Integrated NRW, WSP & CBA

in

Water Management Platform

Prepared with contribution of Group Experts at institutions of

WU Cerrik, WU Peqin, and WU Himare

&

Oriented and Supported by

GIZ Water Program and HUK Project Company

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List of the Authors

Eng. Pirro Cenko

Dr. Kastriot Shehu

Eng. Spahi Isufaj

Eng. Jona Belshi

Economist. Denada Topuzi

Eng. Amarildo Xhyra

Eng. Sibion Cobaj

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Presenting the relationship of:

- Water Supply Hours,

- Water Quality

- Water Without Revenue, (NRW) using

The facilities, TOOL “WRAP” and TOOL “MAT” on

- Planning,

- Implementing

- Calculating

- Monitoring while running a

“Water Loss Control Program” and “Real Water Losses Reduction” 11/16/2018

Capacities and Benefits

3

Debates & Issues related Quality of Service when

supplying customers with Drinking Water

The water service sector in Albania is not actually in the healthy conditions because:

Most of the population have water supply service round 12 hours in 24, instead of 24/7

There is confusion in some extend at the WUs and conceptually wrongly oriented regarding responsibilities of institutions on the guarantied and safe drinkable water quality.

(As well the program and elements of WSP at the WU level are missing)

There is in general a insufficient financial balance at the WUs and many are resulting negative.

The water tariffs are not covering the Running Cost and the Total Cost of the water services.

(As well in general there is reluctance by the LGUs to propose tariffs improvements)

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To keep running the water

sector, Central Government is

obliged to inject yearly, round

20 million Euros

Because ………

Due to this, the subsidy allocated, is resulting insufficient. E.g. There is a lack of the cost analyze and

the WUs are resulting with huge depts.

E.g. to the OSHEE.

It is evident the lack of professionalism among operational staff

Often facing with incorrect concept of top managers at the WUs The improvement of the systems

can be only via new and

expensive investments

Lack of organization and proper operation at the WU level.

WUs are not operating with plans, programs and not looking at crucial issues

E.g. NRW, Asset Management, WSP, EE, CBA on operation etc.

There is lack of trust on water quality and safety by customers and many are buying and

using bottled water for drinking.

The “good WUs” are trying to maintain the same level of operation and service

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What to Do and How to DO?

WHEN………

Most of the water produced, round 65+%, is water without revenue

And supply water at an average round 12 hours per day

Is time to change!

Behaviors, our mentality and concepts.

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Four Key Factors Influencing

Water Losses in Distribution Systems

1- The speed and quality of

repairs.

2- Pipeline and Asset

Management - Renewal of

the water network.

3- Active leakage control,

and

4- Pressure management.

Foreseen into two years

in this presentation

As integral and

inevitable element of

the program

A repetitive job and

part of the process

A crucial and first effective

action to set up, as well part of

the management process to

reduce Water Leakages 11/16/2018 7

Toward NRW Reduction and Evaluating

Performance with Specific NRW concept

• Particularly, if the water resources are limited, leakage represents a waste of precious water and energy resources when water is produced, but not delivered to customers.

• Uncontrolled NRW results in numerous water utilities and communities with negative impacts

• NRW is very related with a- hours of supply and b- quality of services

• The concept of the indicator Specific NRW brought in form of Graphic is a Tool to evaluate and compare the performance of the water systems in this aspect

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Concepts of

Real Water Losses part of NRW,

and

Specific NRW (SNRW)

- The indicator “Liters/conn/day” and ILI in fact are performance indicators of NRW and Real WL in the WDS.

- In Albania, in the daily work, “% of the water lost” is used as an indicator to judge on performance.

- New concept of the “Specific NRW” is an indicator which represents NRW/Hours of water supplied in the network.

- SNRW compares the performance of different WUs.

E.g. A very good performance is represented with

SNRW always ≤1.0

In this presentation the logic behind is based on concepts:

NRW Specific NRW and Real Water Losses

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Infrastructure Leakage

Index (ILI), NRW and

Calculation for

Specific NRW

In simple terms, water supplied to a network

can be classified as either ‘Revenue Water’ i.e. water sold, or ‘Non-Revenue Water’.

The Specific NRW is the ratio of NRW in the

number of the hours of the water supplied

per day

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ILI as Water Losses Indicator is the key in

developing a strategy for management of

non-revenue water (NRW)

10

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SNRW Concept

11

Water Reduction Analyze and Planning

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WRAP Concept

WRAP Program

1

Plan

2 Calculate

Capacities

3 Implement

4 Calculate

Benefits

5 Analyze

and correct

data

• Approximately quantifies the

Leakages in the network

• Estimates the cost for repairing

program

• Approximately quantifies the

water saved

• Contributes to Cost Benefit

Analysis of the inputs and water

saved

12

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Short about suppositions

The number of defects in a km pipeline is round 5.

The number of defects increases yearly by 1, /km pipe

Program of Real Losses will be finalized in 2 years.

Leakage exponent α = (0.5 – 2.79), initially α = 1.15

The cost of the water lost in CBA equals the cost of WP.

Cost of a repair equals the average repair cost of DN200

The Real Water Losses are round 60% of the total NRW

Leakages in the

network

q – leakage flow per one hole

P – water pressure in the network [m]

α – leakage exponent

For different conditions:

α=0.5

for rigid pipelines

α=1.5

for elastic pipelines

α=1.5-2.79

depending on the shape of the

holes

For variations of the pressure

For the whole network

Where:

• Q – Leakages in the network

• n – Number of holes in one kilometer pipeline

[holes/km]

• L – Length of the pipelines in the network [km]

Initial Investments:

• Costs of the needed

equipments

• Can be covered by: – Water utilities

– Central Government

– Donors, etc.

Costs and Investments

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Progressive costs: • One repair costs:

Cmes= 25000ALL

(Average cost for DN200)

• WUs will repair constantly

“nr” defects per month.

Water Saved

•Leakage reduction depends on number of repairs per month

•Every hole discharges “q” amount of water

•Savings from a repair start right after reparation

•From a repair we save water in continuation

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Analysis of the Cost and Benefits

(CBA)

Costs

• Depending on the one

which covers the expenses,

costs can be:

– Progressive Costs only

– Initial Investments and

Progressive Costs

Benefits

• Water Saved expressed in

money:

Profit = Qred *Cprod

• The cost of water saved is only the

cost of production (Cprod)

WRAP determines and give approximate values on:

• Breaking Points

• Returns

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Cost Benefit Analysis

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Drinking water quality guarantied;

Water Safety Plan

a program obligatorily for all

The WSP

- is an important program that has to be implemented at the WUs.

- among other, relates with water quality guarantied and safety,

- deals with drinking water at the distribution system focused in

situation as:

Variable Water pressure

Network depreciation

Penetration and accumulation

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Accumulation of the Materials

into the

Drinking Water Network

Pipelines during the operation are impacted negatively in function of:

- Material

- Age

- Different precipitations, by creating

- Matric Biofilm

- Scaly

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Matric Biofilm

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Biofilm is a STRUCTURE created by microorganisms

which obey, can be in form of granules and with the

time increase the mass.

Composition of the Biofilm

- Water

- Microorganizms bacteria's as

- Enterococcus faecalis,

- E. coli.

- viruses, protozoa, fungi, algae,

- Organic substances.

As well

- Inorganic particles as:

- corrosion products,

- clay, sand etc.

20

Matric is a extracellular material, mainly self produced

by the microorganisms.

Composition is made by the biopolymers.

BIOFILM

IMPACTS OF BIOFILM AT WATER QUALITY

1. Organoleptic problems: taste and odors

2. Nitrite (oxidative bacteria create nitrite/nitrate)

3. Corrosion (Increase in biofilm -> localization of iron)

4. Health related problems

CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BIOFILM IN “DEHYDRATED” WATER SYSTEMS

1. Pre–treatment (minimizing the concentration of organic matter and nutrients entering the distribution system)

2. Material selection (ensuring the material from which the pipes and fittings are made are both chemically and biologically stable)

3. Hydrodinamic (prevention of water stagnation and sediment accumulation within the distribution systems)

4. Chemical treatments (main strategy for biofilm control, chlorine disinfection)

Biofilm to human organism

One biofilm reach the bloodstream they can spread to any moist surface of the human body !

Many infections caused by biofilm are :

endocarditis,

chronic sinusitis,

lenses,

voice prostheses,

dialysis catheters,

dental prostheses,

artificial hearts,

prostate valves etc.

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Chemical Cleaning

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Water + Sodium hypochlorite

After 6 days of mixed oxidants

After 22 days of mixed oxidants

23

Recommending 12 Main Steps on Water Losses

Reduction program

Analyze Performance, Capacities and Plan to start the Program Implementation based on qualitative data collected.

Study the Network Structure, supply ability, complains situation and water consumers

Design hydraulic model of the network and analyze by comparing with situation in different critical time period.

Propose and start the process of creating DMAs as much as possible and plan for future.

Optimize as much as you can the pressures in the nodes, using valves in the manholes and analyze partial segments of the pipelines.

Monitor partial progress in case of pressure reduction situation

Present the situation of the network in relation with cracks, bursts and define priority zones to reduce water leakages and other anomalies

Start implementation with a clear plan and objective, by analyzing costs, benefits of the water leakage stop, pipelines physical situation, status, cracks nature, time of repairing and register all the data and information gathered based in a standard form approved.

Start the program of Asset Management/ Asset Registry

Monitor the progress of the ongoing program implementation and make necessary corrections in case of needs, by improving the efficiency of program

Monitor the pressure increment after each crack repaired, and optimize again the water pressure in the network.

Be prepared for automation and online system monitoring and commending.

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Once evaluating progress, immediately start the:

• Implementation and installing bulk water meters at the

DMAs and pressure reduction equipment into network

• Install smart manometers in the network and monitor

instantly the pressures.

• Meanwhile set up a Water System Management Center:

– Qualified specialists of the WU appointed to optimize the supply

service, by:

• Monitoring and Registering

• Controlling and Commanding.

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Future of the issue

• The SNRW can be expressed and analyzed also in liter/conn/h or liter/km/h

• The entire methodology has to be adjusted by approximating the hypotheses to the realistic figures resulting during implementation process.

E.g. Rectifying factors, like:

• Number of holes per kilometer

• Exponent of leakages

• Costs of repairs

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References

1. Camper, A. 1996. Factors Limiting Microbial Growth in Distribution Systems: Laboratory and Pilot -Scale Experiments. Denver, Colo.: American Water Works Association Research Foundation.

2. Farley, M. and Trow, S., Losses in Water Distribution Networks. IWA Publishing, 2003.

3. Guidelines for water loss reduction: A focus on pressure management. GIZ, BMZ, VGA, 2011

4. Lambert, A. O., International Report: Water losses management and technique. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. pp. 1-20, 2002.

5. Lambert, A. O., Brown T.G., Takizawa M. and Weimer D., A Review of Performance Indicators for Real Losses from Water Supply Systems. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – Aqua 48, pp. 227-237, 1999.

6. Lee, S., J. O’Connor, and S. Banerji. 1980. “Biologically Mediated Corrosion and its Effects on Water Quality in Distribution Systems.” Jour. AWWA, 72(11): 636–645.

7. McKenzie, R., and Lambert, A. O., Best Practice Performance Indicators for Non-Revenue Water and Water Loss Components: A Practical Approach. Water 21 - Magazine of the International Water Association, Vol. August 2004, pp. 43-45, 2004.

8. Oppinger P., Reducing Water Losses by Pressure Management. Water & Wastewater International, 2009.

9. Thornton, J. and Lambert A. O., Progress in practical prediction of pressure: leakage, pressure: burst frequency and pressure: consumption relationships. Proceedings of the IWA Specialised Conference ‘Leakage 2005’, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2005.

10. Trow, S. and Farley, M., Developing a Strategy for Leakage Management in Water Distribution Systems. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, Vol. 4, pp. 149-168, 2004.

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Many thanks to:

• All actors who participated in the project, including many operators in the WUs of Cerrik, Peqin and Himare for contributing in the achievement of the positive results.

• GIZ Water Program, directed by Dr. Gabriele Lames, for the opportunity and the contribution in the fulfilment of the program and the preparation of the study.

• All colleagues present in this room for the time and patience, as well for the constructive questions

11/16/2018 28

Questions?