INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED...

Research Article Impact Factor: 4.226 ISSN: 2319-507X B. S. Manjare, IJPRET, 2016; Volume 4 (8): 302-318 IJPRET

Organized by C.O.E.T, Akola. Available Online at www.ijpret.com

302

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY A PATH FOR HORIZING YOUR INNOVATIVE WORK

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN AKOLA CITY, MAHARASHTRA USING

GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES

B. S. MANJARE1, S. M. TALE2

1. Department of Geology RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur (MS) India.

2. Collage of Engineering and Technology, Akola, University SGB Amravati, (MS) India.

Accepted Date: 12/03/2016; Published Date: 02/04/2016

Abstract: Depletion and pollution of water are the major problems of water resources in India. Rural India lacks proper water supply infrastructure and people do not have access to safe drinking water. By plotting the lineament and river drainage network using Satellite data and inputs of geological , soil and geomorphological data it is very easy to understand where and how the municipal solid waste are being interacting with the local geology and drainage. The study are shows the ground water contamination due to municipal solid waste. By proper disposal of the municipal solid waste could be the best solution for controlling the ground water contamination.

Keywords: Environmental Assessment, Geospatial Techniques

Corresponding Author: B. S. MANJARE

Co Author: S. M. TALE

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How to Cite This Article:

B. S. Manjare, IJPRET, 2016; Volume 4 (8): 302-318 PAPER-QR CODE

SPECIAL ISSUE FOR NATIONAL LEVEL CONFERENCE

"RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES & IT’S APPLICATION"



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INTRODUCTION

GIS and remote sensing is widely used as tools to digitize remotely sensed data complemented

with various ground-truth data, which are geo-coded using a global positioning system

(GPS).Solid waste of different kind may infiltrate in the ground water table and lead to the

ground water contamination in the study area (Manjare, 2013). The urban areas, on the other

hand, are faced with the problem of inadequate supply and low quality of these services. India

has about 20 percent of the world’s population but only about 4 percent of the world’s fresh

water resources. The per capita water availability in the country is expected to drop to 1500

cubic meters in 2005 from 2384 cubic metres in 2000, which is lower than 1700 cubic metres -

the benchmark for water scarce regions. Water contamination is so severe that about 70

percent of all diseases in India are water borne and about 73 million workdays are lost each

year due to them (Sharma, 2002). Solid waste problems are more obvious in the urban rather

than in rural areas. They cover many issues such as collection of mixed waste, lack of use of

sanitary landfills, dumping of waste in open grounds, technical and socio-economic problems

etc. The daily per capita solid waste generated in small, medium and large towns in India is

around 0.1 kg, 0.3-0.4 kg and 0.6 kg, respectively, with the recyclable content varying from 13

percent to 20 percent. Improper disposal of such large quantities of SW has caused significant

land degradation. The drive for increased agricultural production has resulted in the loss of

genetic diversity in the country. For instance, by the end of the year 2005, India is expected to

produce 75 percent of its rice from just 10 varieties compared to the 30,000 varieties

traditionally cultivated. Terrestrial biodiversity losses in various ecosystems have been

identified as a major concern but these have still to be quantified (UNEP, 2001). The most

common problems associated with improper management of solid waste include diseases

transmission, fire hazards, odor nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic nuisance

and economic losses (Jilani et al). Generally municipal solid waste is collected and deposited in

sanitary disposal, such unscientific disposal attract birds, rodents and fleas to the waste

dumping site and create unhygienic conditions (Suchitra, 2007).The degradation of the solid

waste results in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and other trace gases. The

unscientific disposal may reduce the quality of the drinking water and causes the disease like

jaundice, nausea, asthma (MeBean et al., 1995). The present study intend to find out how solid

waste interacting to the local geology lineament and river drainage which generated from Akola

municipality and surrounding areas through the help of Remote sensing and GIS techniques.



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Study Area

The Akola city is located at 19°51' and 21°16' latitude north and 76°38' and 77°44' longitude

east, covering an area of 150 Km2 and falls in parts of Survey of India degree sheets 55 D/14 and

55 H/2 at present city Consists of 72 municipal wards in Akola city (Fig.1). The city broadly

classified as agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential, transportation, administration etc.

This study helps in parallel phenomena, identifying zones of scantiness and inadequacy in the

city system of Akola. The administrators in the city can evolve an expert of a decision support

system aimed at for various decision-making processes. The city covering an area of 1002 km

Population acts on land through a spectrum of activities, which can be broadly classified as

agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential, transportation, administration etc. The

elevation of the study area ranges from 261 m to 323 m above sea level. The slope angle ranges

from 0 to 4°. The climate of the district is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness

throughout the year except during the south-west monsoon season, i.e., June to September.

The mean minimum temperature is 12.6°C and means maximum temperature is 42.4°C. The

normal annual rainfall over the district varies from about 740 mm to 860 mm. The average

annual rainfall for the last ten years 2003-2013 ranges from 637.8 (C G W B, 2007).

Fig.1: Location map of the stud area



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Contour

A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map which

thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness of slope. In contour maps when the contour

lines are close to each other denotes steep terrain and when these lines are widely spaced

slope is uniform. Counter map of the study area extracted from the SRTM DEM 90 m resolution.

As observed the arrangement and pattern of contour lines reflect the topography of the city.

The city area is more or less comprised of undulating slope. The southern part contour lines are

closely spaced but towards north the contour lines are widely spaced, which means, in this

sector the slope is undulating &area has steep slope (Fig.2).

Fig.2: Counter map of the study area extracted from the SRTM DEM 90 m resolution

Geomorphology

The northern fringe of the district is hilly and forms part of Satpura Range. South of these hill

ranges, covering almost entire north-central part constitutes the alluvial plain. Southern part of

the district is characterized by hilly rugged terrain as a part of Deccan Plateau. Two types of

soils have been observed in the district namely medium black soil occurring in plain central part

of trap origin and deep black soil occurring in valley in northern part.



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Drainage pattern

Dendritic to subdendritic drainage pattern is most common pattern is formed in a drainage

basin composed of fairly homogeneous rock without control by the underlying geologic

structure. The longer the time of formation of a drainage basin is, the more easily the dendritic

pattern is formed. The study area has dendritic to sub dendritic drainage type pattern (Fig. 2.1).

It is characterized by a tree like branching system in which tributaries join the gently curving

main stream at acute angles. In the study area at some places the drainage pattern is slightly

parallel due to parallel orientation of lineament.

Fig.3: Drainage map of the study area

Geology of the Study Area

Geologically the Area Falls under two formation i.e. Deccan trap and Purna alluvium. Major part

of the district is covered by basaltic lava flows of upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene age. The

Deccan lava sequence is grouped under Satpura group in the northern part whereas in southern

part it is grouped under Sahyadri group. The basalt forming the various flows varies in colour

from dark grey to purple and pink. Some of the flow units are massive which are fractured to

varying extent. Both sheet joints and vertical joints are seen. At places the rocks show vesicular



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character which are generally filled with secondary minerals like zeolites, carbonate minerals

and secondary silica i.e. agate etc. giving rise to amygdaloidal character. Pipe amygdales are

also observed. The lower part of a flow unit is usually of massive character which passes

upwards into a vesicular or amygdaloidal (zeolitic) horizon. Vesicles and amygdales increase

towards the top of a flow unit which in turn merges into a red bole, at some places. The red

bole is overlain by the massive horizon of the next younger flow unit (Fig. 3 table 1). The red

bole which generally occurs in the upper part of pink zeolitic basalt varies thickness from few

cm. to about 1 mt. In all probability, it is a product of atmospheric weathering representing the

ancient soil profile which was later buried under the next younger flow. This might have also

caused the baking of the underlying soil to some extent due to which typical columnar jointing

is developed in red bole in some sections. Hydrothermal alterations might have also been

responsible to a limited extent for the formation of red bole. As the permeability of red bole is

poor, it usually forms confining layers. At places where it has joints, it forms moderate to good

aquifers.

Table 1: The stratigraphic succession of the study area

Age Group Formation Lithology

Recent Black Cotton soil

Thick Layer of

Local Alluvium

Black Cotton Soil

Quaternary

(Pleistocene to

Recent)

Purna Alluvium

Cretaceous

to

Paleocene

Sahyadri

Group (Deccan Trap)

Ajanta Formation 2 Aa and 8-compound

Pahoehoe (10-Basaltic

Lava flows)

Characteristics of the Deccan trap in the study area

Deccan Basalts are volcanic lava eruptions, of special type being predominantly continental sub

aerially and believed to have welled up and spread laterally like floods of liquid magma. The



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nature of such lava and eruptions and structure formed as a result of their cooling to quite

complicated but they have important bearing on the movement of Groundwater.

Weathering of the basaltic lava flow plays a very important role in the mode of occurrence

of groundwater. Based purely on physical and megascopic properties, the basalt in Akola city

can be classified as, Hard, compact & Massive basalt, Vesicular, zeolitic basalts, Porphyritic

basalts, Fractured and jointed basalts and Weathered basalts.

Joints are quite common in the Deccan basalt. Thick lava flows are broken in to in-numerable

jointed blocks. The orientation of the most of these joints is normal right angle to the

cooling surface of the lava flows and suggest that they are due to shrinkage of cooling. Thick

basalt lavas have developed columnar jointing at few places. Columnar jointed flows usually

show a two or three tiered arrangement. At the bottom a set of the thick and well formed

columns stands essentially normal to base of the flow. Rarely the columns are separated by

the joints parallel to the flow surface. Ideally the columns are six sided with angles close to 1200

C closed to the ground surface the basalts generally show sheeting and-appear foliated .

Purna Alluvium

Below the trap there is vertical thick layer of black cotton soil and red bole. The northern part

of the district on either side of Purna River is underlain by thick alluvial deposits of Pleistocene

to Recent age and is termed as Purna Alluvium. The thick deposits of alluvium sediments

comprising of clay, silt and gravel are found in Purna river valley in the Northern part of the

study area. The Purna alluvium attains a thickness of 450 m as deciphered in the exploratory

bore well of CGWB. The alluvium can be divided into younger and older alluvium. The younger

alluvium which is 70 to 80 m thick includes sub angular to sub rounded basaltic gravel.

Soil

Soils constitute the physical basis of all agricultural practice. The capacity of the soil to retain

and transmit moisture depends upon structure and texture. The main factors which influence

the formation of soil are climate, Geology, Vegetation, topography & time. However

topography appears to have predominant effect in the development of the soils in the districts.

The productivity of the crops mainly depends upon the various nutrients present in the soil.

These nutrients viz. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium account for soil fertility. The soils of

the district are basically derived from volcanic trap rocks and are quite fertile. Based mainly

upon the physical characteristics of the soil, they can be divided in three categories, viz., (1)

Coarse shallow soils (2) Medium black soils and (3) Deep black soils.



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Lineaments

Lineaments are defined as mappable linear surface features, which differ distinctly from the

patterns of adjacent features and presumably reflect subsurface phenomena (O’Leary et al.,

1976).Satellite images and aerial photographs are extensively used to extract lineaments for

different purposes. Since satellite images are obtained from varying wavelength intervals of the

electromagnetic spectrum, they are considered to be a better tool to discriminate the

lineaments and to produce better information than conventional aerial photographs.

Lineaments usually appear as straight lines or “edges” on the images which in all cases

contributed by the tonal differences within the surface material. The knowledge and the

experience of the user is the key point in the identification of the lineaments particularly to

connect broken segments into a longer lineament. In this study several enhancement

techniques including filtering operations, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and spectral

rationing are applied to reduce the problems in the identification of the lineaments.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of lineaments extracted from

satellite images according to their density, intersection density, length and orientation in order

to contribute to the understanding of the structural setup of the area and large accept the view

that the lineaments are surface expressions of faults, fractures (Sonder 1947; Wilson, 1948).

Methodology for lineament analysis

Lineaments usually appear as straight lines or “edges” on the images which in all cases

contributed by the tonal differences within the surface material. The knowledge and the

experience of the user is the key point in the identification of the lineaments particularly to

connect broken segments into a longer lineament. The lineaments vary from 2 km to more than

even 1000 km in length with linear and curvilinear expressions. The study of these lineaments

in relation to geology, structure, magmatism, mineralisation and deep geophysical responses

etc. led to the classification of these lineaments into various groups and classes. Majority of the

lineament trending in the area are NE-SW, NW-SE (Fig. 2.4).



310

Fig.4: Geology and lineament map of the study area (Geology Modified after GSI, 2000)

Data Used

IRS LISS-III

The present study is based on the remote sensing spatial data as well as the non-spatial data

available from the various sources for different periods. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS

1C Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-III) imageries with 23.5 meters spatial resolution (Fig. 3.3).



311

Fig.5: Representation lineament on IRS LISS III (FCC) satellite data

Solid Wastes in Akola City

For many years, waste management in Akola city has been undertaken in the context of an

inadequate policy and legislative direction and with insufficient financing. However, there is a

lack of detailed standards or specifications for solid waste management as well as specific

criteria for selecting appropriate locations of disposal sites. The amount of MSW generated in

Akola city in 2011 (table 3). Despite of being the disposal method used in most of the

municipalities dumping sites led to less negative environmental impacts, there are still some

consequences that require mitigation in performance Benchmarking of Urban Water Supply

and Sanitation report (Fig.8 & table 3).

Akola Municipal Corporation



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Table 2: Basic information of Solid Waste Management of the Akola city

Class Municipal Corporation

District Akola

Area (sq. km.) 28

Total city population (Lacks) 449,112

Total households (Lacks) 100,919

Density (persons per sq. km.) 16,040

Total municipal staff 2,071

No. of slum settlements 81

Slum population 147,479

Slum households 29,495

Total annual city capital receipts (Rs.) 120,321,111

Total annual city capital expenditure (Rs.) 196,985,801

Total annual city revenue receipts (Rs.) 561,857,404

Total annual city revenue expenditure (Rs.) 465,741,346

Waste generated (TPD) 130.0

Waste collected (TPD) 130.0

Quantity of waste treated (TPD) 22.0

Waste received at scientific disposal (TPD) 0.0

Door to door colln.(no. of households and

establishments)

18,250.0

Waste segregation at source (Y/N) N



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Annual revenue receipts from SW (Rs.) 0.0

Annual revenue expenditure on SW (Rs.) 0.0

Annual capital expenditure on SW (Rs.) 0.0

(Source -CEPT University, April 2011)

Ground water contamination

Solid waste from the different source from may come in contact with the surface, subsurface,

wells, water table, lineaments/fracture and drainage network and which lead to the ground

water contamination. In the study area all the layer which was generated in the GIS 10.1 ver.

are being overlying and result calculated.

Ground Water Quality

In the district, 13 water samples were collected during May 2006, out of which 8 samples were

representing Deccan Trap Basalt and 5 were representing Alluvium. The samples were broadly

classified into four classes as given in table 3.

Table: 3 Geochemical classifications of ground water samples (CGWB, 2007).

Sr.

Classification Type No.

of

No.

Sample

% of

Sample

1 Alkaline earths (Ca+Mg > 50%) exceeds

alkali metals and weak acids (CO3+HCO3

> 50%) exceeds strong acids

Ca-HCO3 6 46

2 Alkali metal (Na+K > 50%) exceeds

alkaline earths and weak acids

(CO3+HCO3 > 50%) exceeds strong

acids.

Na-HCO3 3 23

3 Alkaline earths (Ca+Mg > 50%) exceeds Ca-Cl 1 8



314

alkali metals and strong acids

(Cl+SO4+NO3 > 50%) exceeds weak

acids

4 Alkali metal (Na+K > 50%) exceeds

alkaline earths and strong acids

(Cl+SO4+NO3 > 50%) exceeds weak

acids

Na-Cl 3 23

Total 13 100

In majority of samples representing Basaltic aquifer, it was found that the water is of Ca-HCO3

type while the water in the samples from Alluvium were of Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl type. The type

of water in Alluvium gives an idea about inland salinity problem existing in the Purna Alluvium

basin of the district.

Ground Water Related Issues and Problems

Drought area has been observed in northern part of the area i.e., in northern part of study area.

Deeper water levels of more than 20 m bgl are also observed Akola talukas. These areas being

occupied by Purna Alluvium, where restricted thickness of potential granular zones in the

shallow phreatic aquifer is observed. The special study carried out by CGWB in Purna River

Alluvial basin indicates that in southern parts of study area brackish to saline ground water has

been observed with EC ranging from 2000 to more than10000 m mhos/cm at 25°C. Thus it is

inferred that these areas of Purna River Alluvium are affected by inland salinity problem due to

diagenetically altered meteoric water having longer residence time, high rate of

evapotranspiration and it is restricted to the sandy aquifers inter-layered with clayey beds due

to which less recharge of ground water is taking place (CGWB, 2007).

Caving Formation

Red boles and inter-trappean beds have collapsible nature when they are saturated. The

weathered/highly fractured saturated formation at the contact zones also collapse resulting in

to the stucking of drill rods. This sometimes leads to loss of circulation fluid there by



315

compounding the problems further. It starts collapsing after water zone is encountered this

results in stucking of drill rods. The casing or cement sealing of the red bole is not possible

below 100 m bgl, as the present rig is equipped to lower casing down to 100 m bgl depth.

Loss of Drilling Formation

Loss of air in jointed and fractured Basalt was observed during drilling. The problem can be

solved by sealing the zones by lowering casing or by cement sealing. This process may often

damage the potential aquifer zones if not carried out meticulously with proper equipment.

Such problem was noticed during drilling of exploratory well at Shivni at 256 m bgl.

Surface, subsurface Aquifers, dug well and bore well

The water resources in Akola are in very critical situation. Therefore, it is very important to give

the surface aquifers more attention when selecting suitable sites. There are two type of surface

aquifer are found i.e. phreatic aquifer in alluvium and basaltic and non phreatic aquifer in

basaltic rock. Phreatic aquifer behaves as a, where precipitation enters directly through the

fractured outcrops. Another aquifer exists in the study area, which considered as minor aquifer,

is the Basalt aquifer because of its importance towards the environment in general and

groundwater in particular, beside its effect on the community in the long run. Closeness of a

disposal site to a groundwater well is an important environmental criterion in the disposal site

selection so that wells may be protected from the runoff and leaching of the disposal. There is

no specific criterion of what is the best distance to locate the disposal site away from

groundwater wells.

Depth to Water Table

It represents the depth from the ground surface to the water table. The depth to water table

was determined using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation technique of the

water level data, which obtained from existing wells in the study area, provided. In Basalt 06

exploratory wells and 03 observation wells were drilled and their depth ranged from 20.00 to

200.00 metres below ground level (m bgl). The discharge from these wells varied from traces to

15.00 litres per second (lps), for a drawdown of 2.78 to 31.7 m (table). Static water levels

ranged from 2.42 to 16.85 m bgl. The potential aquifer zones have been encountered up to 70 -

80 m depth, whereas deeper zones do not form potential aquifer in the district. In Purna

Alluvium, 09 exploratory wells, 01 observation wells and 11 Piezometers were constructed. The

alluvial area has been divided into fresh ground water belt in the north and saline area in the

south, based on the ground water exploration findings. The depth of the wells ranged from



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27.00 to 428.50 m bgl. Static water levels vary from 4.21 to 26.49 m bgl. Discharge from

exploratory wells ranged from 1.31 to 30.00 lps for draw downs ranging from 0.67 to 44.90 m.

(CGWB, 2007).The solid waste should not come in contact with wells to avoiding water

contamination (Table 5).

Table 4: The depth to water table for the stud area (CGWB, 2007)

Sl.

No.

Area Formation Wells Depth

(mbgl)

SWL

(mbgl

Discharge

(lps)

Draw-

Down

(m)

Zones

(mbgl)

1

Akola

Alluvium 09 11.30 -

231.00

13.82-

>100

0.14 -

10.00

5.69 –

44.90

28.00 –

231.00

Basalt 06 20.00 –

200.00

3.38 –

14.70

0.78 –

15.00

2.78-

11.37

-----

Lineaments/Fracture Zone

It is safer if the disposal sites can be located away from the lineaments/fracture system. This

can prevent the leachate from finding a way to percolate into the groundwater. In this study,

the lineaments/fracture system was extracted from the geologic maps and IRS LISS-III satellite

data through a digitizing process. Based on the disposal site shall not be located within 60

meters of a f lineaments/fracture. To be more careful regarding the distance from the fault

system, a buffer of 100 m distance was created around the lineaments/fracture (Fig.4).

Streams

Solid waste disposal sites must not be located into surface water (streams, rivers, lakes, sea).

Most of the surface water in the study area is in the form of streams that occurred during heavy

rains in winter season because of its influence on the environment. In this study he stream map

have been prepared from the toposheet map (Fig.3).



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Conclusions

Solid waste of different kind may infiltrate in the ground water table and lead to the ground

water contamination in the Akola City. The lineament/ fracture and drainage are the surfacial

features where the solid waste is coming in contacts. Remote sensing is the key to extract the

lineament/fracture and drainage. The Morna River is major drainage passing through the Akola

city on the western side of the study area. The ground water contamination and the internal

flow of ground water passes contaminated ground water in to the dug well and bore well near

to the agricultural field. The maximum solid waste of the city are being dumping near to the

Morna river, which is very hazardous to the ground water table, air and agricultural field near

to the river and Akola city.. The depth of the water table is being exposed to the air and solid

waste deposited in or near to the tow water body lead to ground water contamination in the

area. The solid waste from the Khadki and Koulkhed area are also deposited near to the small

drainage passing near from the Khadki and Koulkhed area of the city which also leads to the

ground water contamination in the area. Lithologically most of the area under study is covered

by Deccan trap and which also makes the barrier to the infiltration of the contaminated water

in to the ground water table below, despite this the ground water below the trap are being

contaminated by the improper disposal of the solid waste in the city. The fractured /lineament

from the satellite data clearly indicates that in the city there are many fracture zone and

causing the more infiltration in the study area which contaminate the dinking dig well and bore

well through ground water contamination in the area. The solid wastes from the MIDC area are

more serious issue in the city. All the solid waste in the city is met to the Morna River and pose

threatens creating for agricultural irrigation and domestic purposes ultimately polluted water

threatens crops, soil quality, and public health.

Recommendations

The dumping site for the solid waste should not be nearer to the lineament/ fracture zone

which leads to infiltrate and mixed-up the chemicals with the underground ground water table

and contaminate the groundwater. There are some lineaments in the study area are parallel to

the major river and dumping the solid waste hear is very dangerous. However the fracture zone

or the lineaments in the study area has direct linked to the subsurface geology causing the

ground water contamination. The site should be away from the settlement which causing the

air pollution in the city. The disposal site should be away from the agriculture lad which causing

the soil pollution and harmful to the seasonal crops. The disposal site should be away from the

major water body including the major river, nalas and important steams which also leads to the

water pollution. The planners and the decision makers can get useful information about the



318

possible locations of landfill sites using this methodology. Especially that the disposal site

selection process allows for easily readjustment of the criteria weights in case a sensitivity

analysis is required. Nevertheless, defining detailed and standard criteria by Government and

NGOs with the local conditions of Akola city can enhance the outputs of GIS models used for

the purpose of finding a suitable landfill site. However, getting public agreement on any landfill

site is a must, and cannot be avoided. Therefore, the local community should participate in the

selection process of a landfill site to avoid any opposition in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author thanks to UGC (Let. No. F. 39-963/2010(SR) dated 12th Jan. 2011) India, for the

financial assistance towards the field and other work.

REFERENCES

1. CGWB, (2007) Ground Water Information Akola District Maharashtra, pp.1-23.

2. GSI, (2000) District resources map of Akola district.

3. Jilani T, (2002) .State of Solid Waste Management in Khulna City. Unpublished

Undergraduate thesis, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University Khulna, pp. 2585.

4. Manjare B.S., (2013) Integrated Geological Investigation For Solid Waste Disposal Site

Selection For Akola City, (M.S.) India, By Using High Resolution Remote Sensing GIS Techniques;

Unpublished UGC Minor Research Project Report: 44.

5. MeBean E A, Rovers F A and Farquhar G J, (1995) Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and

Design, Prentice Hall, NJ, , p. 380.

6. O'Leary, D.W., Freidman, J.D., Pohn, H.A., (1976). Lineaments, linear, lineation-some

proposed new standards for old terms. Geological Society of America Bulletin vol. 87,pp.1463-

1469.

7. Sharma, (2002): Wastelands- Status Paper (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/eLibrary

searchSubmitShow.php).

8. Suchitra M, (2007). Outside: Burnt or buried, garbage needs land. Down To Earth, 15 March,

pp. 22–24.

9. UNEP (2001): State of India’s Environment: India–2000, UNEP, Thailand.

http://sdnp.delhi.nic. in/soer/index_ soer_2001.html.

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