never connects to the Internet. Any

private network mapped onto a public one is a virtual private network (VPN), often using

special security protocols.

For decades, institutions have been interconnecting to each other to create private networks for

sharing information. One of the differences that characterizes an extranet, however, is that its

interconnections are over a shared network rather than through dedicated physical lines. With

respect to Internet Protocol networks,RFC 4364 states "If all the sites in a VPN are owned bythe same enterprise, the VPN is a corporate intranet. If the various sites in a VPN are owned by

different enterprises, the VPN is an extranet. A site can be in more than one VPN; e.g., in an

intranet and several extranets. We regard both intranets and extranets as VPNs. In general,

when we use the term VPN we will not be distinguishing between intranets and extranets. Even

if this argument is valid, the term "extranet" is still applied and can be used to eliminate the use

of the above description."

In the quote above from RFC 4364, the term "site" refers to a distinct networked environment.

Twosites connected to each other across the public Internet backbone comprise a VPN. The

term "site" does not mean "website." Thus, a small company in a single building can have an

"intranet," but to have a VPN, they would need to provide tunneled access to that network forgeographically distributed employees.

Similarly, for smaller, geographically united organizations, "extranet" is a useful term to

describe selective access to intranet systems granted to suppliers, customers, or other

companies. Such access does not involve tunneling, but rather simply an authentication

mechanism to a web server. In this sense, an "extranet" designates the "private part" of

a website, where "registered users" can navigate, enabled by authentication mechanisms on

a "login page".

An extranet requires network security.


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Information Technology

Information Technology (IT) is concerned with technology to treat information. The

acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical

information by a microelectronics-based combination

ofcomputing and telecommunications are its main fields.[1] The term in its modern sense first

appeared in a 1958 article published in theHarvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt

and Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name.

We shall call it information technology (IT).". Some of the modern and emerging fields of

Information technology are next generation web technologies, bioinformatics, cloud

computing, global information systems, large scale knowledgebases, etc. Advancements are

mainly driven in the field ofcomputer science.


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Data Warehousing Concept

In computing, a data warehouse (DW) is a database used for reporting and analysis. The data

stored in the warehouse is uploaded from the operational systems. The data may pass through

an operational data store for additional operations before it is used in the DW for reporting.

The typical data warehouse uses staging, integration, and access layers to house its key

functions. The staging layer stores raw data, the integration layer integrates the data and moves

it into hierarchal groups, and the access layer helps users retrieve data.

Data warehouses can be subdivided into data marts. Data marts store subsets of data from a

warehouse.

This definition of the data warehouse focuses on data storage. The main source of the data is

cleaned, transformed, catalogued and made available for use by managers and other business

professionals for data mining, online analytical processing, market research and decision

support (Marakas & O'Brien 2009). However, the means to retrieve and analyze data,

to extract, transform and load data, and to manage the data dictionary are also considered

essential components of a data warehousing system. Many references to data warehousing use

this broader context. Thus, an expanded definition for data warehousing includes business

intelligence tools, tools toextract, transform and load data into the repository, and tools to

manage and retrieve metadata.


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Advantages & Disadvantages of Data Warehouse

A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems. This

architectural complexity provides the opportunity to:

Maintain data history, even if the source transaction systems do not.

Integrate data from multiple source systems, enabling a central view across the

enterprise. This benefit is always valuable, but particularly so when the organization

has grown by merger.

Improve data quality, by providing consistent codes and descriptions, flagging or even

fixing bad data.

Present the organization's information consistently.

Provide a single common data model for all data of interest regardless of the data's

source.

Restructure the data so that it makes sense to the business users. Restructure the data so that it delivers excellent query performance, even for complex

analytic queries, without impacting the operational systems.

Add value to operational business applications, notably customer relationship

management (CRM) systems.

Bibliography

www.wikiepedia.com

www.dogpile.com

www.webopedia.com

www.internet.com

www.livinginternet.com

www.iamai.in
http://www.wikiepedia.com/http://www.dogpile.com/http://www.webopedia.com/http://www.internet.com/http://www.livinginternet.com/http://www.iamai.in/http://www.wikiepedia.com/http://www.dogpile.com/http://www.webopedia.com/http://www.internet.com/http://www.livinginternet.com/http://www.iamai.in/

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