INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED … COEAT.46.pdf · providing rotaries, overpass bridge,...

Research Article Impact Factor: 4.226 ISSN: 2319-507X Suratkar S. S., IJPRET, 2015; Volume 3 (8): 464-472 IJPRET

Organized by C.O.E.T, Akola & IWWA, Amravati Center. Available Online at www.ijpret.com

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY A PATH FOR HORIZING YOUR INNOVATIVE WORK

SPECIAL ISSUE FOR NATIONAL LEVEL CONFERENCE

"SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING"

CONVERSION OF AT-GRADE INTERSECTION INTO GRADE SEPARATED

INTERSECTION AT AKOLA CITY: A SUSTAINABLE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

SURATKAR S. S., WATILE R. K. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Tech., Akola (M.S), India 444 104

Accepted Date: 13/03/2015; Published Date: 01/04/2015

Abstract: Road intersections at grade are unique elements of the highway. They represent point of potential vehicle conflict and are thus susceptible to accident. In urban areas, intersection controls the capacity of a street network Studies have shown that roughly one third of all accident take place at intersection. The paper presents the detailed analysis of field study, traffic flow and the accident data. From the obtained data and calculation, it is seen that there is urgent requirement to convert at-grate intersection into grade separation to reduce the congestion and delay at this spot.

Keywords- Grade Intersection, Grade Separation, Traffic Characterization, Traffic Management

.

Corresponding Author: MR. SURATKAR S. S.

Co Author: MR. WATILE R. K.

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INTRODUCTION

In recent year, the intense growth of vehicle has caused heavier traffic congestion on road and

intersection. The urban traffic congestion has become a global phenomenon. Rapid

urbanization and industrialization have caused tremendous revolution in growth of vehicles all

over the world. Now a day, Environmental pollution is one of the problems faced by human

beings. Due to instance growth of vehicles, cities become congested and road links, intersection

became saturated. Therefore, it requires effective controls to regulate the traffic and optimize

delay and congestion of the traffic at the intersection. Space sharing intersections are broadly

used to control the intersection. These are intended to give equal priority and permit

continuous movement of all intersecting vehicle flows. For higher traffic volumes, space sharing

intersection is not preferable due to increase in congestion and over all intersection delay and

conflicts. In pretime signal, green time for the phase remain constant for the particular period

of the day; although demand fluctuates during that period. This problem can be eliminated by

providing rotaries, overpass bridge, or underpass [1].Transportation service problems that have

received the most attention and affect the user of the transportation system. Congestion,

delay, the high cost of travel, safety and lack of privacy and less direct in nature and influence

or be influenced by a transportation system are air and noise pollution are few of the many

difficulties that plague the traveler [2]. Intersections at grade are unique elements of the

highway. They represent point of potential vehicle conflict and are thus susceptible to accident.

In urban areas, intersection controls the capacity of a street network Studies have shown that

roughly one third of all accident take place at intersection. As such, scientific design of

intersection can go long way toward improved safety and better flow condition in our road

network [3]. The causes of road accidents are attributed to various factors such as faults of the

driver, vehicles defect, negligence of other road users, traffic peak period, road defects and

traffic condition. To avoid accident; education, enforcement, economy and environment should

be followed in a coordinate manner to promote road safety [4-6]. The present system of street

network operates in a most complex manner. It becomes still complex when elements of the

system come together at intersections. It is further complicated by the change in nature and

composition of traffic. Normally it is the intersection that fails first to handle the traffic

demands. This is reflected by the increased congestion, delays, accidents situations and in a

nutshell, reduced level of service. This paper present traffic management study at grade

intersection and grade separated intersection at Khandelwal Tower Square in Akola City.



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1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Intersections are an inevitable part of any street system. A road intersection can be defined as

the general area where two or more roads join or cross, including the roadway and roadside

facilities for traffic movement. Intersection is the place shared by vehicles from all the

approaches and permits a change in travel route.

2.1 Types of Intersection

2.1.1 At-Grade intersection

Where roads join or cross at same level, then intersection called as “At-Grade intersection”. At-

Grade intersection can be divided into four major categories.

Uncontrolled intersection: - This type of intersection occurs where the intersecting roads are of

relatively equal importance and when traffic volumes are so light that no form of control or sign

appears necessary.

Priority Intersection: - This type of intersection occurs where one of the intersecting roads is

given definite priority over others. Some form of sign will usually control the minor road or

marking, such as top to yield sign, the main roads do not get delay.

Space Sharing Intersection: - These types of intersection are intended to permit fully equal

priority to permit continuous moment for all intersecting vehicle flows. Ex. rotaries and other

weaving areas.

Time sharing Intersection: - These types of intersection are those at which alternate flows are

given the right way at different point in time. Typically these intersections are controlled by

traffic signals or by police officers. For higher traffic volumes, time sharing intersection i.e.,

signalized intersection is preferable to reduced overall intersection delay and conflicts, in

comparison to rotary and priority intersection.

2.1.2. Intersection with grade separation

Where roads join or cross at different level, then intersection called as “Grade separated

intersection”. A grade separation is a crossing of two or more highways at different levels. The

intersections with grade separations become more advantageous when the difficulties at at-

grade intersection unduly great. Grade separated structure generally have very large initial

costs, compared to single level intersections.



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Warrant - The main situations, which justify the very high cost, can be summarized as follows,

at intersections or high speed roads with complete control of access automatically justifies the

use of grade separated structures in order to ensure the free movement of high speed traffic.

2.2 General Guideline for Design of Interchanges

The design of a junction with grade separation is a complex matter, and each has a unique

combination of problems arising from the need to satisfy traffic demands, existing highway

networks, topography, land use, and the physical, social and political environments.

The problems are at their most complex in urban areas. Stock solutions to major junctions

design needs are rarely possible and hence, an in-depth investigation is essential for the design

of intersections with grade separations. The following points should be considered in the design

of a junction with grade separations,

Requirements of traffic flows through the junctions,

General sitting, depending on engineering, topographical, environmental, land acquisition

and operating and capital costs.

The minimum area of land required for grade- separation structure.

Of these the determination of the sitting and configuration is probably the most

complicated. The points to be considered for deciding the location and configuration

include.

Junctions with grade-separations should be designed to cater primarily for the major traffic

flows.

Connectors for turning movements should normally be deigned safely, economical and to a

lower speed than main line routes.

All turning movements of a minor nature should be accommodated, if it is reasonable to do

so, to retain flexibility.

2. FIELD INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS

2.1 Preliminary Survey

A plane table survey was carried out at the tower square and a location plan was drawn using

Auto-Cad software shown in fig. No.1. The plan shows actual dimensions of the roads meeting



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at Tower square and available shoulder area beside each road at Tower square. This plan is

attached here. Also, satellite image of the square using Google Earth Software provided here.

2.2 Traffic Flow Characteristics

The survey was carried out to analyze the traffic flow characteristics at Tower square, Akola. All

the traffic flow which utilized the carriageway was manually counted. The survey was carried

out for a week between 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. every day. Everyday observations were taken in sets of

1 hour. Thus everyday 12 sets of observation were recorded.

Fig No.1 Actual Plan of Tower Square and Satellite Image

2.2.1 Direction of Traffic Flow

The direction of flow is one of the important parameter for study. Different types of traffic flow

such as pedestrians, cyclist, two wheeler, three wheeler, rickshaws, four wheeler, and heavy

weight vehicles were recorded separately under their respective heads. Traffic directions

coming to the square were counted continued for 7 days. The pie charts shown in fig. No. 2 to 5

are representing the percentage of number of particular type of traffic flow for one day in

various directions utilizes the carriageway.



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i

Fig. No. 2 North Direction Flow Fig. No. 3 South Direction Flow

Fig. No. 4 East Direction Flow Fig. No. 5 West Direction Flow

2.2.2 Intensity of Flow

Different types of Traffic utilize the carriageway every day. It was decided to know the number

of traffic flow per hour at the intersection. The intensity of flow measure manually for every

hour from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M. for a week. In Fig. No. 6 shows the intensity of traffic flow for seven

days. Thus, it is seen that, at tower square there is highest congestion, accident and delay

problem.



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Fig. No. 6 Intensity of Flow for week

2.3 Accidental Record Analysis

The accident record collected from the police accident record for years 2005 to 2012, but it is

clear that the numbers of accidents are caused at this intersection. Fig. No. 7 shows the

increasing number of accidents in last 8 Year.

Fig. No. 7 Accident Record

3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION



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The urban traffic congestion has become a global phenomenon, it requires effective controls to

regulate the traffic and optimize delay and congestion at the traffic at the intersection. Results

of different parameters related to signalize inter section such as traffic flow data, accident data

are analyzed. The pedestrian should the conclusion is carried out that the traffic volume of

tower square is increasing and it may be needed to improve present signalized condition or

present geometric condition. So, grade separation to be provided.

Recommendation: Convert the tower square at-grade intersection into grade separation

intersection.

4. REFERENCES

1. Alpana Jha, V. R. Patel, Sustainable Transportation Management, Proceeding National

Conference on Sustainable Development of Urban Infrastructure, 354-362.

2. M. V. L. R. Anjaneyulu, Urban Transportation Problem, Proceeding National Conference

2008, Calicut, 1-5.

3. The Editor’s Deck, Indian Highway, Vol. 21, 1993.

4. D. Thirunakkarasu, Road Accident Scenario in India, Indian highway, Sept. 2001, 51-59

5. Chandmal Parmar, Road Traffic safety problem and remedies, Indian Highway, Feb. 2000, 5-

13.



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6. Praffulla Kumar, Nov. 2000, “Road Safety for venerable Road user: some issue and

suggestions” Indian Highway. PP 21-28

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